Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Internet Applications 2

Aims of the session What are Microdata Are they useful? Introduce the concept of Semantic

Web semantic web with ‘small s’ Internal research.

Microdata A way putting meaning

(semantics) within existing web content.

HTML5’s Best-Kept Secret http://www.webmonkey.com/2010/09/microdata-html5s-best-k

ept-secret/

<section itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person"> <dd itemprop="name">Scott Turner</dd> <dd><span itemprop="title">Senior Lecturer</span> <span itemprop="affiliation">University of Northampton</span></dd> <dd itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Address"> <span itemprop="street-address">Avenue Campus</span><br> <span itemprop="locality">Northampton</span>, <span itemprop="region">Northamptonshire</span> <span itemprop="postal-code">NN2 6JB</span> <span itemprop="country-name">UK</span> </dd>

<section itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person">

This says the section describes a Person.

<dd itemprop="name">Scott Turner</dd> Each property of Person is

itemprop – In this case the name of the person.

<dd itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Address"> <span itemprop="street-address">Avenue Campus</span><br> <span itemprop="locality">Northampton</span>,

<span itemprop="region">Northamptonshire</span> <span itemprop="postal-code">NN2 6JB</span> <span itemprop="country-name">UK</span> </dd>

Further reading http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/ans

wer.py?hl=en&answer=99170&topic=21997&ctx=topic

http://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/richsnippets

http://www.barryko.com/seo/html5-microdata-schema-generator/

Other approaches

Microformats <div id="hcard-Scott-J-Turner" class="vcard"> <span class="fn n"> <span class="given-name">Scott</span> <span class="additional-name">J</span> <span class="family-name">Turner</span> </span> <div class="org">University of Northampton</div> <div class="adr"> <div class="street-address">St Georges Avenue</div> <span class="locality">Northampton</span>, <span class="region">Northamptonshire</span>, <span class="postal-code">NN2 6JD</span> <span class="country-name">U.K</span> </div> <div class="tel">+44 1604 893028</div>

Examples hCard: for marking up contact

information. hCalendar: Marking up event

information. XFN: Marking up relationships

between people. Hreview: Marking up reviews.

Illustrative Example <rdf:RDF

xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">

<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.computing.northampton.ac.uk"> <dc:title>Scott Turner</dc:title>

<dc:publisher>University of Northampton</dc:publisher>

</rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

RDFa RDFa, provides a set of XHTML

attributes to augment visual data with machine-readable hints

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"<foaf:PersonalProfileDocument rdf:about=""> <foaf:maker rdf:resource="#me"/> <foaf:primaryTopic rdf:resource="#me"/></foaf:PersonalProfileDocument><foaf:Person rdf:ID="me"><foaf:name>Scott Turner</foaf:name><foaf:title>Dr</foaf:title><foaf:givenname>Scott</foaf:givenname><foaf:family_name>Turner</foaf:family_name><foaf:mbox_sha1sum>a8428e44d03b8fe2bd3f7860d7d64d229ad71169</

foaf:mbox_sha1sum><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott"/><foaf:workplaceHomepage

rdf:resource="www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott"/></foaf:Person></rdf:RDF>

Agents This is has been argued is the real

power of the power of semantic web to produce machine-readable Web-content.

Programs collating information form diverse sources.

Definition “The Semantic Web is a project to create

a universal medium for information exchange by putting documents with computer-processable meaning (semantics) on the World Wide Web. Currently under the direction of the Web's creator, Tim Berners-Lee of the World Wide Web Consortium, the Semantic Web extends the Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools. “ Wikipedia (2006a)

Image taken from Wikipedia (2006a)

Resource Description Framework (RDF) W3C specification orignally for metadata

modelling in XML Metadata model based on statements

about resources, three parts (triples): Subject:The resource (often in form of URI) Predicate: aspects of the resource and the

relationship between the subject and the object.

Object:property To read more Wikipedia (2006c)

Ontologies 1 Typical kind of ontology for Web

applications has a taxonomy and a set of interference rules.

Taxonomy defines classes of objects and the relations among them.

Ontologies 2 Typical kind of ontology for Web

applications has a taxonomy and a set of interference rules.

Taxonomy defines classes of objects and the relations among them.

OWL (Web Ontology Language) A Markup Language for sharing

ontologies on the web. Designed for applications that

need machine-readable content not just for humans.

Written in XML For more information see

Wikipedia (2006b)

AI and the semantic web AI aspects (or weak AI (see

Wikipedia (2006a)) comes from the machine-readable aspects.

Machines ability to perform well defined tasks and well-defined data, for a well-defined problem (Wikipedia 2006a)

Is this AI?

AI and the semantic web AI aspects (or weak AI (see

Wikipedia (2006a)) comes from the machine-readable aspects.

Machines ability to perform well defined tasks and well-defined data, for a well-defined problem (Wikipedia 2006a)

Is this AI?

Internal research An ex-MSc student has recently

submitted a paper on something similar.

presented at a conference May 2011.

Using the link below: http://inspector.sindice.com/ Investigate several sites including

the one below: http://

www.computing.northampton.ac.uk/~scott/

References and Bibliography Berners-Lee T, Hendler J, Lassila O (2001) The

Semantic Web Scientific American pg 35-43 Wikipedia (2006a) Semantic Web [online]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web Accessed on: 11/1/2007

Wikipedia (2006b) Web Ontology Language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language Accessed on 11/1/2007

Wikipedia (2006c) Resource Description Framework http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework Accessed on 11/1/2007

Jones MT (2005) AI Application Programming 2nd Edition, ISBN 1-58450-421-8 pp 387-438.

Segaran (2007) Programming Collective intelligence ISBN 0-596-52932-5

Wikipedia (NA) Software Agents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_agent [online] Accessed on 16/03/2007.