of
animals
in
question
had
been
in
self-evident.
Let
it
be
clearly
understood
utility of
discussion,
and
opinion that it is
of animals,
we pursue
shall
be
that
of
for us to remain uninfluenced
by
the
lessons
furnished
by
with
the
Transverse
Dimensions
the Direction which
in
the
Skeleton
of
:
-
Human Being
79
44.
Left
Iliac
Bone
of
from
Above
Posterior
Limb,
An-
Chronographic
BAC=i3°
(Jaguar)
of
the
j
Left
Fore-limb
of
Section
Muscle
(Flexor
View
the
Horse
THE Front
(after Colonel
of
Marey)
study
of
the
anatomy
of
with
the
human
head
of
a
great
plan
the
number
of
the
cervical
vertebrae
in animals,
them
of man the}^ must be arranged so that the superior
surface
of
the
human
of
the
skull,
and
sometimes
exceeds,
because
so as partly
the
with
a
even,
in
the
dorsal
1
Fig.
4.
the
of
the
tail.
trunk
of
the
spinous
processes
of
the
pelvis.
In
quadrupeds,
is
large
the
sacrum
of
other
regions
The
curves
in
of
which
that
of
bone
which
it
is
in
mtact
with
the
latter.
directions.
At
the
a
curve
[flattened
from
before
is
very
broad
the
contour
of
limbs
has
of
force
pectoral
de-
velopment
a
ribs
(see
p.
19).
The
part
flight
(or
of
swimming
this
marked in the
vertical.
The
curvature
of
the
extremity,
presents,
from
within
outwards,
a
first ribs are united to
the
angle more or
succeed the
first unite
is
directed
the
the seal (Fig.
able to
make a
External
Surface.
I,
Scapula
the
skeleton
of
human
the
Human
matic
Figure).
I,
Contoui
of
the
skeleton,
dependent
which
use
their
limbs
for
digging,
grasping,
limbs
of
this
;
which gives passage
inclined
from
The
question,
often
in
the
considerable: because
seen,
the
bone.
groove.
In
the angle
humerus
In
cat,
and
the
dog,
just described from
man, the
bear, the
and
the
horse,
we
and
two
processes,
separates the ole-
cranon fossa from
the shoulder, the
humerus of birds
in
in man and quadrupeds, looks
upwards, with the result
above
this
head
is
It
this subject
*
does
tof
some
of
the
in man, when the
of the
of
supination.
remember that
mayj
be
applied
to
We shall
tiger,
from
the
however,
slightly
developed,
and
are
represented
in
;
The bat
arranged
is
of
which
always
a
those animals in
of
the
elbow.
correspondingly
dimin-
ished
revolves, and
it is
elbow-joint
the essential
and
the
common
extensor
of
movement of
supination
little finger.
tendons
of
the
muscles
is
situated,
both
in
man
and
inferior radio-ulnar
It is
posterior ulnar
which
on
humerus,
the
as we
bones in counting the
anti-
brachial ;
the
other,
the
are thus named
Supination and
bones are placed side
some
veterinary
; then,
and is
separated
the
inferior
of
the
articulation
first phalanx
of the
but more rarely,
normally
developed,
thumb
we
should
remember
be
able
to
distinguish
readily
the
both
at
by the
represents
the
the glenoid
a
little
the internal lip,
border.
at
an
excep-
tion
for
the
turnspit
dog,
in
scapula,
formed
by
down-
condyle.
articulate at their
The body
of the radius is united to the body of the ulna by
a
vertical
articular
surface
;
tendons pass in
head which is
together.
The
pisiform
is
elongated
The
each
meta-
carpal
bone
which are
;
pre-
Fig.
37.
a
part
of
Unguligrades
(Ungulates)
in
the
vicinity
terminates
abruptly
in
a
process
—a
very
the
and
slightly
concave
its middle
portion, is
bicipital
groove
this
level
the
latter
is
converted
into
a
the condyle,
the hand,
is directed
In the ox
in
ruminants,
name
given
and the
the axis of
studying. These rudi-
mentary digits are
the third.
shall
concern
ourselves
in
its
superior
portion,
sheep
is
found
a
strong
process
which
is
it is very prominent
humerus
in
the latter,
view
is
muscles of
that
the
ulna
is
radius.
The
condyle. The
articulates with
from before
(wrist).
The
meta-
the
anterior
extensor
of
the
to
the
rudimentary
the
sole, or
plantar surface
lesser
sesamoid,
which
increases
the
superior
articular
surface
behind,
and
In the
first of
lateral
fingers
are
reduced
to
the
third
finger,
and
that
the
analogous
the
segments
which
form
these
finally
in
skeleton
details regarding the
devote
ourselves
to
other
segments
of
the
skeleton,
walking,
are
executed
necessary
to
add
of
flexion
Surface (after
forcibly
raises
his
produced
end
of
the human elbow.
the
forearm
of
the
which
glides
backwards
inclined
first
and dog
by
of
the
into
four
parts :
pelvis,
thigh,
leg,
por-
tion
or
segment,
of the
human iliac
behind
;
superior surface
which
is
known
as
;
and a
the general
portion
part
of
pro-
are
both
placed
in
the
same
plane,
but
this
trunk
than
the
proportion
to
its
elongation
in propor-
articular
head
trochanter does
with
the
con-
dyles—
each
Nevertheless, we
;
than
the
internal,
and
of the
reptiles.
The
Knee-cap.
surface
the
posterior
the
which
we
the
anterior
tuberosity,
the internal
fibula
(see
p.
97).
The
inferior
surface
of the
back
the
prominence
of
the
heel
they are
seven
in
all
animals
tended,
the
still
imagine
that
if
the ham
Position
which
IT
SHOULD
its
superior
and
inferior
extremities
only.
ground by
since the iliac
skin.
Fig,
50.
Pelvis
what
it
upwards
to
the
condyles. At
the superior
the
very
marked
projection
of
the
of the elongation
concave
in
its
arranged
a whole,
the metatarsal
bones are
on
exaggerates this
shall
occupy
ourselves
later
pisi-
form.
The
metatarsus,
the
corresponding
part
of
the
phalanges
antero-posterior
direction,
is
flattened
from
before
backwards,
median crest
of the
The fibula
and
distinctly
developed,
which
the
skeleton
of
metatarsals
the
latter
in
the
fact
column
The
is limited
the
thigh
in
of
of
which
are
rough
flat
articular
surface
the
ligament
that
binds
the
;
trochlea of
which
are
situated
of the
shaft
of
tubercle, which
the
form
of
same in
one of its
on
the
quadrupeds than the horse
it is
backwards
we borrow
is
at this level—that
a
SOME
ANIMALS
IN
PARTICULAR.
relatively-
small
permits
us
is
appellation,
correspondence
with
Fig.
56
may
be
forehead,
'
—
forms
with
the
and condyles,
Felid.^
(Jaguar)
so
and proceeds to
portion
is
found
to which
occipital are
processes of
forms
the
summit
of
of
diverge more
two
processes,
which
are
the
crests,
cavities
any
other
part
of
the
temporal
process
forms
a
part
cavity.
The
supra-orbital
foramen,
descending
on
the
lateral
articulate
with
the
canal,
and,
further
back
still,
prominence,
highly
developed
is
sheep, and
horse, in
the zygomatic
ex-
panded,
which
thus
incisor
teeth
present
only
opposite side
to form
the
nasal
orifice.
must
be
indicated
body
which
gives
insertion
to
the
temporal
muscle.
it is strongly
of
the
temporal
bone
(Fig.
64)
—the
condyle
species.
ex-
shape,
thirty in
their crown,
in
first
to
;
teeth,
and
that
than at the
of
the
them
in
; in
the
two
groups
most
suitable
aliment
developed
moves
in
the
antero-posterior
direction,
in
such
a
way
which
we
have
to
examine.
that
a treatise
on veterinary
almost completely
them, contribute to
the
it
or less
contradic-
less
profitable,
and
comparison
with
limited
abdo-
sternum;
hence
it
side a
sort of
the serratus
it
as
united
with
the
latter.
But
as
the
cervical
region.
Muscles
of
the
Abdomen
The
abdominal
wall
quadrupeds, has
that which
species,
digestive
apparatus
determines
in
the
region
that
these
intersections
abdomen of
(so-called) marsupial bones
and thus
is brought
about the
on account
partly
inserted
into
lumbar vertebrae, and
of
the
posterior
to be
The
anterior
case
inferior,
is
covered
by
the
it
occupies
and
its
slight
thickness,
vertebrae
We repeat that
muscle.
in
superficial
layer
of
with
—
par-
ticular,
level
of
the
the
cer-
vical
ligarnent
and
the
spinous
to the
or
into
the
internal
The Cutaneous Muscle
of the Trunk
of
the
humerus
knee. This
fold of
skin, which
In
this
latter
[constitutes
time
as
there
necessarily
result
modifications
in
the
is the
arrangement
altogether
absent,
although
we
do
find
it
in
and we
corresponding
fasciculi
of
the
sterno-cleido
the
cat,
we
find,
besides,
on
and
rudiment
of
the
clavicle
of
neck
for
a
considerable
parts of
other muscles
its fixed
humerus, and
takes its
it inclines
the position
mastoido-
humeral,
because
(Fig.
10,
18).
It
is
the
other
passing
jaw
aponeurosis that passes under
the
from
above
a
triangle
widest
part
omo-trachelian,
the complexus, they
*
and
Lesbre
recommend
the
base
of
the
occipital
bone.
It
is
the horse it appears to be blended in clearly defined
fashion with
of
first four cervical
are now
abnormality,
exists
the
scapula,
into
the
the
^scapula
forwards
between
by
ligament,
dimen-
sions,
arises
neck,
anterior
region
of
the
neck
of
man
is
limited
between
the
two
of
the
maxillar^^
scapula,
mandible,
hyoid
jugular
process
fibres
clearly recognisable
By
its
contraction,
is very
and,
external
modelhng,
shoulde
separated
muscle in studying the
region to which it
presenting,
in
the
acromion process,
of an
arrangement
differs
part
of
are
attached
the
serratus
magnus
and
the
levator
anguli
scapulae.
It
passes.
II
human anatomy,
the
the
shoulder.
the
the
deep
latter,
a
is
not
the
same
their
fore-limbs
a
movement
analogous
to
surround it.
which,
by
reason
situated
that
is
to
say,
to
a
tuberosity or trochiter
represents the anterior
muscle is
humerus.
In
of
that
which
is
found
the
teres
In
As
to
the
relations
of
render
the
small
and
large
studying fulfil,
forearm.
The
find
that
they
have
undergone
their
length,
these two
that
the
general
at the base of
divided into two
channels by a
tionately
long)
and
completely
in
other
animals,
by
directed
towards
the
forearm,
and
posteriorly by
which
separates
these
surface
of
the
human
arm,
with
biceps
the
humerus
by
in
giving
it
the
name
of
small
extensor
of
the
forearm.
Situated
on
indispensable
to
of which
we are
otherwise
are first
considered
them
in
Paris,
1897,
prona-
tion.
The
fore-limb,
into
the
index-finger,
in
the
I
become
superficial.
_them
in a
it
may
This
displacement
being
a
little
placing
it
in
front
forearm.
It
arises
superiorly
from
the
portion
external head
inferior
extremity
of
the
radius.
In
of
the
second
External
Aspect.
I,
Mastoido-humeralis
radius can be
rotated to a
pig,
the
cat
tremity
of
the
;
of
and
behind
epicondyle
is
exposed,
because
in other
backwards,
and
the
inferior part of
;
number of the
groove on
In
the
pig,
the
rather
with
of
tendon succeeding
the
in
this
animal
the
the latter
into the
extensor
of
limited space,
of the
into
superior
extremity
of
the
extensor
of
that
in
the
human
being
this
is
its
action ;
by the external head
cat
quadrupeds
at
the
margin
is extremely
fore-
arm,
very
slender
the
ox
and
the
sup-
porting
and
the
cat.
Forming,
hollow
the
brachialis
on the internal
in
the
human
Limb,
or
acessory
muscle
of
the
found in
and
extensor
primi
internodii
pollicis
united
(oblique
carpus, which is
digital
division
of
the
to form
a sort
is
single.
the carnivora
of
13
the
olecranon
process
—as
in
the
ox,
pig,
and
horse.
the
hand.
These
or button-
hole in
portions, each of which
the thumb, termi-
two
tendons.
In
the
quite
otherwise.
From
the
simplification
recalls the
groove
of the two
divided
in
This
the
human
species.
this
in
with
the
hand
is
divided
the
digits,
the
lumbricales,
and,
deeply,
by
the
interosseous
muscles
the
object
they are represented by
We
is
found
gluteus
minimus,
is
upwards
in
by
an
aponeurosis,
and
in
the
dog,
which,
fibres
situated
further
these fibres are blended. The
posterior portion, united
passes along
lata, it
In the pig, the
spine
these two osseous points,
external aspect of
the
great
development
of
the
by
projecting
the
trunk
forward
narrow,
muscle
of
this
abnormal
fasciculus
of
here
studied
is
considered
as
regions : posterior,
applied
the
horse,
from
above,
rearing.
It
is
its
actions,
and
the
position
which
it
occupies,
the
ascending
the depression
we
in
and
from
the
tuberosity
So
that
if
we
compare
it
;
in
the
of the
and
from
the
position
of
the
which
the
i.
in
order
to
pelvis
parts
the
tendon
of
the
long
externus is
The
muscles,
is
portion,
acts
as
a
com-
mences
on
the
anterior
face
it is easy
on the
of
the
bone
situated
immediately
below
it
the
two
parts,
which,
back.
The
border
of
the
ilium
(this
is
into the patella.
still
more
definitely
The
ilio-psoas
pectineus
and
the
adductors
external
form
in
quadrupeds
foot
superior
part
of
there are
crest of
E^
C,
Left
part of
;
13,
external
for
a
great
part
of
trochlea and
the
animals in
which the
;
;
shaft and inferior
skeleton of the
succeeds
is
the
slips,
which
pass
towards
the
third
;
of
the
tarsus,
the
and having
with the portion
common extensor
of the
cat,
this
muscle
of the
fifth metatarsal.
fibula,
and
is
soon
replaced
by
a
thin
tendon,
peroneal, proceeds
traversed
the
groove
proper
extensor
of
the
same
toe.
fifth toe
phalanges of this
of
which
it
is
popliteal surface,
to a
relatively considerable
leg
in
quadrupeds,
they pass from
soon
Now,
the
region
of
the
tarsus
vertical
calcaneum
lateral
parts
angle in
the standing
of the
of a
the
the
gastrocnemius.
The
the
afterwards.
of the
and
is
found
blended
with
the
plantaris.
Further
designated
by
of
terminates
in
different
fashion
in
leg
in
all
domestic
quadrupeds
; but
its
development
from
the
calcaneum,
and
horse, it
As
regards
the
Masseter (Fig.
to
recognise
that
of
quadrupeds.
zygomatic
arch,
strongly
convex,
springs
up
in
a
marked
manner
from
the
plane
of
skull.
In
the
horse
the
base
of
the
pinna
lower
jaw.
Cutaneous
of
the
by some
regarded as
responding
which
does
not
of
this
muscle
maxillary
below
 
of this
the
to terminate
in the
corresponding portion
of the
lower lip,
is
situated
on
layer
of
the
intimately united
with the
of the
certain
individuals,
paragraph the
muscles which
The
external
tempore
adductor
of
the
ear
any interest
act,
for
example,
when
the
dog,
having
his
attention
strongly
attracted
by
any
cause,
pricks
up
his
skin
in
the
interval
between
its opening,
to a
myology
that
among
have their
the
existence
that
we
now
proceed
of the
phalanx
(see
Fig.
37'
P-
57).
to
these
latter
paw,
separated from the
divided
into
two
branches,
which,
third phalanx
the
plantar
Eii.C.
Fig.
97.
Left
hoof (see
1,
Fetlock
I,
shape,
rather
recall
by
at
—The ox has four
aspect
canon
we
consider
natural
that the
forth.
We
desire,
above
all,
is
had this
subdivisions
dimen-
sions,
individual
or
the
summit
of
the
extremity
of
will have to
a
just
measure
of
by
of
the
give :
The
full
height
the
of
tuberosity
to
the
point
of
the
withers
to
point
of
is
head
(M) gives :
The width
(O)
gives
of
them, may repel
may
also
the crupper is situated
a
httle
parallel
to
the
shoulders,
E,
H.t
4.
From
the
n'.%
The
measure
of
Q,L-§
3.
fore-foot
to
below
the
knee,
T,
t;
4.
In
the
legs,
from
ham, U,
the
jaw,
X,
Q,
when
the
head
from
the
anterior surface
present
too
long.
Distance,
 
of
Fig.
108,
Half the length of the head, and the dimensions which
equal
and
the
dimensions
which
equal
it.*
of
from
of
the
lips
gives,
of
the
separation
of the
be
as
beautiful,
have
just
been
making,
some
tion
which
we
have
are
executed.
The
give
the
preference
to
the
graphic
tube
which
the sole
We also
presses
on
On
the
no longer
feared, if
horizontal
lines
(i,
2).
From
the
the feet
and the
ground
by the
which
the
 
and
making
the
same
number
of
steps.
According
as
same
side
at
limbs.
The
tracing
(after
Fig.
123).
We
there
see,
placed
bands),
and
of
And if
we recollect
It
is,
accord-
ingly,
a
of pressures
it remains
middle
of
that
Fig.
133.
Tke
Gallop:
Third
Period.
left
feet,
gallop
from
the
right,
the
right
fore-leg
is
the
more
fre-
quently
in
advance
of
its
neighbour
flexion of the
In observing
notice
(Fig.
137)
pass
the
obstacle
in
the
at which
...
...
...