SHUJAAT ALI QASMI AR-048

SUBMITTED TO:

MADAM SHEEMA

SUBJECT:

HISTORY OF ART & CULTURE

Liberal artsLiberal arts, term originally used to designate the arts or studies suited to freemen. It was applied in the middle Ages to seven branches of learning, the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. The study of the trivium led to the Bachelor of Arts degree, and the quadrivium to the Master of Arts. During the Renaissance, the term was interpreted more broadly to mean all of those studies that impart a general, as opposed to a vocational or specialized, education. This corresponds rather closely to the interpretation used in most undergraduate colleges today, although the curriculum of the latter is more flexible than that of the Renaissance University.

What is two dimensional art?

Two dimensional art is observed in terms of its length and width.

Two-dimensional art consists of paintings, drawings, prints, and photographs, which differ from each other primarily in the technique of their execution. Probably, our initial response to all four is a response to subject matter--that is,

we first notice what the painting, drawing, print, or photograph is about. Such recognition leads us into the work's meaning and begins to shape our response to it. Beyond the recognition of subject, however, lie the technical elements chosen by artists to make their vision appear the way they wish it to appear, and these include MEDIA and COMPOSITION.

What is three dimensional (3D) art?

Three-dimensional art is observed in terms of its height, width and depth. It is not flat like two-dimensional art, which consists of paintings, drawings and photographs. Pottery and sculpture are examples of three-dimensional art. 

THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

LINELine can be considered in two ways. The linear marks made with a pen or brush or the edge created when two shapes meet.

SHAPE A shape is a self contained defined area of geometric or organic form. A positive shape in a painting automatically creates a negative shape.

DIRECTION All lines have direction - Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique. Horizontal suggests calmness, stability and tranquillity. Vertical gives a feeling of balance, formality and alertness. Oblique suggests

movement and actionsee notes on direction

SIZE Size is simply the relationship of the area occupied by one shape to that of another.

TEXTURE Texture is the surface quality of a shape - rough, smooth, soft hard glossy etc. Texture can be physical (tactile) or visual.See notes on texture

COLOURalso called Huesee notes on colour

VALUEValue is the lightness or darkness of a colour. Value is also called Tone

THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNBALANCEBalance in design is similar to balance in physics

A large shape close to the center can be balanced by a small shape close to the edge. A large light toned shape will be balanced by a small dark toned shape (the darker the shape the heavier it appears to be)

GRADATIONGradation of size and direction produce linear perspective. Gradation of of color from warm to cool and tone from dark to light produce aerial perspective. Gradation can add interest and movement to a shape. A gradation from dark to light will cause the eye to move along a shape.

REPETITIONRepetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous. 

The five squares above are all the same. They can be

taken in and understood with a single glance.

When variation is introduced, the five squares, although similar, are much more interesting to look at. They can no longer be absorbed properly with a single glance. The individual character of each square needs to be considered.

If you wish to create interest, any repeating element should include a degree of variation.

CONTRASTContrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements eg. opposite colours on the colour wheel - red / green, blue / orange etc. Contrast in tone or value - light / dark. Contrast in direction - horizontal / vertical. HARMONYHarmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg.adjacent colours on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc.

DOMINANCEDominance gives a painting interest, counteracting confusion and monotony. Dominance can be applied to one or more of the elements to give emphasis

UNITYRelating the design elements to the the idea being expressed in a painting reinforces the principal of unity.eg. a painting with an active aggressive subject would work better with a dominant oblique direction, course, rough texture, angular lines etc. whereas a quiet passive subject would benefit from horizontal lines, soft texture and less tonal contrast.

Unity in a painting also refers to the visual linking of various elements of the work.

Tempera paintingTempera painting, painting executed with pigment ground in a water-miscible medium. The word tempera originally came from the verb temper, “to bring to a desired consistency.” Dry pigments are

made usable by “tempering” them with a binding and adhesive vehicle. Such painting was distinguished from fresco painting, the colours for which contained no binder. Eventually, after the rise of oil painting, the word gained its present meaning.

GessoGesso, ( Italian: “gypsum” or “chalk”) fluid white coating, composed of plaster of Paris, chalk, gypsum, or other whiting mixed with glue, applied to smooth surfaces such as wood panels, plaster, stone, or canvas to provide the ground for tempera and oil painting or for gilding and painting carved furniture and picture frames. In medieval and Renaissance tempera, the surface was covered first with a layer of gesso grosso (rough gesso) made with coarse unsliced plaster, then with a series of layers of gesso sot tile (finishing gesso) made with fine plaster slaked in water, which produced an opaque,

white, reflective surface.

Subjective art:Subjective art means you are pouring your subjectivity onto the canvas, your dreams, your imaginations, your fantasies. It is a projection of your psychology. The same happens in poetry, in music, in all dimensions of creativity – you are not concerned with the person who is going to see your painting, nor what will happen to him, or her when they look at your art.

Objective Art

Objective Art instead is meditative art. It is far more explosive than any dynamite and simply opens up doors in your being. In objective art, everything is calculated to create a similar kind of state within you; something dormant in you becomes active – it is spreading its positive energy and takes possession of you – you are being touched. Out of this inner emptiness and silence arises love and compassion and a possibility for creativity. It is my understanding that we are all part of eternity, a tremendous luminous experience of ecstasy that is beyond words, nevertheless something everyone can be …but it is very difficult to express.

NON OBJECTIVE ART:

Non-objective art defines a type of abstract art that is usually, but not always, geometric and aims to convey a sense of simplicity and purity.

ART:

The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.

ARTIST:

a person who practices any of the various creative arts, such as a sculptor, novelist, poet, or filmmaker.

TECHNIQUE:

A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.

CONTEXT:

The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.

CONCEPT:

An idea or invention to help sell or publicize a commodity.

REALSTIC:

Having or showing a sensible and practical idea of what can be achieved or expected.

REPRESENTATION ART:

Art that seeks to depict the physical appearance of reality; also called objective art and figurative art.

PERCEPTION:

The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses

MEDIUM:

A medium refers to the materials that are used to create a work of art. The plural of medium is media. Some of the most common media are oil paints (paints that use oil to hold pigments together), tempera (pigments held together with egg yolk), marble (soft, white stone), and bronze (a metal used to cast sculptures).