Asia

Ancient India

• Geography• Indus River: Where the first civilizations began• Himalayas: Tallest mountain chain in the world• Hindu Kush: Another mountain chain

• Harappa’s• First Civilization (2500 BC-1500 BC)• Much is still unknown (religion, communication)• Disappeared around 1500 BC

Ancient India

• Indo-Aryans• Invaded around 1500 BC• Vedas: Religious writings• Sanskrit: Indo-Aryan Language• Religion: Based on things of nature• Race: Tended to be of a lighter complexion

• Southern India• Remained relatively untouched by invaders

• Today• India is still divided North/South

Ancient Indian Empires• Mauryan Empire

• Chandragupta Maurya: – Established the empire – United Northern India from the Ganges to Indus Rivers– Did great things for India

• Asoka– Grandson of Chandragupta– Dominated almost whole Indian subcontinent– Spread Buddhism– Died in 232 BC, empire collapsed within 150 years

• Gupta Empires and Rulers• Began around 300 AD• Decline in Buddhism, spread of Hinduism• Chandra Gupta II

– Golden Age of Gupta Empire• Rule ended around 550 AD

Ancient India• Ancient Indian Culture

• Farming and trade (more trade to South)• Inequality between men and women • Polygamy: More than one wife• Panchatantra: Ancient stories, 2nd most translated book in history• Nalada: Famous Buddhist University, education was very important• Math, Astronomy, etc• Inoculation: infection someone with a mild form of disease

(vaccine). Small pox vaccine 1300 years before Europeans• 4 Class Society: Strict rules to keep people in class

– Rulers/Warriors, Priests, Merchants/Farmers, Workers/Peasants

Indian Religion: Hinduism

• Foundation• Earliest teaches based off of epics (long poems) dating

back to the time of the Vedas (Bhagavad Gita)

• Hindu Beliefs:– Belief that every thing in the universe is of the same essence

(spirit). Unity of God and People– World we see is an illusion, takes many lifetimes to realize this. – Dharma: Moral duty, helps the soul advance to next life– Karma: Good or bad force created by a persons actions– Nirvana: Perfect peace…what all Hindu’s hope to accomplish

Hinduism

• Hindu Beliefs• Reincarnation: Upon death, soul goes to another person or

animal…takes many lifetimes to get salvation• General rule: better you are, the higher social status you will

be in next life. So only the highest class will reach Nirvana

• Hindu Symbols• Yoga: Bring the body and mind together• Cows are protected by the law• Brahman: Main God

• Where is it popular• More popular in western and central India

Indian Religion: Buddhism

• Foundation• Siddhartha Gautama: Founder, know as Buddha• Wealthy, shocked by how bad ordinary people had it• Eventually he found out why people were suffering

• Teachings• Good is rewarded, evil is punished• Salvation comes from following the Four Noble Truths

and the Eightfold Path• Live selfless lives (peaceful/moral lives of poverty)• Anyone could reach nirvana

Buddhism

• Teachings cont..• Vedas: Hindu holy books were not sacred writings• Anyone could reach nirvana, was not reliant on

reincarnation

• Spread of Buddhism• Spread slowly• Buddhism divided over how Buddha is viewed..• Eventually has spread throughout much of

Asia..declined some in India

Modern India

• Foreign Control• India was controlled by the Turks during the 1300s• Eventually they were overthrown by the Mongols, led by Babur

• Mughal Empire• Akbar: Babur’s grandson was the greatest emperor• Ruled from 1556-1606• Blend of Persian, Islamic and Hindu cultures• Tolerant of other religions, also increased trade throughout India. • Taj Mahal: Famous building constructed during this time• Other rulers (Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb) had trouble keeping

peace, especially among different religious views. Aurangzeb even used elephants to trample protestors.

• A lot of hatred between Muslims and Hindu’s in India!!

British and India

• British Involvement• In the mid 1850’s, Great Britain took direct control of India by

dividing the land up into over 550 states.• Did very little to ease the religious tension between Hindu’s

and Muslims. • By the early 1900s, there were plenty of British living side by

side with people of India. • The British viewed themselves as the superior race.• Only good thing was that the British established many

Westernized schools that increased education for all people of India.

• Many people wanted independence but the British were able to maintain control into the early 1900s.

Indian Independence• GB/India

• GB promised some independence in return for India helping them out during WWI

• Much disagreement on how much independence, etc• Mohandas Gandhi

• Leader of Indian Nationalism• Passive Resistance: Urged people to nonviolently refuse to

cooperate with GB control. • Began boycotts and quit paying taxes. GB responded with

violence, which made more people mad• By 1935, India had some self government but not total

control.• Gandhi was assassinated in 1948

End of British Rule

• WWII• GB demanded that India help them during WWII• India began to demand independence

• Muslims vs Hindu’s• Gandhi (Hindu) demanded complete separation from India.• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim) demanded a separate

Muslim state within India (Pakistan)• Violence was crazy between the two sides, millions killed in

fighting

• Independence• August 15 1947: India and Pakistan were both created

Independent India

• Early government• Jawaharlal Nehru: First Prime Minister of India• Nonalignment: Did not ally with either USA or USSR• Daughter became prime minister in 1966 (Indira Gandhi)

• Political Unrest• Indira Gandhi fought with Shikh’s (different religion) in

northern India. Eventually she was assassinated by them.• Political instability followed for the next 20 years.• Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu) do not like each other

and have each threatened nuclear weapons on the other one.

Independent India• Economy

• Mixed Economy: Mix between private and government ownership of industries.

• Problem was that the population was (and is) growing too fast. This has led to massive problems with overcrowding, unemployed, etc.

• By 2000, India had over a billion people (1.237)…will catch China by 2050.

• Manmohan Singh: Prime Minister today• Foreign Relations

• India and China had problems because India offered refuge for the Dalai Lama (Tibetan Monk)

• Kashmir: Area of Northern India that has been fought over with Pakistan still to today.

Pakistan• Division

• East Pakistan and West Pakistan became the countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh

• Pakistan• Formed a government led by military leaders and Islamic

Nationalists• Benazir Bhutto: Became the first women to serve as Prime

Minister of a Muslim country• Nawaz Sharif: Prime Minister today• Problems: Pakistan is home to Al-Queda

• Bangladesh• Floods, famine, storms, and poor leaders have made this

country very poor

China

• Geography• Large country, many geographic features• Made up of many different regions• 3 Great Rivers: Huang (Yellow), Chang, Xi

– Chinese were the first to use dikes to prevent flooding• Parts under China’s control at different times

– Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, Northern Korea• Mountains

– Himalaya's• Deserts

– Gobi• All these things led to China being very isolated in its

development

Chinese Dynasties

• Shang• First dynasty to invade into area (1750 BC)• Bureaucracy: Government organized into different

levels and tasks.• Strong military and technology made the Dynasty

expand• Science: Calendars based on sun and moon• Religion: Worshiped nature• Early system of writing• Zhou (JOH) formed an alliance with invaders,

overthrew the Shang Dynasty….said they were not fit to rule

Other Chinese Dynasties• Zhou (JOH) Dynasty

• 1050 BC-250 BC• Mandate of Heaven: Supreme Ruler had chosen them to rule the people

of China• Qin Dynasty

• Cheng: First leader of Qin Dynasty • Autocracy: Government where emperor has total power• Great Wall of China: Began by the Qins to help protect them from

invaders.• Empire made people mad, overthrew the Qins

• Han Dynasty• More moderate, kept the rule for 400 years (200 BC-200 AD)• Ruled over an area larger than the Romans, Liu Ch’e (most powerful

ruler)• Civil Service Government: Leaders were examined, most qualified got

positions of power. Style lasted until the 1900s. • Silk Road: Road from China to Mediterranean…traded goods with

Romans/Greeks

Chinese Philosophy

• Yin and Yang• Yang (male) and yin (female) represented the balance

of forces of nature.• Balance was the key to success

• Confucius• Main Chinese Philosopher• Importance: family, respect of elders, reverence for

ancestors• Wanted to figure out how people could better rule

themselves. Everyone should accept their roles in life and work to be the best they could be

Chinese Philosophy• Mencius

• Follower of Confucius• People’s characters should benefit others• Rulers who were ethical should receive support from people; weak or

unjust rulers should be overthrown• Laozi (Lowd-ZOO)

• Founded Daoism• Dao: Indescribable force that ruled nature. • People should live peaceful lives and not strive for material wealth.• Both Daoism and Confucianism provided a balance that people of

China followed for centuries (Yin and Yang)• Buddhism

• Mahayana Buddhism became very popular in China because it agreed with many of the teachings of Chinese Philosophers

Middle Age Chinese Dynasties

• Sui Dynasty• Ruled during the 500’s AD• Created the Grand Canal (linked N and S China)• Defeated by the Turks

• Tang Dynasty (600-900s)• Defeated the Turks, extended China to India and Middle East.• Xi’an: Capital, over 2 million people lived there• Began the golden age of China • Confucianism and Daoism were very important ideas. Stress of

ethics would remain the main religion until the 1900s.• Built temples to Confucius and made people study his teachings• Buddhism became very popular during this time.

Middle Age Chinese Dynasties

• Sung Dynasty• Had trouble controlling all of the areas of China.• Mongols controlled the Northern part of China (Manchuria)

and gave them lots of problem

• Jin Dynasty• Took over Northern China in 1100s. Created a divided China

• Both Empires (Sung and Jin)• Expanded trade and Civil Service• Inventions: Gun Powder, Ink, Paper, Movable Type• Population exploded to over 100 million (many cities)

Mongols• Mongols

• Lived in the area to the North of China (Mongolia)• Great fighters

– Large Army (Over 100,000 in Cavalry)– New Weapons (Catapults, Crossbows)– Used speed to surround cities

• Mongol Expansion• Genghis Khan

– Best Mongol general; created a huge empire in 1200 AD– Invaded China, Russia, and Eastern Europe– Kublai Khan (China) and Batu Khan (Russia, Poland, Hungary,

Austria) were both grandsons of Genghis, controlled lands they conquered

Mongols in China

• Yuan Dynasty• Established by Kublai Khan, ruled from 1271-1368• Did greatly improve trade for China• People became upset at high taxes for the Mongol

leaders• Beijing emerged as the central capital of China (also

with the Ming Dynasty later)

• Contact with Europeans• Increase greatly during this time• Marco Polo: Italian man who traveled to China. Liked

by Kublai Khan, Marco stayed in China for 17 years

Modern Chinese Dynasties

• Ming Dynasty (Mid 1300s)• Most skilled sailors in the world during that time• Abandoned trade, focused more on self sufficiency,

especially after getting rid of the Mongols• Restored Confucianism with a 4 class society

– Scholars, Farmers, Artisans, Merchants

• Qing Dynasty (1600s)• From Northern China (Manchuria)• Defeated the Mings and ruled until 1912.

Modern Chinese Dynasties

• Qing China• Economy grew due to specialization in certain areas• Merchants increased trade and cities began to grow

rapidly.• Confucians ideas about family and roles of each

individual were still very important

• Problems• Population was growing at a high rate, especially the

peasants.• Rebellions began to become more frequent with the

poor people during the 1800s (similar to Russia)

China and Europe

• Portugal• First European group to arrive in China• Christianity was introduced and then removed once the

Qing Dynasty saw it as a threat to China

• Great Britain• Wanted Silk and Tea from China• British East India Company had a monopoly on tea

coming from China. Angered many people.• Free Trade: Idea that government should not interfere

with trade. China wanted control, Great Britain wanted freedom to trade with whomever it wanted.

China and Europe• Opium Wars

• Opium: Produced in India (controlled by GB). Was shipped in high numbers to China, where people became addicted.

• China went to war with GB because it would not stop selling opium to the Chinese people.

• China lost b/c their navy was weak; GB gained control of Hong Kong.

• Unequal Treaties• China’s fear of invasion led to them signing treaties with other

countries (France and USA) which weakened GB trade monopoly.

• None of these treaties benefited China…they were being used• All of these treaties and foreign influence led to rebellions and

the weakening of the Qing Dynasty

20th Century China

• By 1900 many countries had a piece of China• Boxer Rebellion

• Empress Dowager Tz’u-hsi (TSOO-SHEE) imprisoned her nephew (Emperor) and took control

• Boxer Rebellion is when the Chinese began to attack the foreigners that were in China.

• Eventually put down by GB, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and USA.

• Rebellion did encourage more nationalism

• Overthrow of Qing Dynasty• Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) was led by Sun Yixian• Overthrew the Qing Dynasty

Chinese Republic• New Goals of Republic

• Political Unification/End of Foreign Influence• Change to Democratic Government• Economic Improvements

• Problems• Powerful warlords did not want to give up land…wanted Sun

Yixian dead• Nationalists wanted help from outsiders, only the USSR

offered. • Chiang Kai-shek

• Took over leadership of the Nationalist Movement• Defeated the warlords

China turning towards communism

• Kuomintang• Divide in how to rule China. Chiang Kai-shek sided with

the Right Wing which opposed communist measures• Chiang got rid of the communists and emerged as an all

powerful dictator.• Modernized China but did not address land ownership

issues and taxes. Both hurt the poor people of China

• Chinese Communist Party• Inspired by the ideas of Lenin and Marx• Chiang began to do many things to get rid of

Communists

China turning communist

• Growth of Party• The nationalists tried to eliminate the communist• Long March: Over 100,000 communists evacuated

Jiangxi and made a 6,000 mile trip (lasted over a year) to Yenan.

• Mao Zedong• New leader of the communist party• Began to work with peasants to improve their lives• Red Army was created….strengthened by the peasants.

Communist China

• WWII• Chinese Nationalist and Chinese Communist agreed to

stop fighting to focus on defending against Japan.

• Communist Change• In 1949, Mao Zedong led the communist into

power..over a million killed in this transition• Chiang Kai-shek and other nationals fled to the island

of Taiwan. (Taiwan grew tremendously)• United States refused to recognize China’s new

government

Mao’s Communist China• Peoples Republic of China

• Rebuild industry and reform land use (communal farms)• Much like USSR did during 5 year plan• Was successful in China

• Great Leap Forward• 2nd 5 Year Plan..hoped to increase industry to match the West. • Transformed Chinese society into a working society…created huge

communities around a certain industry. (dorms, etc)• Huge failure

• Cultural Revolution• Mao’s attempt to bring China back from Great Leap Forward• Wanted to rid China of its old customs, habits, etc• Red Guards: Young people that went about destroying anything from

the “old way”• Failure

China After Mao

• Moderates• Leader was Deng Xiaoping• Wanted to improve: agriculture, industry, technology, and

national defense• Led China to a market economy and increase interaction

with the west…..Economy grew like crazy

• Problems• Some Chinese wanted Democracy• Tiananmen Square Massacre:

– Thousands of Protestors would not leave– Tanks and armed guards forced them out…killing 100’s– Shocked the rest of the world

China

• Economic Changes• China has begun to give up control of government

owned business.

• Foreign Relations• China really never got along well with USSR during Cold

War. • China and the USA began a positive relationship in the

1970s. • In 1997, GB finally turned over Hong Kong to China.

Japan

• Geography• Thousands of islands make up Japan• 4 Largest: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku• Geographical Hardships

– Mountains, Natural Disasters (earthquakes, typhoons, tsunami’s)• Very difficult for outside forces to invade Japan

• Beginnings• Kami: Belief in the gods of nature• Shinto: Religion based on the ideas of Kami• Early leaders were Shinto priests, led to a peaceful time.• Most Japanese believed in both Shinto and Buddhism• Early Japan was influenced by China (followed what they did)

Japan

• Feudal Japan• Fujiwara: First family to gain control of Japan• Shogun: Title of General; second most powerful person

in Japan (behind the Emperor)• Started the Japanese Feudal System

– Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants

• Daimyo: landowners, protected by Samurai (warriors)• Similar to Europeans with nobles and knights• At times there was really no central leadership in Japan

which led to lots of fighting amongst different Daimyo’s

Japan’s Internal Fighting• Internal Fighting

• 3 different daimyo's established a power centralized feudal government within Japan

• Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1592-1598) and Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603)

• Tokugawa’s family would keep control of the government for the next 250 years

• Tokugawa Rule• Feudalism and Central Monarchy• The Shogun had complete control over the other 250 daimyo’s. • Brought stability and isolation to Japan. Eliminated Christianity

that was previously brought by Europeans and banned overseas trade.

• A person’s social class was determined by birth. Samurai’s were considered the top of the social classes

End of Japanese Isolation

• Changes in Japan• The people of Japan began to want social and

economic change, much the same way that China did.

• End of Isolation• US forced a treaty in 1854 that would allow for US ships

to dock in Japan during storms. • This permitted limited trade to begin • This opened the door for other countries to do the

same thing. • This upset a lot of people in Japan, eventually the

Tokugawa’s were overthrown.

Japan’s Modernization

• Meiji Restoration• Meiji was able to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate• By 1900 Japan had become the first Asian country to industrialize. • Japan also changed its government and social structure.

• Japanese Imperialism • Japan feared other Asian countries, so they began to attack them. • People of Korea wanted freedom from China • Sino-Japanese War: Japanese Army surprised the world by

defeated the larger Chinese Army. Occurred in 1895• This gave Korea its independence and also gave Japan some land

around China.• Also forced China to trade with Japan

Imperial Japan• Korea/Manchuria

• Japan invaded Korea shortly after helping them free themselves from China

• Also wanted to control land in Manchuria (northern China)• Russo-Japanese War

• Japan attacked a Russia fleet in 1904 (b/c Russia had interest in Manchuria)

• Japan was winning the war; wanted to sign a treaty to end it• Treaty of Portsmouth

• Created by the United States• Japan got a bunch of land from Russia, as well as control

over RR and Manchuria• Japan soon invaded Korea in 1910.

Japan’s Change• Japan’s Change

• In 50 years it went from being an agricultural dominated society to one of the largest industrial powers in the world

• Population rose dramatically, hard to feed everyone• People left Japan, weren’t allowed in USA (created anger)

• Economic Changes• Japan was dependent on raw materials from other countries. (needed to

trade)• Economic times of the 1920’s made the Japanese people mad at their

leaders• Political Change

• Militarism: Military needs and goals shape lifestyle. Japan saw this as the only way to be successful (late 1920s-1930s)

• New military leaders looked to expand and control Asia..much the same way the Germany was trying to gain land.

• Asian version of Monroe Doctrine.

Japan’s Aggression• Expansion

• Military leaders began to control the government• Took control of Manchuria in 1931.• By 1937, Japan would capture the Chinese capital of Beijing.

By 1939, controlled all sea ports of China• WWII

• Japan began to invade smaller islands that European countries controlled (preoccupied with Nazi’s)

• French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, etc• Alliance

• Decided to form an alliance with Germany and Italy• Only Philippines and Hawaii were left to conquer in the

Pacific.

Pearl Harbor

• Japanese View• Believed that the USA was the greatest threat to their

expansion• Surprise attack would be the best way to get a head start

• Pearl Harbor• Dec 7, 1941….over 2300 Americans were killed• We declared war on Japan the next day

• Japan’s expansion• Attack allowed them to capture Guam, Luzon, Burma,

Thailand, Malaya, and New Guinea• Australia was the last stronghold

End of Pacific War

• Beginning:• Japanese gained a huge empire by 1942. Eventually

the American’s began to recapture different islands

• Major US Victories• Battle of Coral Sea: First Japanese loss (May 1942)• Midway: US broke Japanese code, destroyed

numerous ships and airplanes• Australia, New Guinea: 1943• Philippines: 1944• Iwo Jim and Okinawa: 1945

Japanese Surrender• Why Atomic Bomb?

• Iwo Jima and Okinawa had been terrible battles, invading Japan would cost too many lives

• Japanese society would fight to the death• We created the bomb, might as well use it

• Atomic Bomb• 1st Bomb:

– Dropped August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima, Japan– 80,000 people died instantly

• 2nd Bomb– Dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, August 14

• Japan surrendered on Sept 2, 1945• Japan’s Treatment of Enemies during WWII

• Killed about 250,000 innocent Chinese in 1937• Bataan Death March: 10,000 Filipinos and 600 Americans Killed on the

Philippines

Japanese Miracle• Occupation of Japan

• US controlled Japan after the war• Douglas McArthur: US commander was in charge• De-militarize: decrease the size of Japan’s military..let the Japanese

control industry• New government that was non-military and democratic

• Economic Development• Farms improved (farmers actually owned land)• Huge industrial firms were broke up• Highly skilled workforce led to Japan thriving

• Social Change• Modernized quickly…some good things, some not so good things

• Political Change• Japan has vowed to help the United States but does not want to be

apart of any conflicts.• Japan became more independent as the 20th century ended

Korea

• Geography• Mountainous land in between China and Japan• Many different people settled in this land, especially the

Chinese

• History• Silla emerged as the most powerful of the Korean Kingdoms

in the 600s AD.• Koryo Kingdom (established in the 900s) grew powerful,

(where the name Korea came from)• Yi Dynasty kicked out the Mongols in 1392 and Korea was

finally independent until the Japanese invaded before WWI

Divided Korea

• Divided Korea• After WWII..Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. • North was controlled by USSR and became communist• South was controlled by USA and became republic

• Korean War• North Korea invaded into South Korea (1950)• US helped push the North Korea’s out…eventually the

Chinese helped the North Koreans. • Cease fire in 1953 meant the country would be divided

Divided Korea

• South Korea• Dictatorship• Increase trade and industry…became one of the fastest

growing economies in the World

• North Korea• Struggled with famine, etc• Remained communist• Kim Jong Il: Old leader. • North Korea has grown more upset with South Korea…

threatened with Nuclear Attacks

Southeast Asian Empires

• Countries: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.

• All of them were strongly influenced by China and India

• Hinduism, Confucianism, and Daoism were very popular in all areas.

• Overtime, Buddhism would emerge as the dominant belief in the area.

European Control in SE Asia• GB

• Controlled Burma and Singapore• France

• Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam• Siam (Thailand today) acted as a buffer state between GB and France

• Dutch• Used to be called the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)

• USA• US and Germany split parts of Samoa• Took over Hawaii in 1898…US business people had been living there

for years• Took the Philippine Islands from the Spanish• Also took Guam and the Wake Islands

European Imperialism

• Imperialism• One country taking over control of another country

• Settlement Colonies• Colonies that had large groups of people living in one

place (like Australia)

• Dependent Colonies• Few European officials would rule over a large group of

native people (like India)

European Imperialism

• Reasons • Economic…new markets• Access to Raw Materials• Worldwide Population Doubled (1800-1900)…need

new places to live• White Man’s Burden

– Idea that it was the White Mans Job to spread ideas and knowledge around the world.

• Religion: Missionaries

Modern SE Asia

• Philippines• Became independent from USA after WWII• Struggled with communist and non communist forces

wanting control of the country.• Recently hit by a deadly typhoon.

• Burma (Myanmar)• Property of GB until after WWII• Country has been controlled by the military• Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Peace Prize for her civil rights

protests.

Modern SE Asia• Indonesia

• Ruled by the Dutch prior to WWII. • General Suharto took over power in the country (ruled from

the 1960s-1998). More democratic today..still has some issues• Today it is the fourth most populated country in the world.

• Vietnam• Controlled by France during the 1800’s• Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France in

1946..eventually defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.• Vietnam was spilt between North (Communist) and South.• Election in 1956 between Diem (S) and Minh (N) never

happened, eventually Diem was assassinated.

Vietnam• Vietnam War

• Domino Theory: America believed that if one country fell to communism, they all would.

• War lasted from 1965-1973.• Difficult fighting, North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong

effectively used guerilla fighting tactics to frustrate the Americans.

• Tet Offensive: Surprise Attack in Jan of 1968, hurt American morale (especially at home)

• US withdrew in 1973. 58,000 Americans had died, over 1.3 million Vietnamese had died.

• South Vietnam eventually surrendered to North Vietnam• US and Vietnam have finally been more civil towards each

other, starting around 2000

SE ASIA• Laos

• French Colony, gained indpendence I 1954• Ho Chi Minh trail: went through Laos. US would bomb the

trail…did a lot of damage to country.• Became Communist in 1975. Not all people wanted this.

(Hmong were killed by the thousands)• Cambodia

• Similar early history to Laos• Khmer Rouge: Cambodia Communist influenced by the

Vietcong.• Brutally massacred over 1 million people between 1975-1977.

Any teacher, intellectuals and govt. officials were murdered. • Ruled until the early 1990s. • Since then, Cambodia has recovered some.

Australia• GB Control

• In 1770 James Cook claimed the east shore of Australia for Great Britain.

• After the American Revolution; GB began to send criminals to Australia. Convicts could stay once their sentence was up.

• Aborigines: Native people of Australia, did not get along well with the British, forced into the interior of the country.

• GB killed many of these with disease and fighting. Racially, they thought they were better.

• Australian Independence• GB controlled all the different parts of Australia (Tasmania,

Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland)• Eventually all the colonies united in 1901 and became a self

governing part of the British Empire.

New Zealand

• GB Control• 1840: GB gains control of New Zealand• Maori: Original inhabitants of New Zealand

– Hurt by European settlement.

• Gold was found in the 1870s• Became part of the British Empire in 1907

Afghanistan

• Afghanistan• Invaded by the USSR in 1979. • Mujahideen forces backed by USA vs. the government of

Afghanistan (aided by USSR)

• Taliban• Ultra conservative Islamic Branch• Took control during the 1990s.• Al-Queda, terrorist group, has called Afghanistan home

for the last decade. • Currently one of the more dangerous places on the earth