Contents

Preface V

Genesis of the Arts 1The Presence of the Past Constants and Variables Onward into the Past

Stone Age Beginnings Ancient Egyptian Art Dynamics of HistoryMainstreams of Influence Arts and Society Unity and DiversityTime, Place, and Idea

part I THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 19The Hellenic Style 21Athens, 5th Century B.c. Architecture The Acropolis and the PropylaeaThe Parthenon Doric Order Deviations from Regularity The Erechtheum Ionic OrderSouth Porch Sculpture The Parthenon Marbles Metopes of the Doric FriezeCelia Frieze Pedimental Sculptures Overall Sculptural ProgramThe Course of Hellenic Sculpture Male Figures Female Figures Drama OriginsStructure and Scope Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides Aristotle’s CommentaryMusic Music and Literature Music Theory Music and Drama The Chorus IdeasHumanism Humanism and the Arts Idealism Plato’s Ideal Forms Idealism and the ArtsRationalism Plato's Suspicions of the Arts Rationalism and the Arts

The Hellenistic Style 55Pergamon, 2nd Century b.c. Architecture Triple GymnasiumUpper Agora and Altar of Zeus Athena Precinct and Theater Royal ResidenceSculpture First School of Pergamon Second School: Altar of Zeus StructureFrieze Stylistic Differences Paintings, Mosaics, and the Minor ArtsPergamene Painting and Roman Adaptations Mosaics and Lesser ArtsMusic Phrygian Music Musical Contests Music in Hellenistic Life IdeasIndividualism Epicureanism and Stoicism Individualism and tke ArtsRealism Realism and Architecture Realism and Sculpture EmpiricismRise of Antiquarianism The Road to Rome

The Roman Style 76Rome, 2nd Century a.d. Architecture Forum of Trajan Basilica UlpiaTemple of Trajan Imperial Baths Colosseum and Aqueducts The PantheonThe Roman Architectural Contribution Sculpture: Trajan’s ColumnContinuous Narrative Style Music Instruments and Performing GroupsMusic in Speech and Drama Ideas Organization Applications to ArchitectureExpansion of Interior Space Broadening Appeal of the Arts Utilitarianism

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part II THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 95The Early Roman Christian and Byzantine Styles 97Ravenna, Late 5th and Early 6th Centuries Architecture and MosaicsRectangular Basilicas: Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo Roman and Byzantine MosaicsCentral-Type Churches: San Vitale Structural Counterparts Decorative DesignSculpture Characteristic Forms and Representations Carved Stone TombsMaximians Cathedra Music Theoretical Discussions Church Music Arian Liturgy

Ambrosian Liturgy Byzantine Liturgy Ideas AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism and the Arts Mysticism World of Symbols

Liturgy as Embodiment of Mysticism

The Monastic Romanesque Style 119The Monastery at Cluny, Late 11th and Early 12th Centuries ArchitectureThird Abbey Church at Cluny Sculpture Tympanum at Vezelay Capitals at VezelayWorks in Metal Painting and Other Monastic Crafts Manuscript Illumination and MuralsHandcrafts Music Development of Notation Music Pictured in SculptureEarly Forms of Polyphony Ideas Asceticism Symbolism and OtherworldlinessHierarchism Cluniac Feudalism Survival of Creative Vitality

The Feudal Romanesque Style 137The Norman Conquest and the Bayeux Tapestry Song of Roland The Art of MinstrelsyNorman Architecture The Tower of London Abbey Churches at Caen Ideas: FeudalismFeudal Virtues Ruggedness of Feudal Art

The Gothic Style 150Ile-de-France, Late 12th and 13th Centuries Architecture of Chartres CathedralWest Facade Nave Interior Construction Exterior SupportsTransept, Choir, and Apse Interior Lighting Sculpture of Chartres CathedralIconography West Facade Seven Liberal Arts North and South PorchesThe Stained Glass of Chartres Iconography and Donors Rose Windows MusicSchool of Chartres School of Notre Dame in Paris Tenor, or Cantus FirmusTwo-Part Motet Three-Part Motet Ideas Gothic Dualism Gothic Dualism and the Arts

The Scholastic Synthesis Aquinas’ Summa Aesthetics and Number TheoryBroader Resolutions

part III THE RENAISSANCE 173The Early Italian Renaissance Style 175Italian Panorama, 14th Century The Basilica of St. Francis at AssisiThe Life of St. Francis in Fresco Assisi and Padua Series Giotto’s Late StyleBefore and After the Black Death Sculpture at PisaSienese and Florentine Schools of Painting Reaction to the PlagueMusic and Literature The Dies Irae Lauds and the Canticle of the Sun

Dante’s Divine Comedy Ideas Late Medieval Naturalism Nominalism and the Arts

Franciscan Humanitarianism Humanitarianism and the Arts Survival of Classicism

The Florentine Renaissance Style 191Florence, 15th Century Brunelleschi’s Dome The Florentine City-StateDufay’s Dedicatory Motet Pazzi Chapel and Medici-Riccardi Palace SculptureGhiberti versus Brunelleschi Ghiberti’s East Doors Donatello

Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio Painting Masaccio Fra AngelicoBenozzo Gozzoli and Fra Filippo Lippi Paolo Uccello Piero della FrancescaBotticelli Medici Patronage in Bruges Jan van Eyck Hugo van der GoesPoetry and Music Lorenzo as Poet and Patron Carnival SongsCollaboration with Heinrich Isaac Ideas Classical HumanismScientific Naturalism Renaissance Individualism

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The Roman Renaissance Style 216Rome, Early 16th Century Sculpture: Michelangelo The Pietà Tomb of Julius IIPainting Michelangelo’s Sistine Ceiling Frescoes Lower and Intermediate AreasCenter Panels Raphael’s Vatican Murals The Dome of St. Peter’sJosquin des Prez and the Sistine Chapel Choir Ideas: HumanismRevival of Classical Forms Pagan versus Christian Ideals

part IV THE BAROQUE PERIOD 233Venetian Renaissance, Mannerism and Early Baroque 235Venice, 16th Century Architecture Sansovino Palladio Villa RotondaChurch of II Redentore Olympic Theater Scamozzi, Romano, and Longhena PaintingGiorgione Titian Tintoretto Veronese Music Gabrieli MonteverdiIdeas: Mannerism Academic Mannerism Free Mannerism Venice the Crossroads

Diirer’s Synthesis of North and South Grtinewald’s Altarpiece: The Northern SpiritRoads to the Baroque

The Counter-Reformation Baroque Style 258Rome, Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries Roman Counter-Reformation ArtArchitecture Painting and Sculpture Caravaggio Pozzo BerniniSpanish Counter-Reformation Art Architecture The EscorialPlateresque and Churrigueresque Styles Painting El Greco Velazquez MusicIdeas: Militant Mysticism St. Ignatius and the Jesuits Mysticism and the Arts

The Aristocratic Baroque Style 277France in the Time of Louis XIV Architecture Louvre Palace Versailles Palace

Sculpture Painting Rubens Poussin Claude Lorrain Music Lully and French OperaForm Style The Academy of Music Ideas Absolutism Unification of the Arts Academicism

The Bourgeois Baroque Style 293Amsterdam, 17th Century Painting Rembrandt Self-Portraits Hals, de Hooch, and RuisdaelVermeer Music Sweelinck Bach Ideas: Domesticity Domesticity and the Arts

The Baroque Synthesis 309London dining the Restoration English Genius for Compromise ArchitectureSt. Paul’s Cathedral Wren’s New Plan for London Drama and Music DrydenPurcell and English Opera Handel: Opera and Oratorio Comparison with BachIdeas: Baroque Rationalism Baroque Synthesis and Conclusion Expansion of Space

The 18th-Century Styles 32318th-Century Panorama The Rococo Architecture and the Decorative ArtsPainting and Sculpture The Bourgeois Influence Painting SculptureThe Mozartian Synthesis The Lyric Theater Don Giovanni InterpretationsPlot and Characters Finales to Acts I and II Ideas The EnlightenmentThe Rococo Storm and Stress

part V THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 339The Neoclassical Style 341Paris, Early 19th Century Architecture Paris, the New Rome La MadeleineNapoleon’s Arches of Triumph Classic Revivals Elsewhere PaintingDavid and Neoclassicism Ancient Roman Subjects Portraits Napoleon’s CoronationGoya’s Opposition Ingres and Academic Art Sculpture: Canova MusicNapoleon as Patron Beethoven: The Heroic Ideal The Promethean IdeaEarlier Movements of the Eroica The Archaeological IdeaFaithfulness to Antique Models Emancipation of Music

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The Romantic Style 359Paris, 1830 Liberty Leading the People Painting Art and LiteratureColor and Emotion Dante and Vergil in Hell Sculpture: François RudeLinks with the Past Architecture Gothic Revival in EnglandGothic Revival in Germany and France Church of Ste. Clotilde Poetry: Victor HugoRondo of the Witches’ Sabbath Music: Hector Berlioz

Program Music: Fantastic Symphony Witches’ Sabbath Movement Influence of BerliozIdeas Alliance of the Arts and Color Romantic Individualism and Nationalism

Escapism Revivals of the Past Back to Nature Exoticism

The Realistic and Impressionistic Styles 382Paris, Late 19th Century Painting Realism Courbet Impressionism Manet DegasRenoir Monet Postimpressionism Seurat and Cassatt Van Gogh and GauguinCezanne Sculpture: Rodin Gates of Hell Rodin and His Materials ArchitectureLabrouste’s Libraries Paxton’s Crystal Palace Literature and MusicRealism and Naturalism Symbolism Maeterlinck’s Symbolist DramaDebussy’s Lyric Drama Ideas Alliance of Art and Science Continuous FluxBergson’s Theory of Time Bergson and the Arts

The 20th-Century Styles 405The Age of Isms and Schisms Expressionism and Abstraction NeoprimitivismPainting Sculpture Music Wild Beasts, The Bridge, Blue Rider, and Operatic UproarsFauvism Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter Movements Musical Counterparts CubismPainting Sculpture Music: Twelve-Tone System Futurism and the Mechanical StyleThe Musical Dimension Dadaism and Surrealism Dadaist Nonpictures Psychic AutomatismLiterary and Musical Parallels Neoclassical Interlude Multimedia ProductionsPainting and Sculpture The Literary Dimension Social Realism Picasso’s GuernicaNonobjectivism Architecture Organic Architecture: Sullivan and Wright Art DecoInternational Style: Gropius and Le Corbusier Ideas: Relativism Relativism and the Arts

Art Styles since 1945 440Revolutions and Evolutions The New York School Abstract ExpressionismOrigins and Derivations Action Painting Color-Field PaintingSculptural Dimension The Aftermath Neodada and Pop ArtConceptual and Op Art Serialism Minimal and Kinetic Art The New RealismRecent Musical Developments Karlheinz Stockhausen Method of CompositionJohn Cage Listener Participation Milton Babbitt Elliott CarterSecond String Quartet The New Architecture The FiftiesBunshaft, Miës van der Rohe, and Johnson Le Corbusier Frank Lloyd WrightThe Sixties Nervi and Saarinen Kahn and Venturi The Seventies UtzonPiano and Rogers I. M. Pei Ideas: Existentialism The Existentialist ChallengeSartre The Scientific Dimension Choices for Artist and Audience

Glossary 483Index 495

MAPSAncient World 15Hellenic World c. 450 b.c. 52Hellenistic World c. 323-146 b.c. 59

Roman Empire in 2nd Century a.d. 91Europe at Death of Theodoric, 526 115Europe c. 1140 134France c. 1150-1300 150

Italy c. 1450 213

Counter-Reformation Spain 266United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1648 307

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