arthropods associated with hemp (cannabis) hemp... · 2019-05-30 · management problem – i.e....

BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State University

aces.nmsu.edu

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs.

Pests & Pathogens Associated with Hemp

Dr. Leslie BeckExtension Weed Specialist, NM State University

Dr. Carol SutherlandExtension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture

Phillip LujanPlant Diagnostician, NM State University


Outline

• Diagnostic clinic

• Plant Pathogens

• Weed management

• Arthropods


• Who we are…

• NPDN STAR-D accredited Sept 1, 2016 (4th lab in nation)

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

1993 1999 2004 2007 2018

FundingUniversity-

$25,000University/USDA-

$50,000University/NPDN-

$90,000University/NPDN/Grants- $110,000

University/NPDN/Grants- $113,000

Personnel DirectorDirector + Students

Director + Diagnostician

Director + Diagnostician

Director + Diagnostician +

Students

Lab Space No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Integrated Lab No No Yes Yes Yes

Total Samples 350 1,300 6,300 9,000 43,205


NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• Personnel:

• Director (Extension Plant Pathologist)

• Diagnostician (Full time employee)

• Assistance from other Specialists

• Entomologists• Weed Scientists• Horticulturists• Nematologists



• Main Objectives:

• To provide plant diagnostic services for the state of New Mexico and the Southwestern region of the United States

• To be a support lab/facility for the National Plant Diagnostic Network Western Region

• Overall objective: Establish a functional national networkof existing diagnostic laboratories to rapidly and accurately detect and report pathogens, pests and weeds of national interest, whether intentionally introduced or not


• Services we provide…

• Integrated Plant Diagnostic Clinic• Diseases• Abiotic issues• Arthropods• Weed and Plant Identification

• Permitted to receive unknowns (diseases/abiotic problems/nematodes) from within the contiguous 48 states

• Out-of-state samples require permit with shipment (Please check with me before submission)

• Currently unable to accept hemp samples for diagnostics, however we are working on policy to allow the processing of hemp samples grown in NM. Cannabis samples NOT accepted.

• “Test…Don’t guess!”



The Diagnostic Process

• An accurate diagnosis depends on:– Early detection of plant

problem – routine examination of the plant

– Examination of good specimens and/or photos

– Obtaining accurate information


The Diagnostic Process

Foliage diseases

Check for injuries, disease on the main stem

Keep most roots and soil intact if possible

Samples must contain the right material, an entire plant or several plants if practical

Diseases may show up on any part of the plant


NMSU – Plant Diagnostic ClinicPlant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu


NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification

Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu


NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic• How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification


Key Plant Pathology Concepts• There are many different living and non-living

entities that can have a negative affect on plants

• Plants that are under stress are more susceptible to disease than plants that are growing strong


Hemp Diseases to “Watch For” (Sources: Dr. Shouhua Wang, Nevada; Dr. Zamir Punja, BC, Canada)

Fusarium wilt/root rot: (Fusarium oxysporum/Fusarium solani) Pythium crown and root rot (Pythium spp.)

Symptoms:damping off: chlorosis at leaves, wilt and topple over; brown rot at soil line, necrosis

Symptoms: chlorotic leaves, stunted plants, cutting into stems reveal reddish-brown discoloration of xylem


Hemp Diseases to “Watch For” (Sources: Dr. Shouhua Wang, Nevada; Dr. Zamir Punja, BC, Canada)

Powdery mildew Phytoplasma witches’ broom

Symptoms: early symptoms show raised humps on upper leaf surfaces, after mycelium develops then it becomes powdery

Symptoms:chlorosis, dwarfing and hypertrophy of leaves or flowers (rosette/witches’ broom)


• Start with disease-free planting stock

• Proper site selection and planting time

• Proper watering and fertilizing• Don’t plant too dense and create

a moist microclimate• Proper pruning and sanitation

practices – remove debris, sterilize tools, wash hands, etc.

• Weed and insect control…

Cultural practices to minimize disease risk:

Weed Management in Hemp

Integrated Pest management (IPM)• Currently no labeled herbicides (organic or

synthetic) for hemp production in NM• Weed management must be dependent on

IPM strategies– “Sustainable approach to managing pests by

combining prevention, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.”

• Multiple control options available– No single weed control option will be successful

Weed Management Tools• How do I manage weeds?

– Prevention• Plant certified seed, clean equipment, weed control prior to

planting hemp, early detection/rapid response– Mechanical/Physical

• Tillage (if possible), hoeing, hand pulling, prescribed burning, mulching, weed blankets, etc.

– Cultural • Reduce weeds by managing desired plants

– The more dense and aggressive the hemp crop, the more competition with weeds (greenhouse, row planting?)

• Cover crops?– Biological

• Insects or fungi that work negatively on weed– Chemical

• No options in hemp

Seed Bank• Sum of viable weed seeds and vegetative

propagules that are present in the soil and contribute to future weed pressure– Consists of both new weed seeds, and dormant

viable seeds– Also includes tubers, bulbs, rhizomes

• One of the most important (though neglected) and impactful weed management strategies– Minimize ‘deposits’ and maximize ‘withdrawls’

Seed Bed Preparation

• Pre-crop preparation of the bed is the ideal time to address weeds as much as possible!

Why are the weeds there?

• Indicator weeds – weeds whose presence in an environment can often indicate an underlying management problem– i.e. drainage problem, lack of nitrogen, high soil pH,

compaction, etc.• Often different management can be suggested

to help desirable plants outcompete weeds– Won’t control weeds outright, useful tool– Management depends on the method of hemp

production• Open field, row planting, greenhouse, etc.

Cover crops• Hemp grows quickly and densely, thus acts

as effective cover crop– Row planting

• Lack of herbicide use has lead to interest in other methods for weed control– Grassy crops for increased competition (shorter

grain production)• Rye

• Hemp is usually marketed as gluten-free, thus avoid grain cover crops– Volunteer barley, wheat, other cereals

• Durable fabric – some last for years

• Water and air must pass through

• Organic options biodegrade

• Often covered with mulch

Weed barrier fabrics

Regardless of management practice, make sure it’s used correctly!


Arthropods Associated with Hemp*

Dr. Carol SutherlandExtension Entomologist, NM State University & State

Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture

*Whitney Cranshaw, Entomology Extension SpecialistColorado State University


Rice Root Aphid**

Fungus Gnats

Root Feeders


‘Chewers’ on Hemp Foliage

• beet webworm beet armyworm cotton square borer painted lady saltmarsh

yellow woollybear zebra caterpillars variegated & yellow-striped cutworms

• Earwigs Grasshoppers Beetles: flea & cucumber beetlesR. Hake, TAMU


‘Suckers on Hemp’ FoliageAphids: Cannabis (Phorodon cannabis**) & Thrips

Rice Root (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis)**

‘True Bugs’: Leafhoppers, Lygus, False Chinch; Stink Bugs (Red-shouldered, Say’s & Conchuela)

Mites: Two-spotted Spider Mite, Hemp Russet Mites**

Aculops cannibicola


‘Borers’ on Hemp Stems

European Corn Borer Eurasian Hemp Borer (Lep., Pyralidae, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep., Tortricidae Grapholita delineana)**


Questions?

Diagnostic clinic / Disease issuesContact: Phillip Lujan

Email: [email protected] phone: 575-646-1822

Weed issuesContact: Dr. Leslie Beck


Entomology issuesContact: Dr. Carol Sutherland


arthropods associated with hemp (cannabis) hemp... · 2019-05-30 · management problem – i.e....

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