8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

1/54

Ideologies in World Afairs

PGDIR Lecture

Dr. A.S.M. Ali Ashraf

Associate ProfessorDepartment of International RelationsUniversity of Dhaka

Email aliashraf!"#$mail.com

%ri&ay' (anuary )' )*+,

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/images/index.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/&usg=__1SCPjAcDB8B6xyO1s8m82XebKjw=&h=331&w=450&sz=26&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=4zk5MFcGd-P77M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEuropean%2BUnion%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

2/54

International RelationsDefinition

IR is an aca&emic &iscipline that investi$ates theinteractions -et een various actors in internationalpolitics.

Actors in international politics inclu&eState Actors

/ra&itional Great Po ers 0hina' %rance' Russia' U1' USMi&&le Po ers 0ana&a' Germany' (apanRisin$ Po ers 23RI0 0ountries4 3ra5il' Russia' In&ia' 0hina

6on7State ActorsInternational 8r$ani5ations 2I8s4 /he Unite& 6ations6on Governmental 8r$ani5ations 26G8s4 3RA0Multinational 0orporations 2M60s4 3P' 0onoco Philips' I3M

)

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

3/54

Four Theoretical

Approaches to IR Political RealismInternational system is anarchicDomestic political system as ell as the &istri-ution of po er in the internationalsystem &etermine states9 -ehaviorInternational politics can -e characteri5e& as po er politics

Li-eral InternationalismInternational politics is not necessarily conflictualStates -uil& international institutions to cooperate ith each otherInstitutions create norms an& rules that states a$ree to follo

Ra&ical /heory

International system is a hi$hly stratifie& capitalist system0lass &ifferences &etermine in&ivi&ual actions an& state -ehavior

Social 0onstructivismStates are sociological actors' not strategic actorsStates9 interests are not fi:e&' -ut mallea-le an& chan$in$State system is not material -ut inter7su-;ective

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

4/54

Introduction to Ideologies=hat is i&eolo$y>

A political -elief system>An utopia>

A threat to or$ani5e& reli$ion>A rational ay of thinkin$>En& of 0ol& =ar En& of i&eolo$y>"?++ Return of i&eolo$y>

E:ample of $ran& political @ economic i&eolo$iesLi-eralism 0ommunism an& Socialism 0onservatism6ationalism @ Revolutionary i&eals

B

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

5/54

Useful Readings0assels' Alan. )**

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

6/54

Introduction to IdeologiesMeanin$ of i&eolo$ies

A political -elief system>An utopia>

A threat to or$ani5e& reli$ion>A rational ay of thinkin$>En& of 0ol& =ar En& of i&eolo$y>"?++ Return of i&eolo$y>

E:ample of $ran& political @ economic i&eolo$iesLi-eralism 0ommunism an& Socialism 0onservatism6ationalism @ Revolutionary i&eals

F

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

7/54

Meanings o IdeologiesAlan 0assels

I&eolo$y has a hole ran$e of useful meanin$s' not all of hich arecompati-le ith each other.H

Manfre& Ste$erI&eolo$ies are political -elief systems' ith $ran& visions a-out the

orl& an& the nee& for social chan$e.

0onceptuali5in$ i&eolo$yScience of i&eas

isionary speculationI&le theori5in$%alse consciousnessSophisticate& thinkin$ Intellectuali5e& kno le&$eUnsophisticate& thinkin$ Mass people9s -elief system

!

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

8/54

Origin and evolution o

ideology/he %rench Revolution challen$e to the -our$eoisie societyEmphasis on reasons' an& rationality

Destutt &e /racy6ational Institute of Arts an& Sciences' Paris

Dero$atory punch -y the Mar:ists an& other ra&ical scholarsEmphasis on the e:ploitation of the mass people -y the capitalists0ritiJue of the 6a5i i&eolo$y an& its effect on the out-reak of the ==IIan& the persecution of the (e s

0ol& =ar=estern capitalism vs Soviet an& eastern communism

Post 0ol& =ar/riumph of capitalism

Post7"?++ EraReli$ious fun&amentalism

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

9/54

0haracteristics of I&eolo$yA set of closely relate& i&eas hel& -y a $roupA -roa& interpretation of human con&ition

Simplistic' monocausal e:planation of all thepast an& future historyA &octrine ith special claims upon theattention of its -elievers

Do$matic -eliefs' hostility to ar& un-elieversLinks ith po er an& political stru$$le

"

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

10/54

Major ideologies and their impact inworld afairs

Li-eralismUS policy

0ommunism0hina' 6epal

6ationalismAra- uprisin$

/otalitarianism6a5i Germany an& fascist Italy -efore ==II

/errorismarious reli$ious an& non7reli$ious $roups an& in&ivi&uals

Developmentalism6G8s' 0ivil Societies vs State

+*

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

11/54

Liberalism

++

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

12/54

Three ores o !i"eralism

MoralPersonal Li-erty0ivil Li-ertySocial Li-erty

PoliticalIn&ivi&ual consentRepresentation0onstitutionalismPopular soverei$nty

Economic%ree market economyUtility an& utilitarian ethics

+)

8/9/2019 Ashraf_Ideologies in World Affairs

13/54

Moral ore o !i"eralismPersonal li-erty

In&ivi&ual protection a$ainst $overnment%ree&om to think' talk' an& reli$ionRi$ht to ;ustice

0ivil li-erty%ree&om of thou$ht' action' an& e:pression%ree&om of association an& meanin$ful participation in socialan& political sphere of the state

Social li-erty

Proper reco$nition to allo people to flourish their capa-ilitiesReco$nition of collective ri$hts an& responsi-ilities for a $roupof peopleEJual opportunities an& the elimination of &iscrimination

+