as biology b 2015 scheme of work

8/17/2019 As Biology B 2015 Scheme of Work

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AS

and A LevelBiology B

SCHEME OF WORKAS Biology B


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Scheme of work !"year #AS$ Biology B

%ear&on Ede'cel (CE Biology B


This is an example and may be adapted.

Week )o*ic Con+en+ of le&&on& )eaching &,gge&+ion&S*ec-reference

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1 Carbohydrates ● Know the difference between monosaccharides,disaccharides and polysaccharides.

● Know the structure of the hexose glucose alpha andbeta! and the pentose ribose.

● "nderstand how monosaccharides glucose,fructose, galactose! #oin to form disaccharidessucrose, lactose and maltose! and polysaccharidesstarch formed from amylose and amylopectin$glycogen! through condensation reactions formingglycosidic bonds, and how these can be split throughhydrolysis reactions.

● "nderstand how the structure of glucose, starch,glycogen and cellulose relates to their function.

"se of model beads toconstruct carbohydratemolecules.

"se of paper shapes toconstruct carbohydratemolecules.

"se of immobilised lactaseto show hydrolysis of thedisaccharide lactose intothe monosaccharidesglucose and galactose.

1.1i, ii, iii, i%

& 'ipids ● "nderstand how a triglyceride is synthesisedincluding the formation of ester bonds duringcondensation reactions between glycerol and threefatty acids.

"se of model beads toconstruct lipids.

"se of paper shapes toconstruct lipids.

1.&i, ii, iii, i%

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● Know the differences between saturated andunsaturated lipids.

● "nderstand how the structure of lipids relates totheir role in energy storage, waterproofing and

insulation.● "nderstand how the structure and properties of

phospholipids relate to their function in cellmembranes.

- norganic ionsand water

● "nderstand the role in plants of/

● nitrate ions 0 to mae 23A and amino acids

● calcium ions 0 to form calcium pectate for themiddle lamellae

● magnesium ions 0 to produce chlorophyll

● phosphate ions 0 to mae A2) and AT).

● "nderstand the importance of the dipole nature ofwater leading to hydrogen bonding and thesignificance of the following to organisms/

● high specific heat capacity

● polar sol%ent

*xperiments in%ol%ingmineral deficiency andplant growth.

1.4 i

1.5 i

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● surface tension

● incompressibility

● maximum density at 67C.

6 )roteins ● Know the structure of an amino acid structures ofspecific amino acids are not re8uired!.

● "nderstand the formation of polypeptides andproteins as amino acid monomers lined by peptidebonds in condensation reactions!.

● "nderstand the role of ionic, hydrogen and

disulphide bonding in the structure of proteins.● "nderstand the significance of the primary,

secondary, tertiary and 8uaternary structure of aprotein in determining the properties of fibrous andglobular proteins, including collagen andhaemoglobin.

● "nderstand how the structure of collagen andhaemoglobin are related to their function.

"se of model beads toconstruct proteins.

"se of paper shapes toconstruct proteins.

1.-i, ii, iii, i%,%

23A andproteinsynthesis

● Know the structure of 23A, including the structureof the nucleotides purines and pyrimidines!, basepairing, the two sugar9phosphate bacbones,

phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.● "nderstand how 23A is replicated semi9

conser%ati%ely, including the role of 23A helicase,polymerase and ligase.

● Know that a gene is a se8uence of bases on a 23Amolecule coding for a se8uence of amino acids in a

"se of paper shapes toconstruct nucleic acids.

*xtract 23A from onion

tissue.

nterpret diagramsshowing the resultsobtained by :eselson andStahl.

2emonstrate the rele%ance

1.6i, ii, iii, i%,%, %i, %ii,

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reference

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polypeptide chain.

● Know the structure of m;3A including nucleotides,the sugar phosphate bacbone and the role ofhydrogen bonds.

● Know the structure of t;3A, including nucleotides,the role of hydrogen bonds and the anticodon.

● "nderstand the processes of transcription in thenucleus and translation at the ribosome, including

the role of sense and anti9sense 23A, m;3A, t;3Aand the ribosomes.

● "nderstand the nature of the genetic code, includingtriplets coding for amino acids, start and stopcodons, degenerate and non9o%erlapping nature,and that not all the genome codes for proteins.

● "nderstand the term gene mutation as illustrated bybase deletions, insertions and substitutions.

● "nderstand the effect of point mutations on aminoacid se8uences, as illustrated by sicle cell anaemiain humans.

of experiments that used Acetabularia.

4 *n


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en


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reference

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● Know the ultrastructure of euaryotic cells and thefunctions of organelles, including/ nucleus,nucleolus, >+S ribosomes, rough and smoothendoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, centrioles,lysosomes, @olgi apparatus, cell wall, chloroplasts,%acuole and tonoplast.

● Know how magnification and resolution can beachie%ed using light and electron microscopy.

● "nderstand the importance of staining specimens in

microscopy.

● Core *rac+ical ./ "se of the light microscope,including simple stage and eyepiece micrometersand drawing small numbers of cells from aspecialised tissue.

1+ iruses ● "nderstand that the classification of %iruses is basedon structure and nucleic acid types as illustrated by lambda! phage 23A!, tobacco mosaic %irus and*bola ;3A! human immunodeficiency %irus ;3Aretro%irus!.

● Know the lytic cycle of a %irus and latency.

● Know that %iruses are not li%ing cells and soanti%irals must wor by inhibiting %irus replication.

● Know that as %iruses can be difficult to treat onceinfection has occurred, the focus of disease controlshould be on pre%enting the spread, as exemplified

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by the *bola outbrea in Dest Africa.

11and1&

*uaryotic cellcycle anddi%ision

● Know that the cell cycle is a regulated process inwhich cells di%ide into two identical daughter cells,and that this process consists of three main stages/interphase, mitosis and cytoinesis.

● "nderstand what happens to genetic material duringthe cell cycle, including the stages of mitosis.

● "nderstand how mitosis contributes to growth,repair and asexual reproduction.

● Core *rac+ical // :ae a temporary s8uash

preparation of a root tip to show stages of mitosis inthe meristem under the light microscope.

● "nderstand how meiosis results in haploid gametes,including the stages of meiosis.

● "nderstand that meiosis results in genetic %ariationthrough recombination of alleles, includingindependent assortment and crossing o%er.

● "nderstand what chromosome mutations are, asillustrated by translocations.

● "nderstand how non9dis#unction can lead topolysomy, including 2ownEs syndrome, andmonosomy, including TurnerEs syndrome.

All students should carryout the core practical.

:easure mitotic index inroot tissue.

:easure cell length atdifferent distances fromroot tip to plot a graphshowing how cell lengthchanges with distance

from root tip."se ;eebops to show theconse8uences ofindependent assortment.

nterpret humanaryotypes.

&.-i, ii, iii, i%,%, %i, %ii

1- Sexualreproduction inmammals

● "nderstand the process of oogenesis andspermatogenesis.

● "nderstand the e%ents of fertilisation from the firstcontact between the gametes to the fusion of nuclei.

nterpret diagrams thatshow the similarities anddifferences betweenoogenesis and

&.6 i, ii, iii

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● "nderstand the early de%elopment of the embryo toblastocyst stage.

spermatogenesis.

16 Sexualreproduction inplants

● "nderstand how a pollen grain forms in the antherand the embryo sac forms in the o%ule.

● "nderstand how the male nuclei formed by di%isionof the generati%e nucleus in the pollen grain reachthe embryo sac, including the roles of the tubenucleus, pollen tube and en


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)eaching &,gge&+ion&S*ec-reference

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how they are transported, including solubility, si


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Week )o*ic

Con+en+ of le&&on& )eaching &,gge&+ion& S*ec-

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● Core *rac+ical 3/ 2issect an insect to show thestructure of the gas exchange system, taing intoaccount the safe and ethical use of organisms.

● "nderstand gas exchange in flowering plants,including the role of stomata, gas exchange surfacesin the leaf and lenticels.

'oo at prepared slides ofmammal lung tissue.

"se leaf peels or %arnishimpressions to calculatestomatal density indifferent species.

1? Circulation ● Know the structure of the heart, arteries, %eins andcapillaries.

● "nderstand the ad%antages of a double circulatorysystem in mammals o%er the single circulatorysystems in bony fish, including the facility for bloodto be pumped to the body at higher pressure andthe splitting of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

● Know the se8uence of e%ents of the cardiac cycle.

● "nderstand myogenic stimulation of the heart,including the roles of the sinoatrial node SA3!,atrio%entricular node A3! and bundle of =is.

● Be able to interpret data showing *C@ traces andpressure changes during the cardiac cycle.

● Know the structure of blood as plasma and bloodcells, to include erythrocytes and leucocytesneutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes andlymphocytes!.

● Know the function of blood as transport, defence,and formation of lymph and tissue fluid.

2issect a sheep heart.

'oo at prepared slides

showing an artery and a%ein.

2emonstrate elastic recoilby suspending a ring ofartery and %ein from ahoo on a clamp stand.;ecord the length of thering once the mass carrierhas been attached to thefree end of the ring. Attacha 1+g mass and record thelength of the ring after the

mass is added. ;emo%ethe mass and record thelength of the ring.Calculate percentagechange.

"se *C@ traces to

6.6i, ii, iii, i%,%, %i, %ii,%iii, ix

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● "nderstand the role of platelets and plasma proteinsin the se8uence of e%ents leading to blood clotting,including/

● platelets form a plug and release clottingfactors, including thromboplastin

● prothrombin changes to its acti%e form,thrombin

● soluble fibrinogen forms insoluble fibrin toco%er the wound.

● "nderstand the stages that lead to atherosclerosis,its affect on health and the factors that increase theris of its de%elopment.

calculate heart rate.

'oo at preparedmicroscope slides showingblood cells.

&+ Circulationcontinued!

6.6

&1 Transport ofgases in theblood

● "nderstand the structure of haemoglobin in relationto its role in the transport of respiratory gases,including the Bohr effect.

● "nderstand the oxygen dissociation cur%e ofhaemoglobin.

● "nderstand the similarities and differences betweenthe structures and functions of haemoglobin andmyoglobin.

● "nderstand the significance of the oxygen affinity offetal haemoglobin as compared to adult

nterpret graphs thatcompare dissociationcur%es for different bloodsamples, such as warmand cold blood, llama and

horse blood, and mouseand elephant blood.

6.i, ii, iii, i%

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Week )o*ic


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haemoglobin.

&& Transfer ofmaterialsbetween thecirculatorysystem andcells

● "nderstand how the interchange of substancesoccurs through the formation and reabsorption oftissue fluid, including the effects of hydrostaticpressure and oncotic pressure.

● Know that tissue fluid that is not reabsorbed isreturned to the blood %ia the lymph system.

:easure blood pressure.

pportunity to alsomeasure B: and plot agraph showing correlationbetween systolic bloodpressure and B:.

6.4 i, ii

&- Transport in

plants

● "nderstand the structure of xylem and phloem

tissues in relation to their role in transport.

● "nderstand how water can be mo%ed through plantcells by the apoplastic and symplastic pathways.

● "nderstand how the cohesion9tension modelexplains the transport of water from plant roots toshoots.

● "nderstand how temperature, light, humidity andmo%ement of air affect the rate of transpiration.

● "nderstand the strengths and weanesses of themass9flow hypothesis in explaining the mo%ement of sugars through phloem tissue.

● Core *rac+ical 4/

n%estigate factors affectingwater uptae by plant shoots using a potometer.

All students should carry

out the core practical.

Tease apart tinned rhubarbstained with methyleneblue to loo at xylem.

)repare or loo at stainedsections of plant stems.

)lace plant shoots in dyeand cut sections toobser%e the location of thedye.

2etermine the tensile

strength of plant fibres.

6.5

i, ii, iii, i%,%

&6 ;ecap and consolidation of Topic 6.

& Classification ● Know that the classification system consists of ahierarchy of domain, ingdom, phylum, class, order,

"se restriction en


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family, genus and species.

● "nderstand the limitations of the definition of aspecies as a group of organisms with similarcharacteristics that interbreed to produce fertileoffspring.

● "nderstand why it is often difficult to assignorganisms to any one species or to identify newspecies.

● "nderstand how gel electrophoresis can be used todistinguish between species and determinee%olutionary relationships.

● Know that 23A se8uencing and bioinformatics canbe used to distinguish between species anddetermine e%olutionary relationships.

● "nderstand the role of scientific #ournals, the peerre%iew process and scientific conferences in%alidating new e%idence supporting the acceptedscientific theory of e%olution.

● "nderstand the e%idence for the three9domainmodel of classification as an alternati%e to the fi%e9ingdom model and the role of the scientificcommunity in %alidating this e%idence.

gel electrophoresis toseparate 23A fragments of different si


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Week )o*ic


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● "nderstand how organisms occupy niches accordingto physiological, beha%ioural and anatomicaladaptations.

● "nderstand how reproducti%e isolation can lead toallopatric and sympatric speciation.

● "nderstand that there is an e%olutionary racebetween pathogens and the de%elopment ofmedicines to treat the diseases they cause.

selection.

)resent students withpictures of namedorganisms and as them toresearch any physiological,beha%ioural andHoranatomical adaptations.

&5 Biodi%ersity ● Know that biodi%ersity can be assessed at differentscales/

● within a habitat at the species le%el using aformula to calculate an index of di%ersity/

●

within a species at the genetic le%el by looingat the %ariety of alleles in the gene pool of apopulation.

● "nderstand the ethical and economic reasonsecosystem ser%ices! for the maintenance ofbiodi%ersity.

"se data of the number ofdifferent species and thepopulation si


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● "nderstand the principles of ex9situ ;ecap and consolidation of Topic -.

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as biology b 2015 scheme of work

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