asian civilization - leading ancient states

8/9/2019 Asian Civilization - Leading Ancient states

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Unit 4Unit 4

Leading AncientLeading Ancient

StatesStates


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ChineseChinese

CivilizationCivilization


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Roots of Chinese CivilizationRoots of Chinese Civilization


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Distinct physical appearance of Pan Ku


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Xia Dynasty (2205- 1766 BC)Prince Yu

was regarded as the first princeof the legendary Xia dynasty

He fought of the river to save his

kingdom from destruction thatmassive floods bring.

If not for Yu, we would all have

been fishes

Xia Dynasty lasted for 14 generations before decliningXia Dynasty lasted for 14 generations before declining

& being superseded by the Shang Dynasty.& being superseded by the Shang Dynasty.


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It cannot be ascertained that it was

indeed Prince Yu who established the

Xia Dynasty in 2205 BC. It is possiblethat Prince Yu supposedly fought off

was the Huang Ho or Yellow River

which may be found in Northwest

China where the early Xia and Shang

civilization were founded.


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Huang Ho or Yellow river

Farming

Community


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Silkworm

Spun silk thread

Spun silk

cloth


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Shang Dynasty

Is almost similar with the Xia dynasty

Materials and designs of buildings

Animal bones and tortoise shells were used

as talisman and for healing infirmities


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Powerful

Heavens Mandate

Is a concept in which Chinese people

believed that kings were sent by gods to

rule over and administer them. They

lead the people in making offerings and

seeking the intercession of their gods.

Became the basis and justification for

dynasties

Societys leaders

Compose of ruling families, officials of

the kings court, including those who

possessed mystical powers and

advisers of the kings entire family.

Ordinary people

Peasants and their families

Lived in the countryside


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Shang were often at war with neighbouring people & moved

their capital several times, Shang kings could mobilize large

armies for warfare and huge numbers of workers to

construct defensive walls and elaborate tombs.


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The capitals were also moved several times

due to the overflowing of the Huang Ho.

Shang priests performed many rituals

including human sacrifices to implore the

gods to spare their kingdom from therampaging waters.

The worship of ancestors were also

widespread during the Shang. Kings were

buried with ritual vessels, weapons, jades

and numerous servants and sacrificial victimssuggesting that the Shang believe in afterlife.

The people believed that each person had

two kinds of spirits one is left in this world

and while the other one joins the spirit

world.

Shang dynasty ended in 110 BC due to

unclear reasons. Some historians say that its

because the Shang leaders had last the

heavens mandate, and therefore must be

replaced.


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The last centre of the dynasty was

set up in the province of Hunan.


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Cultural LinkagesCultural Linkages

66thth Century BCCentury BC-- Cyrus the GreatCyrus the Great

--created Persiacreated Persia

Darius IDarius I -- ZoroastroanismZoroastroanism

--centralized governmentcentralized government

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

-- conquered the Persia.conquered the Persia.

--Died at 323 BCDied at 323 BC


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Seleucid EmpireSeleucid Empire

a successor state ofAlexander the Great'sa successor state ofAlexander the Great'sempire.empire.

It was a major center ofHellenistic cultureIt was a major center ofHellenistic culturewhich maintained the preeminence ofGreekwhich maintained the preeminence ofGreekcustoms and where a Greekcustoms and where a Greek--speakingspeakingMacedonian lite dominated.Macedonian lite dominated.

Bactria became a part ofthe Seleucid Empire,Bactria became a part ofthe Seleucid Empire,named after its founder, Seleucus I.named after its founder, Seleucus I.

Nomadic Kushan tribe conquered them.Nomadic Kushan tribe conquered them.


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Coin of Seleucus I Nicator.


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ParthiaParthia

ParthiaParthia is a region ofnorthis a region ofnorth--eastern Iran, besteastern Iran, best

known for having been the political and culturalknown for having been the political and culturalbase ofthebase ofthe ArsacidArsacid dynasty, rulers ofthedynasty, rulers ofthe

Parthian Empire.Parthian Empire.

Controlled the region in the beginningof250Controlled the region in the beginningof250

BC.BC.

In 224 AD, PersianIn 224 AD, Persian SassanidsSassanids replaced themreplaced them


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I

ndian ExpansionI

ndian Expansion


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Early IndiaEarly India Composed ofBangladesh, Pakistan, andComposed ofBangladesh, Pakistan, and

present day India.present day India.

Total land area: 4.2 million km. sq.Total land area: 4.2 million km. sq.

Shape: triangleShape: triangle

Routes ofIndian invaders:Routes ofIndian invaders:

1. Human made passages in mountain ranges1. Human made passages in mountain ranges

ofHinduofHindu kushkush--northwestern part ofcountry.northwestern part ofcountry.2. sea2. sea--western countrieswestern countries


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Aryan SettlementAryan Settlement Nomadic people from central AsiaNomadic people from central Asia

Settled in the upper reaches ofSettled in the upper reaches ofGangeticGangetic plainsplains

Language: indo European familiesLanguage: indo European families

Passed through the Khyber passPassed through the Khyber pass

Settled at Hindustan land ofthe HindusSettled at Hindustan land ofthe Hindus


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DaisyusDaisyus/Dravidians/Dravidians

Natives ofIndiaNatives ofIndia

Characteristics:aCharacteristics:a race ofshort, dark skin peoplerace ofshort, dark skin people

who lived in areas with highwho lived in areas with high fenchesfenches Residence ofHarappaResidence ofHarappa

Driven away by the AryansDriven away by the Aryans


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15001500--900 BC900 BC-- Vedic PhaseVedic Phase

First civilization developed by the AryansFirst civilization developed by the Aryans

Vedas: collection oforally transmitted texts ofVedas: collection oforally transmitted texts of

hymns ofdevotion to God, manuals ofsacrificeshymns ofdevotion to God, manuals ofsacrificesand worship. Veda means knowledgeand worship. Veda means knowledge

Rig Veda: oldestRig Veda: oldest vedaveda


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Aryans lived in rural areas and slowly moved toAryans lived in rural areas and slowly moved toGangeticGangetic PlainsPlains

--wayof living improved into semiwayof living improved into semi-- nomadicnomadic

Social and political structure changesSocial and political structure changes

--houses: made from hardened mudhouses: made from hardened mud

--type offamily: extendedtype offamily: extended

--head offamily: fatherhead offamily: father

--women: high statuswomen: high status


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Caste SystemCaste System

describes the social stratification and socialdescribes the social stratification and social

restrictionsrestrictions

A.A. BrahmansBrahmans-- priestspriests

B.B. KshatriyasKshatriyas--warriors and rulerswarriors and rulers

C.C. VaisyasVaisyas-- merchants, farmers, tradersmerchants, farmers, tradersD.D. SudrasSudras-- artisans, laborers, servantsartisans, laborers, servants


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Two great epics that contain information aboutTwo great epics that contain information about

Aryan life:Aryan life: Mahabharata: discussion ofthe four "goals ofMahabharata: discussion ofthe four "goals of

life" orlife" or purusharthaspurusharthas as dharma (right action),as dharma (right action),arthaartha (purpose),(purpose), kamakama (pleasure), and(pleasure), and mokshamoksha(liberation).(liberation).

--battle between two noble familiesbattle between two noble families

Ramayana: life and struggles ofRamaRamayana: life and struggles ofRama

900 BC900 BC city states along coast line ofGangescity states along coast line ofGangesriverriver


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AryansAryans

Livelihood: carpenters, makers ofbronze toolsLivelihood: carpenters, makers ofbronze tools

Religion: worshiped godsReligion: worshiped gods

a.a. IndraIndra-- god ofwarriorsgod ofwarriorsb.b. VarunaVaruna-- god ofheavensgod ofheavens

c.c. RudraRudra-- god ofrainsgod ofrains

Persian empire fell India was left open, thisPersian empire fell India was left open, this

prompted Alexander the Great to comeprompted Alexander the Great to come


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330 BCAlexander went to India and won the330 BCAlexander went to India and won the

battle againstbattle against porusporus Indian King.Indian King.

He stopped there and went to Babylonia

He stopped there and went to Babyloniawhere he got Malaria and died in 323 BCwhere he got Malaria and died in 323 BC


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SeleucusSeleucus NicatorNicator II

Patron ofSeleucidPatron ofSeleucid

Attempted to take over the territoriesAttempted to take over the territories

established by Alexander but did not win againstestablished by Alexander but did not win againstthethe MauryansMauryans


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MauryanMauryan Empire (321Empire (321--184 BC)184 BC)

ChandraguptaChandragupta MauryaMaurya: established: established MauryanMauryan

DynastyDynasty

PataliputraPataliputra: center of: center ofMauryanMauryan DynastyDynasty India became unified under theIndia became unified under the leadeshipleadeship ofanofan

emperoremperor

HisHis minitersminiters assisted himassisted him

TownTown fundamental unit ofgovernmentfundamental unit ofgovernment

Local chiefLocal chief administered the townadministered the town


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To wns district provinceTo wns district province

ViceroyViceroy-- member ofa royal family that rulesmember ofa royal family that rules

over a provinceover a province

Under the power ofUnder the power ofMauryanMauryan EmperorEmperor

a. unityofIndiaa. unityofIndia

b. economy progressb. economy progress

c. agriculturec. agriculture heavy taxesheavy taxes irrigationirrigation

d. other livelihood: mining andd. other livelihood: mining and traidingtraiding

e. commerce improvede. commerce improved

f. freedom ofreligion: Hinduism, Buddhism,f. freedom ofreligion: Hinduism, Buddhism,

JainismJainism


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KautilyaKautilya

Adviser ofthe emperorAdviser ofthe emperor

He authored He authored ArthasastraArthasastra------ political discoursepolitical discourse

-- the emperor must do good and bad means tothe emperor must do good and bad means tomaintain his authoritymaintain his authority

To avoid revolts: penaltyTo avoid revolts: penalty

298 BC: Chandragupta died298 BC: Chandragupta died Being lenient and having big heart: his legacyBeing lenient and having big heart: his legacy


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Bindustra(298Bindustra(298-- 272 BC)272 BC)

Chandraguptas sonChandraguptas son

replaced Chandraguptareplaced Chandragupta

The empire extended to the eastern part ofThe empire extended to the eastern part of indiaindia


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AshokaAshoka

(269

BC(269

BC 232

BC)232

BC) Grandson ofChandraguptaGrandson ofChandragupta

DefeatedDefeated KalindasinKalindasin in 261 BCin 261 BC

Built shrines and monasteriesBuilt shrines and monasterieswithwith Buddhists teachingsBuddhists teachings


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Gupta Dynasty (320Gupta Dynasty (320--500AD)500AD)

(Golden Age ofHinduism)(Golden Age ofHinduism)

320AD:320AD: Chandragupta IChandragupta I, ruler of, ruler ofMagadha kingdom, united the peopleMagadha kingdom, united the peopleand founded the Gupta Dynastyand founded the Gupta Dynasty

North India: capital ofGupta DynastyNorth India: capital ofGupta Dynasty

1. they got the control over rich1. they got the control over richmineral deposits and trade in Gangesmineral deposits and trade in Gangesseasea

2. political alliance with the2. political alliance with the

LicchayiLicchayi and married aand married a LicchayiLicchayiprincessprincess


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SamudraguptaSamudragupta

(335(335--375AD)375AD)

Chandragupta I died in 335 ADChandragupta I died in 335 AD

SamudraguptaSamudragupta: his son continued the quest for: his son continued the quest forterritorial expansionterritorial expansion

Defeated powerful feudal statesDefeated powerful feudal states He took the kingdoms of andHe took the kingdoms of and PadmavatiPadmavati,, MalwasMalwas, the, the

YaudheyasYaudheyas, the, the ArjunayanasArjunayanas, the, the MadurasMaduras and theand theAbhirasAbhiras, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms, he had incorporated over twenty kingdomsextended from the Himalayasextended from the Himalayas

firm believer in Hinduismfirm believer in Hinduism

He gave himselfthe titlesHe gave himselfthe titles King of KingsKing of Kingsandand WorldWorldMonarchMonarch. He is considered the. He is considered theNapoleon of north IndiaNapoleon of north India..


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Chandragupta IIChandragupta II

Son ofSon ofSamudraguptaSamudragupta

Instrument ofpeace andInstrument ofpeace and

development to north Indiadevelopment to north India Supported art and sciencesSupported art and sciences

Information about his leadership can be found:Information about his leadership can be found:

Writings ofWritings ofF

aF

a HsienHsien--chinesechinese BuddhistBuddhistWritinmgsWritinmgs ofofKalidasaKalidasa


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According toAccording to FaFa HsienHsien::

People lived a prosperous and plentiful lifePeople lived a prosperous and plentiful life

The king was generous, patient and never resortThe king was generous, patient and never resort

harsh punishmentharsh punishment HospitalsHospitals-- free health servicesfree health services

TravelersTravelers-- free accommodationsfree accommodations


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Golden Age ofIndian CivilizationGolden Age ofIndian Civilization

A. LiteratureA. Literature

dramas and poems ofdramas and poems ofKalidasaKalidasa

ex.ex. SakuntalaSakuntala-- romantic dramaromantic drama PuranasPuranas-- collection ofmyths andcollection ofmyths and

philosophical dialogues, basic source for talesphilosophical dialogues, basic source for tales ofofgods central to Hinduismgods central to Hinduism

Vishnu, Shiva andVishnu, Shiva and ShaktiShakti


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B. Science and technology was higher than EuropeB. Science and technology was higher than Europe

The use ofZeroThe use ofZero Decimal SystemDecimal System

C. Trade and CommerceC. Trade and Commerce

Indian products were traded to Southeast AsiaIndian products were traded to Southeast Asia India sold spices and cinnamon to RomeIndia sold spices and cinnamon to Rome

Taxes on agricultural landsTaxes on agricultural lands--wealth ofGuptawealth ofGuptaDynastyDynasty

Chandragupta II died in 413 AD, he was replacedChandragupta II died in 413 AD, he was replacedbyby KumaraguptaKumaragupta


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KumaraguptaKumaragupta

His reign was generally peaceful but receivedHis reign was generally peaceful but received

threat to Khyber Pass, an important trade routethreat to Khyber Pass, an important trade routebetween Central Asia and South Asia and abetween Central Asia and South Asia and a

strategic military locationstrategic military location

Tribes from Central Asia encroaded to GuptianTribes from Central Asia encroaded to Guptian

territoriesterritories

After his turn, Skandagupta tookoverAfter his turn, Skandagupta tookover


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SkandaguptaSkandagupta (455AD)(455AD)

on his reign, the tribe ofHuns already enteredon his reign, the tribe ofHuns already enteredNorthwest part ofthe kingdomNorthwest part ofthe kingdom

He made use ofall hisHe made use ofall his strenghthstrenghth but nothingbut nothing

happenedhappened

And his death in 467 AD signaled the fall oftheAnd his death in 467 AD signaled the fall oftheGupta DynastyGupta Dynasty

By16By16thth century, the dynasty was just a part ofthecentury, the dynasty was just a part ofthememorymemory

Fall ofGupta resulted to political division ofIndiaFall ofGupta resulted to political division ofIndia


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HarshaHarsha(606AD)(606AD)

A kind leader just likeA kind leader just like AshokaAshoka

His kingdom was the onlyone in terms ofHis kingdom was the onlyone in terms of

strength, to replace Gupta Dynastystrength, to replace Gupta Dynasty His death in 647 AD reverted India to darknessHis death in 647 AD reverted India to darkness

due to absence ofa strong leader to unify Indiadue to absence ofa strong leader to unify India


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Expansion ofChineseExpansion ofChinese

CivilizationCivilization


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ZhouDynastyZhouDynasty

(1050

(1050--

456

BC)456

BC) In 11In 11thth century, ZHOU dynasty rose against andcentury, ZHOU dynasty rose against and

defeated Shang Dynastydefeated Shang Dynasty

Traditionally, it was divided into two periods:Traditionally, it was divided into two periods:Western Zhou (1050Western Zhou (1050--770 BC)770 BC)

Capital: near the LuoyangCapital: near the Luoyang

Eastern Zhou(771Eastern Zhou(771--456 BC)456 BC)

Capital: further east to LuCapital: further east to Lu


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Western ZhouWestern Zhou Stable and peaceful lifeStable and peaceful life

Zhou kingdom into smaller feudal statesZhou kingdom into smaller feudal states

feudal lords(chosen byZhou rulers)feudal lords(chosen byZhou rulers)

Obedient feudal lordsfreedom and authorityObedient feudal lordsfreedom and authority

Under them were the nobility membersUnder them were the nobility members

Under them were the peasantsUnder them were the peasants--food productionfood production

lili-- set ofcomplex rules ofsocial etiquette andset ofcomplex rules ofsocial etiquette and

personal contactpersonal contact Civilized: practicedCivilized: practiced lili

Barbarians: never practicedBarbarians: never practiced lili


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Zhou Dynastys supremacy= very effectiveZhou Dynastys supremacy= very effectivearmed forcesarmed forces

King YUKing YU-- last emperor ofwesternlast emperor ofwestern zhouzhou

disowned his son and gave the throne to hisdisowned his son and gave the throne to hisother son queens father sought help ofotherother son queens father sought help ofotherfeudal lords and attacked Luoyang king wasfeudal lords and attacked Luoyang king was

killed and they moved the capital to Lu.killed and they moved the capital to Lu.

And gave way to Eastern ZhouAnd gave way to Eastern Zhou


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Eastern ZhouDynastyEastern ZhouDynasty

People set up communities in the rich valleyofPeople set up communities in the rich valleyof

YangtzeYangtze

F

ewer feudal states< nobilityF

ewer feudal states< nobility Power was laid to larger statesPower was laid to larger states

As a result: kingmere figurehead ofthe stateAs a result: kingmere figurehead ofthe state

priestlyfunctionspriestlyfunctions

Power ofeasternPower ofeastern zhouzhou declineddeclined

After more than 500 years, dynasty endedAfter more than 500 years, dynasty ended


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Four major forces that threatened toFour major forces that threatened to

replace the dynasty:replace the dynasty:A.A. WuWu

B.B. ChuChu

C.C. YueYueD.D. ChinChin-- led by Luled by Lu PuweiPuwei, defeated the, defeated the ZhousZhous

256 BC256 BC-- Zhou Dynasty endedZhou Dynasty ended


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Zhous Contributions to ChinasZhous Contributions to Chinas

H

istoryH

istory1.1. Economic development throughEconomic development through

expansion oftrade and commerceexpansion oftrade and commerce

2. Calligraphy: system ofwritten communication2. Calligraphy: system ofwritten communication

It is an art ofturning square Chinese characters intoIt is an art ofturning square Chinese characters into

expressive images by the responsiveness ofpaper as well asexpressive images by the responsiveness ofpaper as well as

the speed and pressure ofa pointed Chinese brushthe speed and pressure ofa pointed Chinese brush

3. Teachings ofConfucius and Loa Tzu3. Teachings ofConfucius and Loa Tzu

Most importantMost important

Basic foundation ofChinese societyBasic foundation ofChinese society


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Confucianism

A major system of thought in China.

Developed by the teachings of Confucius and his

disciples

Concerned with the principles of good conduct,

practice wisdom and proper social relationships.

With the incorporation of philosophy, religion and

social custom

Has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, setthe patterns of living and standards of social value, and

provided the background for Chinese political theories

and institutions

Has spread from China to Korea, Japan and Vietnam.


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Confucius advocated a paternalistic government in

which sovereign is benevolent and honourable and

the subjects are respectful and obedient. The ruler

should cultivate a moral perfection in order to set agood example to the people.

Confucianism clarifies a leaders responsibility over his

followers.

A good leader is...

one who serves both as a mother and father to

his followers.

one who observes religious rituals, enforces

laws concerning farming and the protection of

the environment

Confucianism also places premium on the family withthe belief that society may be considered as one big

family.

In education, Confucius upheld the theory, remarkable

for the feudal period in which he lived, that in

education, there is no class distinction.


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5 Levels of Interaction that brings Unity

and Harmony accdg. toConfucius

Father and sonHusband and wife

Older sibling and younger siblingFriends

Leader and follower


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TaoismTaoism

22ndnd to Confucianismto Confucianism

Tao= wayTao= way

one must do nothing(one must do nothing(wuweiwuwei)) Give birth to Hsu in artGive birth to Hsu in art

blank paperblank paper


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Chin DynastyChin Dynasty

(221

(221--206

BC)206

BC) Defeated all feudal states and unifiedDefeated all feudal states and unified

Lasted 15 yearsLasted 15 years

Major contribution: ChinaMajor contribution: China Leader:Leader: QinQin ShihuangdShihuangd, who confiscated all, who confiscated all

the properties offeudal lordsthe properties offeudal lords

Ordered construction ofGreat Wall ofChinaOrdered construction ofGreat Wall ofChina

Major infrastructure: irrigation system and roadsMajor infrastructure: irrigation system and roads


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Great Wall ofChinaGreat Wall ofChina


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emperors projectsemperors projects

huge amount ofmoneyhuge amount ofmoney

TAXES and FORCED LABOR TAXES and FORCED LABOR

EXTREME BRUTALITYEXTREME BRUTALITY


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ShihuangdisShihuangdis death in 210 BC= fall ofdynastydeath in 210 BC= fall ofdynasty

Result: widespread chaosResult: widespread chaos

This situation lasted for many years.This situation lasted for many years.

206 BC206 BC-- Liu Pang(new dynastyLiu Pang(new dynasty) established.) established.


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Han Dynasty(206Han Dynasty(206--220 BC)220 BC)

Liu Pang/Kao Su: leaderLiu Pang/Kao Su: leader

Major contribution: in public administrationMajor contribution: in public administration

Examination for government officialsExamination for government officials scholarscholar--gentrygentry-- intelligent people who passed theintelligent people who passed the

examinationsexaminations

Accounts ofpeoples life under Han Dynasty:Accounts ofpeoples life under Han Dynasty:

Writings ofWritings ofSumaSuma ChienChien-- Father ofChineseFather ofChineseHistoryHistory


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Under WangUnder Wang MangsMangs Administration:Administration:

China became miserable and the people returned theChina became miserable and the people returned thepower to Liu Pang and transferred the capital topower to Liu Pang and transferred the capital toLuoyangLuoyang

Chinese inventedChinese inventedpaper from fiber, trunk of treespaper from fiber, trunk of treesand abacaand abaca

SilkproductionSilkproduction-- improved due to invention ofimproved due to invention ofweaving machineweaving machine

D

iscovery of compassD

iscovery of compass Weapons and tools from steelWeapons and tools from steel

The next phase in China was chaosThe next phase in China was chaos


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Sui Dynasty(581Sui Dynasty(581--618AD)618AD)

YangYang JianJian// WenWen TiTi-- leaderleader

Military commander who reunified ChinaMilitary commander who reunified China

Construction ofGrand CanalConstruction ofGrand Canal-- a canal goinga canal goingto Changto Chang--an and connected YangZhou toan and connected YangZhou toYellow RiverYellow River

604:604: WenWen Ti was succeeded by his son YangTi was succeeded by his son Yang

GuangGuang Yang Dynastyfailed Yang Dynastyfailed 618: Yang died and Li Yuan declared himself618: Yang died and Li Yuan declared himself

an emperor ofan emperor of TangTang DynastyDynasty


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TangTang Dynasty(619Dynasty(619--907AD)907AD)

Li Yuan: emperorLi Yuan: emperor

One ofthe high periods oftraditional ChineseOne ofthe high periods oftraditional Chinesecivilizationcivilization

ChinaChina cultural center ofEast Asia cultural center ofEast Asia

ChangChang--an capitalan capital

TaiTai TsungTsung/ Li Shi Min/ Li Shi Min-- son ofLi Yuanson ofLi Yuan Implemented the policies that madeImplemented the policies that made TangTang

DynastyfamousDynastyfamous


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Policies:Policies:

1.1. Land ReformLand Reform

2.2. Government ReformsGovernment Reforms

3.3. Legalist SystemLegalist System Confucius teachings became the basis forConfucius teachings became the basis for

interaction among people in societyinteraction among people in society

4.4. Military SystemMilitary System


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Contributions:Contributions:

A.A. ArtArt

Listening to music, painting and poetryListening to music, painting and poetry

Machine that use wooden blocks for printingMachine that use wooden blocks for printing

Golden Age ofPoetryGolden Age ofPoetry

B.B. BuddhismBuddhism


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The End..The End..

Thank You for listening!Thank You for listening!

God bless us.. Go home safely.God bless us.. Go home safely.

mua.mua.muamua.mua.mua..

asian civilization - leading ancient states

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