Asia

Ancient IndiaGeographyIndus River: Where the first civilizations beganHimalayas: Tallest mountain chain in the worldHindu Kush: Another mountain chainHarappasFirst Civilization (2500 BC-1500 BC)Much is still unknown (religion, communication)Disappeared around 1500 BC

Ancient IndiaIndo-AryansInvaded around 1500 BCVedas: Religious writingsSanskrit: Indo-Aryan LanguageReligion: Based on things of natureRace: Tended to be of a lighter complexionSouthern IndiaRemained relatively untouched by invadersTodayIndia is still divided North/South

Ancient Indian EmpiresMauryan EmpireChandragupta Maurya: Established the empire United Northern India from the Ganges to Indus RiversDid great things for IndiaAsokaGrandson of ChandraguptaDominated almost whole Indian subcontinentSpread BuddhismDied in 232 BC, empire collapsed within 150 yearsGupta Empires and RulersBegan around 300 ADDecline in Buddhism, spread of HinduismChandra Gupta IIGolden Age of Gupta EmpireRule ended around 550 AD

Ancient IndiaAncient Indian CultureFarming and trade (more trade to South)Inequality between men and women Polygamy: More than one wifePanchatantra: Ancient stories, 2nd most translated book in historyNalada: Famous Buddhist University, education was very importantMath, Astronomy, etcInoculation: infection someone with a mild form of disease (vaccine). Small pox vaccine 1300 years before Europeans4 Class Society: Strict rules to keep people in classRulers/Warriors, Priests, Merchants/Farmers, Workers/Peasants

Indian Religion: HinduismFoundationEarliest teaches based off of epics (long poems) dating back to the time of the Vedas (Bhagavad Gita)Hindu Beliefs:Belief that every thing in the universe is of the same essence (spirit). Unity of God and PeopleWorld we see is an illusion, takes many lifetimes to realize this. Dharma: Moral duty, helps the soul advance to next lifeKarma: Good or bad force created by a persons actionsNirvana: Perfect peacewhat all Hindus hope to accomplish

HinduismHindu BeliefsReincarnation: Upon death, soul goes to another person or animaltakes many lifetimes to get salvationGeneral rule: better you are, the higher social status you will be in next life. So only the highest class will reach NirvanaHindu SymbolsYoga: Bring the body and mind togetherCows are protected by the lawBrahman: Main GodWhere is it popularMore popular in western and central India

Indian Religion: BuddhismFoundationSiddhartha Gautama: Founder, know as BuddhaWealthy, shocked by how bad ordinary people had itEventually he found out why people were sufferingTeachingsGood is rewarded, evil is punishedSalvation comes from following the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold PathLive selfless lives (peaceful/moral lives of poverty)Anyone could reach nirvana

BuddhismTeachings cont..Vedas: Hindu holy books were not sacred writingsAnyone could reach nirvana, was not reliant on reincarnationSpread of BuddhismSpread slowlyBuddhism divided over how Buddha is viewed..Eventually has spread throughout much of Asia..declined some in India

Modern IndiaForeign ControlIndia was controlled by the Turks during the 1300sEventually they were overthrown by the Mongols, led by BaburMughal EmpireAkbar: Baburs grandson was the greatest emperorRuled from 1556-1606Blend of Persian, Islamic and Hindu culturesTolerant of other religions, also increased trade throughout India. Taj Mahal: Famous building constructed during this timeOther rulers (Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb) had trouble keeping peace, especially among different religious views. Aurangzeb even used elephants to trample protestors. A lot of hatred between Muslims and Hindus in India!!

British and IndiaBritish InvolvementIn the mid 1850s, Great Britain took direct control of India by dividing the land up into over 550 states.Did very little to ease the religious tension between Hindus and Muslims. By the early 1900s, there were plenty of British living side by side with people of India. The British viewed themselves as the superior race.Only good thing was that the British established many Westernized schools that increased education for all people of India.Many people wanted independence but the British were able to maintain control into the early 1900s.

Indian IndependenceGB/IndiaGB promised some independence in return for India helping them out during WWIMuch disagreement on how much independence, etcMohandas GandhiLeader of Indian NationalismPassive Resistance: Urged people to nonviolently refuse to cooperate with GB control. Began boycotts and quit paying taxes. GB responded with violence, which made more people madBy 1935, India had some self government but not total control.Gandhi was assassinated in 1948

End of British RuleWWIIGB demanded that India help them during WWIIIndia began to demand independenceMuslims vs HindusGandhi (Hindu) demanded complete separation from India.Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim) demanded a separate Muslim state within India (Pakistan)Violence was crazy between the two sides, millions killed in fightingIndependenceAugust 15 1947: India and Pakistan were both created

Independent IndiaEarly governmentJawaharlal Nehru: First Prime Minister of IndiaNonalignment: Did not ally with either USA or USSRDaughter became prime minister in 1966 (Indira Gandhi)Political UnrestIndira Gandhi fought with Shikhs (different religion) in northern India. Eventually she was assassinated by them.Political instability followed for the next 20 years.Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu) do not like each other and have each threatened nuclear weapons on the other one.

Independent IndiaEconomyMixed Economy: Mix between private and government ownership of industries.Problem was that the population was (and is) growing too fast. This has led to massive problems with overcrowding, unemployed, etc.By 2000, India had over a billion people (1.237)will catch China by 2050. Manmohan Singh: Prime Minister todayForeign RelationsIndia and China had problems because India offered refuge for the Dalai Lama (Tibetan Monk)Kashmir: Area of Northern India that has been fought over with Pakistan still to today.

PakistanDivisionEast Pakistan and West Pakistan became the countries of Pakistan and BangladeshPakistanFormed a government led by military leaders and Islamic NationalistsBenazir Bhutto: Became the first women to serve as Prime Minister of a Muslim countryNawaz Sharif: Prime Minister todayProblems: Pakistan is home to Al-QuedaBangladeshFloods, famine, storms, and poor leaders have made this country very poor

ChinaGeographyLarge country, many geographic featuresMade up of many different regions3 Great Rivers: Huang (Yellow), Chang, XiChinese were the first to use dikes to prevent floodingParts under Chinas control at different timesMongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, Northern KoreaMountainsHimalaya'sDesertsGobiAll these things led to China being very isolated in its development

Chinese DynastiesShangFirst dynasty to invade into area (1750 BC)Bureaucracy: Government organized into different levels and tasks.Strong military and technology made the Dynasty expandScience: Calendars based on sun and moonReligion: Worshiped natureEarly system of writingZhou (JOH) formed an alliance with invaders, overthrew the Shang Dynasty.said they were not fit to rule

Other Chinese DynastiesZhou (JOH) Dynasty1050 BC-250 BCMandate of Heaven: Supreme Ruler had chosen them to rule the people of ChinaQin DynastyCheng: First leader of Qin Dynasty Autocracy: Government where emperor has total powerGreat Wall of China: Began by the Qins to help protect them from invaders.Empire made people mad, overthrew the QinsHan DynastyMore moderate, kept the rule for 400 years (200 BC-200 AD)Ruled over an area larger than the Romans, Liu Che (most powerful ruler)Civil Service Government: Leaders were examined, most qualified got positions of power. Style lasted until the 1900s. Silk Road: Road from China to Mediterraneantraded goods with Romans/Greeks

Chinese PhilosophyYin and YangYang (male) and yin (female) represented the balance of forces of nature.Balance was the key to successConfuciusMain Chinese PhilosopherImportance: family, respect of elders, reverence for ancestorsWanted to figure out how people could better rule themselves. Everyone should accept their roles in life and work to be the best they could be

Chinese PhilosophyMenciusFollower of ConfuciusPeoples characters should benefit othersRulers who were ethical should receive support from people; weak or unjust rulers should be overthrownLaozi (Lowd-ZOO)Founded DaoismDao: Indescribable force that ruled nature. People should live peaceful lives and not strive for material wealth.Both Daoism and Confucianism provided a balance that people of China followed for centuries (Yin and Yang)BuddhismMahayana Buddhism became very popular in China because it agreed with many of the teachings of Chinese Philosophers

Middle Age Chinese DynastiesSui DynastyRuled during the 500s ADCreated the Grand Canal (linked N and S China)Defeated by the TurksTang Dynasty (600-900s)Defeated the Turks, extended China to India and Middle East.Xian: Capital, over 2 million people lived thereBegan the golden age of China Confucianism and Daoism were very important ideas. Stress of ethics would remain the main religion until the 1900s.Built temples to Confucius and made people study his teachingsBuddhism became very popular during this time.

Middle Age Chinese DynastiesSung DynastyHad trouble controlling all of the areas of China.Mongols controlled the Northern part of China (Manchuria) and gave them lots of problemJin DynastyTook over Northern China in 1100s. Created a divided ChinaBoth Empires (Sung and Jin)Expanded trade and Civil ServiceInventions: Gun Powder, Ink, Paper, Movable TypePopulation exploded to over 100 million (many cities)

MongolsMongolsLived in the area to the North of China (Mongolia)Great fightersLarge Army (Over 100,000 in Cavalry)New Weapons (Catapults, Crossbows)Used speed to surround citiesMongol ExpansionGenghis KhanBest Mongol general; created a huge empire in 1200 ADInvaded China, Russia, and Eastern EuropeKublai Khan (China) and Batu Khan (Russia, Poland, Hungary, Austria) were both grandsons of Genghis, controlled lands they conquered

Mongols in ChinaYuan DynastyEstablished by Kublai Khan, ruled from 1271-1368Did greatly improve trade for ChinaPeople became upset at high taxes for the Mongol leadersBeijing emerged as the central capital of China (also with the Ming Dynasty later)Contact with EuropeansIncrease greatly during this timeMarco Polo: Italian man who traveled to China. Liked by Kublai Khan, Marco stayed in China for 17 years

Modern Chinese DynastiesMing Dynasty (Mid 1300s)Most skilled sailors in the world during that timeAbandoned trade, focused more on self sufficiency, especially after getting rid of the MongolsRestored Confucianism with a 4 class societyScholars, Farmers, Artisans, MerchantsQing Dynasty (1600s)From Northern China (Manchuria)Defeated the Mings and ruled until 1912.

Modern Chinese DynastiesQing ChinaEconomy grew due to specialization in certain areasMerchants increased trade and cities began to grow rapidly.Confucians ideas about family and roles of each individual were still very importantProblemsPopulation was growing at a high rate, especially the peasants.Rebellions began to become more frequent with the poor people during the 1800s (similar to Russia)

China and EuropePortugalFirst European group to arrive in ChinaChristianity was introduced and then removed once the Qing Dynasty saw it as a threat to ChinaGreat BritainWanted Silk and Tea from ChinaBritish East India Company had a monopoly on tea coming from China. Angered many people.Free Trade: Idea that government should not interfere with trade. China wanted control, Great Britain wanted freedom to trade with whomever it wanted.

China and EuropeOpium WarsOpium: Produced in India (controlled by GB). Was shipped in high numbers to China, where people became addicted.China went to war with GB because it would not stop selling opium to the Chinese people.China lost b/c their navy was weak; GB gained control of Hong Kong. Unequal TreatiesChinas fear of invasion led to them signing treaties with other countries (France and USA) which weakened GB trade monopoly. None of these treaties benefited Chinathey were being usedAll of these treaties and foreign influence led to rebellions and the weakening of the Qing Dynasty

20th Century ChinaBy 1900 many countries had a piece of ChinaBoxer RebellionEmpress Dowager Tzu-hsi (TSOO-SHEE) imprisoned her nephew (Emperor) and took controlBoxer Rebellion is when the Chinese began to attack the foreigners that were in China.Eventually put down by GB, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and USA. Rebellion did encourage more nationalismOverthrow of Qing DynastyKuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) was led by Sun YixianOverthrew the Qing Dynasty

Chinese RepublicNew Goals of RepublicPolitical Unification/End of Foreign InfluenceChange to Democratic GovernmentEconomic ImprovementsProblemsPowerful warlords did not want to give up landwanted Sun Yixian deadNationalists wanted help from outsiders, only the USSR offered. Chiang Kai-shekTook over leadership of the Nationalist MovementDefeated the warlords

China turning towards communismKuomintangDivide in how to rule China. Chiang Kai-shek sided with the Right Wing which opposed communist measuresChiang got rid of the communists and emerged as an all powerful dictator.Modernized China but did not address land ownership issues and taxes. Both hurt the poor people of ChinaChinese Communist PartyInspired by the ideas of Lenin and MarxChiang began to do many things to get rid of Communists

China turning communistGrowth of PartyThe nationalists tried to eliminate the communistLong March: Over 100,000 communists evacuated Jiangxi and made a 6,000 mile trip (lasted over a year) to Yenan. Mao ZedongNew leader of the communist partyBegan to work with peasants to improve their livesRed Army was created.strengthened by the peasants.

Communist ChinaWWIIChinese Nationalist and Chinese Communist agreed to stop fighting to focus on defending against Japan.Communist ChangeIn 1949, Mao Zedong led the communist into power..over a million killed in this transitionChiang Kai-shek and other nationals fled to the island of Taiwan. (Taiwan grew tremendously)United States refused to recognize Chinas new government

Maos Communist ChinaPeoples Republic of ChinaRebuild industry and reform land use (communal farms)Much like USSR did during 5 year planWas successful in ChinaGreat Leap Forward2nd 5 Year Plan..hoped to increase industry to match the West. Transformed Chinese society into a working societycreated huge communities around a certain industry. (dorms, etc)Huge failureCultural RevolutionMaos attempt to bring China back from Great Leap ForwardWanted to rid China of its old customs, habits, etcRed Guards: Young people that went about destroying anything from the old wayFailure

China After MaoModeratesLeader was Deng XiaopingWanted to improve: agriculture, industry, technology, and national defenseLed China to a market economy and increase interaction with the west..Economy grew like crazyProblemsSome Chinese wanted DemocracyTiananmen Square Massacre: Thousands of Protestors would not leaveTanks and armed guards forced them outkilling 100sShocked the rest of the world

ChinaEconomic ChangesChina has begun to give up control of government owned business. Foreign RelationsChina really never got along well with USSR during Cold War. China and the USA began a positive relationship in the 1970s. In 1997, GB finally turned over Hong Kong to China.

JapanGeographyThousands of islands make up Japan4 Largest: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, ShikokuGeographical HardshipsMountains, Natural Disasters (earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis)Very difficult for outside forces to invade JapanBeginningsKami: Belief in the gods of natureShinto: Religion based on the ideas of KamiEarly leaders were Shinto priests, led to a peaceful time.Most Japanese believed in both Shinto and BuddhismEarly Japan was influenced by China (followed what they did)

JapanFeudal JapanFujiwara: First family to gain control of JapanShogun: Title of General; second most powerful person in Japan (behind the Emperor)Started the Japanese Feudal SystemEmperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, PeasantsDaimyo: landowners, protected by Samurai (warriors)Similar to Europeans with nobles and knightsAt times there was really no central leadership in Japan which led to lots of fighting amongst different Daimyos

Japans Internal FightingInternal Fighting3 different daimyo's established a power centralized feudal government within JapanOda Nobunaga (1568-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1592-1598) and Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603)Tokugawas family would keep control of the government for the next 250 yearsTokugawa RuleFeudalism and Central MonarchyThe Shogun had complete control over the other 250 daimyos. Brought stability and isolation to Japan. Eliminated Christianity that was previously brought by Europeans and banned overseas trade. A persons social class was determined by birth. Samurais were considered the top of the social classes

End of Japanese IsolationChanges in JapanThe people of Japan began to want social and economic change, much the same way that China did.End of IsolationUS forced a treaty in 1854 that would allow for US ships to dock in Japan during storms. This permitted limited trade to begin This opened the door for other countries to do the same thing. This upset a lot of people in Japan, eventually the Tokugawas were overthrown.

Japans ModernizationMeiji RestorationMeiji was able to overthrow the Tokugawa ShogunateBy 1900 Japan had become the first Asian country to industrialize. Japan also changed its government and social structure.Japanese Imperialism Japan feared other Asian countries, so they began to attack them. People of Korea wanted freedom from China Sino-Japanese War: Japanese Army surprised the world by defeated the larger Chinese Army. Occurred in 1895This gave Korea its independence and also gave Japan some land around China.Also forced China to trade with Japan

Imperial JapanKorea/ManchuriaJapan invaded Korea shortly after helping them free themselves from ChinaAlso wanted to control land in Manchuria (northern China)Russo-Japanese WarJapan attacked a Russia fleet in 1904 (b/c Russia had interest in Manchuria)Japan was winning the war; wanted to sign a treaty to end itTreaty of PortsmouthCreated by the United StatesJapan got a bunch of land from Russia, as well as control over RR and ManchuriaJapan soon invaded Korea in 1910.

Japans ChangeJapans ChangeIn 50 years it went from being an agricultural dominated society to one of the largest industrial powers in the worldPopulation rose dramatically, hard to feed everyonePeople left Japan, werent allowed in USA (created anger)Economic ChangesJapan was dependent on raw materials from other countries. (needed to trade)Economic times of the 1920s made the Japanese people mad at their leadersPolitical ChangeMilitarism: Military needs and goals shape lifestyle. Japan saw this as the only way to be successful (late 1920s-1930s)New military leaders looked to expand and control Asia..much the same way the Germany was trying to gain land.Asian version of Monroe Doctrine.

Japans AggressionExpansionMilitary leaders began to control the governmentTook control of Manchuria in 1931.By 1937, Japan would capture the Chinese capital of Beijing. By 1939, controlled all sea ports of ChinaWWIIJapan began to invade smaller islands that European countries controlled (preoccupied with Nazis)French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, etcAllianceDecided to form an alliance with Germany and ItalyOnly Philippines and Hawaii were left to conquer in the Pacific.

Pearl HarborJapanese ViewBelieved that the USA was the greatest threat to their expansionSurprise attack would be the best way to get a head startPearl HarborDec 7, 1941.over 2300 Americans were killedWe declared war on Japan the next dayJapans expansionAttack allowed them to capture Guam, Luzon, Burma, Thailand, Malaya, and New GuineaAustralia was the last stronghold

End of Pacific WarBeginning:Japanese gained a huge empire by 1942. Eventually the Americans began to recapture different islandsMajor US VictoriesBattle of Coral Sea: First Japanese loss (May 1942)Midway: US broke Japanese code, destroyed numerous ships and airplanesAustralia, New Guinea: 1943Philippines: 1944Iwo Jim and Okinawa: 1945

Japanese SurrenderWhy Atomic Bomb?Iwo Jima and Okinawa had been terrible battles, invading Japan would cost too many livesJapanese society would fight to the deathWe created the bomb, might as well use itAtomic Bomb1st Bomb:Dropped August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima, Japan80,000 people died instantly2nd BombDropped on Nagasaki, Japan, August 14Japan surrendered on Sept 2, 1945Japans Treatment of Enemies during WWIIKilled about 250,000 innocent Chinese in 1937Bataan Death March: 10,000 Filipinos and 600 Americans Killed on the Philippines

Japanese MiracleOccupation of JapanUS controlled Japan after the warDouglas McArthur: US commander was in chargeDe-militarize: decrease the size of Japans military..let the Japanese control industryNew government that was non-military and democraticEconomic DevelopmentFarms improved (farmers actually owned land)Huge industrial firms were broke upHighly skilled workforce led to Japan thrivingSocial ChangeModernized quicklysome good things, some not so good thingsPolitical ChangeJapan has vowed to help the United States but does not want to be apart of any conflicts.Japan became more independent as the 20th century ended

KoreaGeographyMountainous land in between China and JapanMany different people settled in this land, especially the ChineseHistorySilla emerged as the most powerful of the Korean Kingdoms in the 600s AD.Koryo Kingdom (established in the 900s) grew powerful, (where the name Korea came from)Yi Dynasty kicked out the Mongols in 1392 and Korea was finally independent until the Japanese invaded before WWI

Divided KoreaDivided KoreaAfter WWII..Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. North was controlled by USSR and became communistSouth was controlled by USA and became republicKorean WarNorth Korea invaded into South Korea (1950)US helped push the North Koreas outeventually the Chinese helped the North Koreans. Cease fire in 1953 meant the country would be divided

Divided KoreaSouth KoreaDictatorshipIncrease trade and industrybecame one of the fastest growing economies in the WorldNorth KoreaStruggled with famine, etcRemained communistKim Jong Il: Old leader. North Korea has grown more upset with South Koreathreatened with Nuclear Attacks

Southeast Asian EmpiresCountries: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.All of them were strongly influenced by China and IndiaHinduism, Confucianism, and Daoism were very popular in all areas.Overtime, Buddhism would emerge as the dominant belief in the area.

European Control in SE AsiaGBControlled Burma and SingaporeFranceLaos, Cambodia, VietnamSiam (Thailand today) acted as a buffer state between GB and FranceDutchUsed to be called the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)USAUS and Germany split parts of SamoaTook over Hawaii in 1898US business people had been living there for yearsTook the Philippine Islands from the SpanishAlso took Guam and the Wake Islands

European ImperialismImperialismOne country taking over control of another countrySettlement ColoniesColonies that had large groups of people living in one place (like Australia)Dependent ColoniesFew European officials would rule over a large group of native people (like India)

European ImperialismReasons Economicnew marketsAccess to Raw MaterialsWorldwide Population Doubled (1800-1900)need new places to liveWhite Mans BurdenIdea that it was the White Mans Job to spread ideas and knowledge around the world. Religion: Missionaries

Modern SE AsiaPhilippinesBecame independent from USA after WWIIStruggled with communist and non communist forces wanting control of the country.Recently hit by a deadly typhoon. Burma (Myanmar)Property of GB until after WWIICountry has been controlled by the militaryAung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Peace Prize for her civil rights protests.

Modern SE AsiaIndonesiaRuled by the Dutch prior to WWII. General Suharto took over power in the country (ruled from the 1960s-1998). More democratic today..still has some issuesToday it is the fourth most populated country in the world. VietnamControlled by France during the 1800sHo Chi Minh declared independence from France in 1946..eventually defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.Vietnam was spilt between North (Communist) and South.Election in 1956 between Diem (S) and Minh (N) never happened, eventually Diem was assassinated.

VietnamVietnam WarDomino Theory: America believed that if one country fell to communism, they all would. War lasted from 1965-1973.Difficult fighting, North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong effectively used guerilla fighting tactics to frustrate the Americans.Tet Offensive: Surprise Attack in Jan of 1968, hurt American morale (especially at home)US withdrew in 1973. 58,000 Americans had died, over 1.3 million Vietnamese had died.South Vietnam eventually surrendered to North VietnamUS and Vietnam have finally been more civil towards each other, starting around 2000

SE ASIALaosFrench Colony, gained indpendence I 1954Ho Chi Minh trail: went through Laos. US would bomb the traildid a lot of damage to country.Became Communist in 1975. Not all people wanted this. (Hmong were killed by the thousands)CambodiaSimilar early history to LaosKhmer Rouge: Cambodia Communist influenced by the Vietcong.Brutally massacred over 1 million people between 1975-1977. Any teacher, intellectuals and govt. officials were murdered. Ruled until the early 1990s. Since then, Cambodia has recovered some.

AustraliaGB ControlIn 1770 James Cook claimed the east shore of Australia for Great Britain. After the American Revolution; GB began to send criminals to Australia. Convicts could stay once their sentence was up.Aborigines: Native people of Australia, did not get along well with the British, forced into the interior of the country. GB killed many of these with disease and fighting. Racially, they thought they were better. Australian IndependenceGB controlled all the different parts of Australia (Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland)Eventually all the colonies united in 1901 and became a self governing part of the British Empire.

New ZealandGB Control1840: GB gains control of New ZealandMaori: Original inhabitants of New ZealandHurt by European settlement.Gold was found in the 1870sBecame part of the British Empire in 1907

AfghanistanAfghanistanInvaded by the USSR in 1979. Mujahideen forces backed by USA vs. the government of Afghanistan (aided by USSR)TalibanUltra conservative Islamic BranchTook control during the 1990s.Al-Queda, terrorist group, has called Afghanistan home for the last decade. Currently one of the more dangerous places on the earth