As. prof. Beley N.N.As. prof. Beley N.N.Ternopil State Medical Ternopil State Medical University about Horbachevsky University about Horbachevsky

Liquid extracts Liquid extracts

productionproduction

Extracts Extracts – are concentrated extracts – are concentrated extracts are obtained from dried vegetable or are obtained from dried vegetable or animal raw materials with hearting or animal raw materials with hearting or removing of extragent (menstruum).removing of extragent (menstruum).

They can be classified : They can be classified :

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Liquid extracts (Extracta fluida),

Soft extracts (Extracta spissa)

Dry extract (Extracta sissa);

Classification depending on the type Classification depending on the type of used extragent:of used extragent:

11. Water extracts (Extracta aquosa) . Water extracts (Extracta aquosa)

2. Alcohol extracts (Extracta spirituossa) 2. Alcohol extracts (Extracta spirituossa)

3. Radio extracts (Extracta aetherea) 3. Radio extracts (Extracta aetherea)

4. Oil extracts (Extracta oleosa) obtained by 4. Oil extracts (Extracta oleosa) obtained by using of liquefied gases using of liquefied gases

Liquid extracts are only alcohol and intended Liquid extracts are only alcohol and intended for oral use.for oral use.

In addition, standardized extracts (Extracta In addition, standardized extracts (Extracta standartisata) or extracts-concentrates are standartisata) or extracts-concentrates are separate group. separate group.

LiquidLiquid extracts - are a concentrated fluid extracts - are a concentrated fluid water-alcohol extracts of PRM are obtained water-alcohol extracts of PRM are obtained

with ratio 1:1 - from 1 kg of PRM 1 kg of with ratio 1:1 - from 1 kg of PRM 1 kg of liquid extracts are prepared.liquid extracts are prepared.

Advantages: Advantages: 1) The similar ratio of the contained BAS between 1) The similar ratio of the contained BAS between

PRM and extracts; PRM and extracts; 2) Ease of measuring of liquid extracts by burette in 2) Ease of measuring of liquid extracts by burette in

pharmacies and booties; pharmacies and booties; 3) Possibility to obtain liquid extracts containing 3) Possibility to obtain liquid extracts containing

volatile substances (essential oils) without using of volatile substances (essential oils) without using of the menstruum evaporation .the menstruum evaporation .

Negative characteristics of liquid Negative characteristics of liquid extracts:extracts:

11) Many of concomitant substances is ) Many of concomitant substances is extracted while obtaining of extracted while obtaining of liquid liquid extractsextracts..

2) The appearance of sediment while a small 2) The appearance of sediment while a small temperature decrease or temperature decrease or a a partial loss of partial loss of the the alcoholalcohol..

3) A sealed plugging and temperature 3) A sealed plugging and temperature about about 15 - 20 C 15 - 20 C areare need need at theat the stor storage.age.

4) They contain 4) They contain a a large volume of large volume of the the extragent extragent soso it it is difficult to be transported.is difficult to be transported.

Soft extractsSoft extracts are a concentrated extracts of PRM, are a concentrated extracts of PRM, which which

have the look of a dense, viscose mass and have the look of a dense, viscose mass and contain the moisture less than 30 %. contain the moisture less than 30 %.

They are not pour out from the container, but They are not pour out from the container, but can stretch into yarns and then merge into a can stretch into yarns and then merge into a whole mass.whole mass.

Soft extracts are obtained with Soft extracts are obtained with hitting and evaporation to remove hitting and evaporation to remove

extragentextragent

Characteristics of soft extractsCharacteristics of soft extracts

Adventage:Adventage: 1. 1. Soft extracts are used as Soft extracts are used as

binding agents at the binding agents at the manufacture of tablets manufacture of tablets and pills due to high and pills due to high viscosity. viscosity.

2. They also may be 2. They also may be corrigents of syrups, corrigents of syrups, liquids, elixirs.liquids, elixirs.

3. Soft extract is used as 3. Soft extract is used as intermediate products for intermediate products for a number of dosage a number of dosage forms (tinctures, tablets). forms (tinctures, tablets).

Disadventage: Disadventage: 11. . Inconvenience of their Inconvenience of their

use and use and weighingweighing . .

2. They require sealed 2. They require sealed packages because: packages because:

- at the dry air they are at the dry air they are little dried and are little dried and are become rigid, become rigid,

- in the moist air they are in the moist air they are absorb moisture and absorb moisture and become moldbecome mold. .

Dry extractsDry extracts are a concentrated extracts of PRM have are a concentrated extracts of PRM have

the look of a powder or porous mass the look of a powder or porous mass containing the moisture no more than 5 %. containing the moisture no more than 5 %.

They are obtained with evaporation of the They are obtained with evaporation of the extragent by draying. extragent by draying.

Characteristics of dry extractsCharacteristics of dry extractsAdvantage:Advantage:

1.1. They should be They should be considered the most considered the most rational type extracts. rational type extracts.

2.2. They are easy to use.They are easy to use.

3.3. They have the lowest They have the lowest possible mass.possible mass.

Disadvantage:Disadvantage:High hygroscopic, High hygroscopic,

as a result they are as a result they are transformed into transformed into

lump-like mass and lose lump-like mass and lose friability.friability.

Technological process of liquid extracts Technological process of liquid extracts productionproduction includes follow stages: includes follow stages:

1. Sanitary preproduction1. Sanitary preproduction

2. Preparing of plant raw materials (milling, 2. Preparing of plant raw materials (milling, sifting) and extragentsifting) and extragent

3. Obtaining of extract 3. Obtaining of extract

4. Purification of extract4. Purification of extract

5. Standardization5. Standardization

6. Packing, packaging and labeling of 6. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.finished product.

Methods of liquid extracts production:Methods of liquid extracts production:

1. Percolation 1. Percolation 2. Repercolation (various types) 2. Repercolation (various types) 3. Bismaceration and its various 3. Bismaceration and its various

modifications modifications 4. Dissolution of soft and dry 4. Dissolution of soft and dry extracts extracts

Repercolation is the process the successive application of the same percolating menstruum to fresh portions of the PRM.

The principal object of repercolation is to effect the saving of menstruum by accomplishing the saturation of the menstruum, as nearly as possible, by passing the unsaturated or weaker percolate from one portion of the PRM through another portion, and again passing the unsaturated or weaker percolate from this second portion through a third portion.

The we percolate from this last portion is generally set aside, to be used in succeeding operatiol upon the same crude PRM in the place of fresh menstruum.

RepercolationRepercolation. . Extragent is load in the first percolator, passes Extragent is load in the first percolator, passes successively through all the battery of percolators successively through all the battery of percolators and is unload from the last percolator becoming in and is unload from the last percolator becoming in the saturated extract. the saturated extract. In each percolator significantIn each percolator significant difference difference concentrations is supported.concentrations is supported.

The methods of repercolationThe methods of repercolation

1.1. Methods repercolation about ChulkovMethods repercolation about Chulkov2.2. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM

and uncompleted cycleand uncompleted cycle3.3. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM

and completed cycleand completed cycle4.4. Methods repercolation about BosynMethods repercolation about Bosyn5.5. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM

on the unequal parts (by pharmacopoeia on the unequal parts (by pharmacopoeia USA and Germany)USA and Germany)

6.6. Fractional maceration by CRSPLFractional maceration by CRSPL

Methods ofMethods ofrepercolation repercolation about Chulkovabout Chulkov

Starting time (for 4 days): loading of percolators

Working time(from 5 day)

obtaining of final product

Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and uncompleted cycleand uncompleted cycle

1.1. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.infusion and percolation in the following percolator.

2.2. The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.

3.3. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for finished product (100%) and three weak selections for extraction fresh portion of PRM.extraction fresh portion of PRM.

Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and completed cycleand completed cycle

1.1. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.infusion and percolation in the following percolator.

2.2. The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator.

3.3. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections is finished product (100%) and three weak selections is condensed to obtain 20 % of final product. condensed to obtain 20 % of final product.

Methods repercolation about BosynMethods repercolation about Bosyn

Fresh menstruum is loaded only in first percolator, Fresh menstruum is loaded only in first percolator, formed extract is formed extract is passed through all devices and passed through all devices and final product is obtained from last apparatus.final product is obtained from last apparatus.

Methods repercolation with dividing PRM Methods repercolation with dividing PRM on the unequal parts on the unequal parts

(by pharmacopoeia USA and Germany)(by pharmacopoeia USA and Germany)

Total mass of PRM is divided on 3 parts: 5 : 3 : 2.Total mass of PRM is divided on 3 parts: 5 : 3 : 2.Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into:

the finished product (20%) and weak selections is used the finished product (20%) and weak selections is used for extraction in the second percolator.for extraction in the second percolator.

Extract from second – finished product 30 %, and 50 % - Extract from second – finished product 30 %, and 50 % - from third percolator.from third percolator.

Dissolution of soft andDissolution of soft and drydry extracts is extracts is carry out in the carry out in the ReactorReactor

Technological process of soft Technological process of soft extracts productionextracts production includes follow includes follow

stages:stages:

1. Sanitary preproduction1. Sanitary preproduction2. Preparation of herbal raw materials 2. Preparation of herbal raw materials (crushing, sifting)(crushing, sifting)3. Obtaining of extract 3. Obtaining of extract 4. Purification of extract4. Purification of extract5. Evaporation of solvent for extraction (condense)5. Evaporation of solvent for extraction (condense)6. Standardization6. Standardization7. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished 7. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished

product.product.

Technological process of dry extracts Technological process of dry extracts productionproduction may is carried out by two ways: may is carried out by two ways:

Includes stage condensingIncludes stage condensing

1. Obtaining of extract 1. Obtaining of extract

2. Purification of extract2. Purification of extract

3. Evaporation of solvent for 3. Evaporation of solvent for extraction (condensing)extraction (condensing)

4. Drying of slightly condensed 4. Drying of slightly condensed extractextract

5. Standardization5. Standardization

6. Packing, packaging and 6. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.labeling of finished product.

Without condensing stageWithout condensing stage

1. Obtaining of extract 1. Obtaining of extract

2. Purification of extract2. Purification of extract

3. Drying of liquid extract3. Drying of liquid extract

4. Standardization4. Standardization

5. Packing, packaging and 5. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.labeling of finished product.

Methods of soft and dry extracts Methods of soft and dry extracts production:production:

1. Percolation 1. Percolation 2. Repercolation (in different2. Repercolation (in different versionsversions) ) 3. 3. Bismaceration and its various modifications Bismaceration and its various modifications 4. 4. Circulating extractionCirculating extraction5. 5. Extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and Extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and

extragent to meet each other in a battery of percolators with extragent to meet each other in a battery of percolators with circulating mixingcirculating mixing

66.. Continuous extraction with an opposite movement of HRM Continuous extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and extragent to meet each other in special extractorsand extragent to meet each other in special extractors

7. M7. Methodsethods of extraction of extraction, , includingincluding grinding of raw materials in grinding of raw materials in

the environment of extraction, vortex extraction, extraction the environment of extraction, vortex extraction, extraction using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, electrical using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, electrical discharges et al.discharges et al.

Circulating extractionCirculating extraction in in apparatusapparatus of circulation-typeof circulation-type SoksletaSoksleta

iis repeated extraction of HRM pures repeated extraction of HRM pure extra extragent, which gent, which is is circulatedcirculated. . HRMHRM are loaded in the extractor are loaded in the extractor and filled with an and filled with an extraextragentgent loop just below the siphon tube. loop just below the siphon tube. AAfter fter the infusion begin to heat up cube. Couples the infusion begin to heat up cube. Couples of of extraextragentgent, formed, raised in the refrigerator-, formed, raised in the refrigerator-condenser, condenser, where they are condensated and go to where they are condensated and go to collectioncollection. Saturated extract again enters . Saturated extract again enters in in the the cube.cube.

Circulating extractionCirculating extraction in in apparatusapparatus of of circulation-typecirculation-type SoksletaSoksleta

1. 1. Distiller Distiller cubecube2. 2. Syphon tubeSyphon tube3. 3. ExtractorExtractor4. 4. Condensate collectionCondensate collection5. 5. Refrigerator-Refrigerator-

condensercondenser

Continuous extraction with an opposite Continuous extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and extragent to movement of HRM and extragent to meet each other in special extractorsmeet each other in special extractors

Using Using transport transport equipment: augers, buckets, discs, equipment: augers, buckets, discs, belts, scrapers or spring-blade belts, scrapers or spring-blade mechanism mechanism HRM HRM isis moved forward movement extra moved forward movement extragentgent..

Equipment for Equipment for Continuous extraction with an Continuous extraction with an opposite movementopposite movement

Equipment for Equipment for Continuous extractionContinuous extraction

Vertical screw extractorVertical screw extractorDisc extractorDisc extractorSpring-blade extractor Spring-blade extractor Horizontal screw extractorHorizontal screw extractor

PurificationPurification extracts extracts

1. 1. BoilingBoiling, then standing in cool place and , then standing in cool place and filtrating.filtrating.

2. 2. Boiling with adding kaolin, Boiling with adding kaolin, then standing then standing and filtrating.and filtrating.

3. Alcohol-purification method: 3. Alcohol-purification method: extract is evaporated twice, to add double extract is evaporated twice, to add double

amount of Ethylic Alcohol 96 %, standing in amount of Ethylic Alcohol 96 %, standing in cool place on 7 days. cool place on 7 days.

Transparent solution to pour off, alcohol is Transparent solution to pour off, alcohol is evaporated to obtaining soft extract.evaporated to obtaining soft extract.

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