Asian Migration Radiocarbon dating Ice Age

Beringia Reasons for Migration

Hunting Gradual migration, not all at once Die off of prey forced the nomads to

look for other food sources (fish, shellfish, nuts, small game)

Four Theories (p.19)1. Land Bridge (Beringia)2. Northeast Asia along the shoreline

Could more quickly reach South America

3. Pacific Crossing Theory Southeast Asia-Australia-Island Hopping (South

America)

4. Atlantic Crossing Theory SW Europe-Iceland/Greenland-North America

Other evidence suggests possible African migration

Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Southern Mexico and Central America Agricultural Revolution

9-10,000 years ago Pumpkins, peppers, squash, gourds, beans Maize

Flour (Bread), Long-term storage Shift to agriculture

Abandon nomadic lifestyle New technologies

Permanent villages, tools, pottery Government, specialized skills (civilization)

Olmec First civilization 1500-1200 B.C. – Veracruz, Mexico Large villages, temple complexes, pyramids,

large monuments Lasted until 300 B.C. Ideas spread throughout the region

Teotihuacan (Trade network)

Mayan Yucatan peninsula (200 A.D.) Engineering and mathematics

Calendars, Pyramids Independent city-states (often fought each

other) Disappeared around 900 A.D.

Farmers exhausted soil-No food-Riots-Cities collapse

Invaders from north Guatemalan Mayans lasted until 1500.

Toltec Master architects Gold and copper jewelry Fell to Mexica

Aztec Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Conquerors Controlled trade / shakedowns Human sacrifices

North American Cultures Hohokam

300 A.D. South Central Arizona Irrigation canals

Corn, cotton, beans, squash Abandoned irrigation system in 1300

Competition for farmland – Wars / Emigration Died out by 1500

Anasazi 700-900 A.D. (Four Corners) Irrigation using basins and ditches Pueblos

Built where streams converged Kivas Abandoned due to droughts Civilization died out due to epidemics / attacks

Adena and Hopewell Eastern woodlands of North America Woodworking tools (Canoes) Mounds Adena (Ohio Valley to New England) Hopewell

Planted crops, more permanent settlement Geometric earthworks Decline after 400 A.D.

Mississippian 700-900 A.D. Fertile Mississippi River valley

Maize and beans Cahokia Flat-topped pyramids and mounds Expanded into Alabama

Southwest Zuni, Hopi (Pueblo) Corn was key to survival Family

Man joined wife’s family Men – Farmers, herders, performed ceremonies, made

clothes Women – Housework, made pottery, hauled water Worked together in construction and farming

Kachina Boys joined at six Brought messages from gods

Apache and Navajo arrive around 1500, adapted to culture.

Pacific Coast Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutls, Nootkas, Chinook, Salish Not farmers, but permanent settlers Used lumber (Homes, canoes, art, masks, totem

poles) Fisherman Inland (Rocky Mountains)

Nez Perce, Yakima Fisherman, hunters, gatherers

Ute and Shoshone Nomads (Too arid to farm)

Central California Abundant wildlife and mild climate

Great Plains Pawnee, Kansas, Iowa, Sioux Influenced by Hopewell and Missisippian

cultures Farmers until 1500, became Nomads (War /

Drought) Followed the buffalo, lived in teepees

Tamed horses for hunting and warfare Social status determined by bravery in battle

Far North Inuit, Aleut Hunters (Seals, Walruses, Whales, etc.) Learned to create devices to adapt to climate Lived in groups

Single family to several hundred spaced miles apart

Eastern Woodlands Algonquian

New England Wampanoag, Narragansett, Pequot, Powhatan

(Virginia), Delaware, Shawnee (Ohio Valley) First to encounter English settlers

Iroquoian New York, Canada

Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk

Slash and Burn agriculture Longhouses Wigwams Wampum

Government Kinship Groups

Women in positions of power Planting and harvesting of crops

Iroquois League Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk

tribes Founders – Dekanawidah and Hiawatha 50 Chiefs on council, selected by women in

kinship groups. Appointed for life, but women could have them removed

Southeast Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek,

Natchez Lived in towns arranged around a central

plaza War Towns – Trained soldiers Peace Towns – Political leaders lived

Women – Farmers Men – Hunters