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Supplements

Supplement A

Classification details per land system

Settlement systems

Wetlands

Defined as wetland on the world wetlands and lakes map (WWF 2004)

Forest systems

European part

Non-european part

Cropland systems

European part

Non-european part

Agro-silvo-pastoral mosaic systems

Open and bare grazing systems

References

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Fritz S, See L, McCallum I et al. (2015) Mapping global cropland and field size. Global Change Biology, 21, 1980–1992.

Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R et al. (2013) High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 342, 850–853.

Hengeveld GM, Nabuurs G-J, Didion M, van den Wyngaert I, Clerkx APPM (Sandra), Schelhaas M-J (2012) A Forest Management Map of European Forests. Ecology and Society, 17.

IUCN (2015) World Database on Protected Areas.

Siebert S, Henrich V, Frenken K, Burke J (2013) Update of the digital global map of irrigation areas to version 5. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany and FAO, Rome, Italy, 170pp.

Temme AJAM, Verburg PH (2011) Mapping and modelling of changes in agricultural intensity in Europe. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140, 46–56.

WWF (2004) Global Lakes and Wetlands Database. World Wildlife Fund.

You L, Wood-Sichra U, Fritz S, Guo Z, See L, Koo L (2014) Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) 2005 v2.0.

Supplement B

Studies used in the documented land systems validation per country

Albania

Bourbouze, A., 2003. Stratégies des éleveurs et politiques forestières dans les montagnes méditerranéennes : du conflit à la conciliation. Presented at the Symposium Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Areas, 2003/06, CIHEAM-IAMM, Ionnina.

Algeria

Abbas, K., Abdelguerfi-Laouar, M., & Madani, T., 2005. Place et fonction de la prairie naturelle dans les systèmes agricoles des zones semi arides d’altitude d’Algérie, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Bouhadad, R., Fantazi, K., & Abdelfattah, M., 2005. The goats of Algeria: ecology, biologic diversity and economic interests, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Chemmam, M., Moujahed, N., Ouzrout, R., & Guellati, M.A., 2009. Seasonal variations of chemical composition, intake and digestibility by ewes of natural pasture in the south-eastern regions of Algeria. Options Mé Diterrané Ennes Sé Rie A 85, 123–127.

Errahj, M., Kuper, M., Faysse, N., & Djebbara, M., 2009. Finding a way to legality, local coordination modes and public policies in large-scale irrigation schemes in Algeria and Morocco. Irrig. Drain. 58, S358–S369. doi:10.1002/ird.526

Homewood, K.M., 1993. Livestock economy and ecology in El Kala, Algeria: evaluating ecological and economic costs and benefits in pastoralist systems.

Laoubi, K., & Yamao, M., 2009. A typology of irrigated farms as a tool for sustainable agricultural development in irrigation schemes: The case of the East Mitidja scheme, Algeria. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 36, 813–831. doi:10.1108/03068290910967091

Mendas, A., & Delali, A., 2012. Integration of MultiCriteria Decision Analysis in GIS to develop land suitability for agriculture: Application to durum wheat cultivation in the region of Mleta in Algeria. Comput. Electron. Agric. 83, 117–126. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2012.02.003

Saïdi, S., & Gintzburger, G., 2013. A spatial desertification indicator for Mediterranean arid rangelands: a case study in Algeria. Rangel. J. 35, 47–62.

Croatia

Balenović, I., Jazbec, A., Marjanović, H., Paladinić, E., & Vuletić, D., 2015. Modeling Tree Characteristics of Individual Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) Trees for Use in Remote Sensing-Based Inventory. Forests 6, 492–509. doi:10.3390/f6020492

Barčić, D., Hršak, V., & Španjol, Ž., 2006. The ameliorative effects of pine cultures on forest sites on the island of Rab in Southwest Croatia. For. Ecol. Manag. 237, 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.065

Terzić, J., Marković, T., & Pekaš, Ž., 2007. Influence of sea-water intrusion and agricultural production on the Blato Aquifer, Island of Korčula, Croatia. Environ. Geol. 54, 719–729. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0841-4

Cyprus

Avraamides, M., & Fatta, D., 2008. Resource consumption and emissions from olive oil production: a life cycle inventory case study in Cyprus. J. Clean. Prod. 16, 809–821. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.04.002

Papadavid, G., & Hadjimitsis, D.G., 2009. Spectral signature measurements during the whole life cycle of annual crops and sustainable irrigation management over Cyprus using remote sensing and spectro-radiometric data: the cases of spring potatoes and peas. pp. 747215–747215–10. doi:10.1117/12.830552

Egypt

Ayache, F., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F., & Makina, H., 2009. Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region: Merja Zerga (Morocco), Ghar El Melh (Tunisia) and Lake Manzala (Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622, 15–43. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9676-6

France

Barbar, Z., Tixier, M.-S., Cheval, B., & Kreiter, S., 2011. Does agroforestry affect phytoseiid mite communities in vineyards in the South of France?, in: Sabelis, M.W., & Bruin, J. (Eds.), Trends in Acarology. Springer Netherlands, pp. 409–412.

Campos, P., Bonnieux, F., Caparros, A., & Paoli, J.-C., 2007. Measuring total sustainable incomes from multifunctional management of Corsican Maritime Pine and Andalusian Cork oak Mediterranean forests. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 50, 65–85. doi:10.1080/09640560601048424

Cohen, M., Bilodeau, C., Alexandre, F., Godron, M., Andrieu, J., Grésillon, E., Garlatti, F., & Morganti, A., 2015. What is the plant biodiversity in a cultural landscape? A comparative, multi-scale and interdisciplinary study in olive groves and vineyards (Mediterranean France). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 212, 175–186. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.023

Faysse, N., Rinaudo, J.-D., Bento, S., Richard-Ferroudji, A., Errahj, M., Varanda, M., Imache, A., Dionnet, M., Rollin, D., Garin, P., Kuper, M., Maton, L., & Montginoul, M., 2012. Participatory analysis for adaptation to climate change in Mediterranean agricultural systems: possible choices in process design. Reg. Environ. Change 14, 57–70. doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0362-x

Fonderflick, J., Lepart, J., Caplat, P., Debussche, M., & Marty, P., 2010. Managing agricultural change for biodiversity conservation in a Mediterranean upland. Biol. Conserv. 143, 737–746. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.014

Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Ansquer, P., Castro, H., Cruz, P., Dolezal, J., Eriksson, O., Fortunel, C., Freitas, H., Golodets, C., Grigulis, K., Jouany, C., Kazakou, E., Kigel, J., Kleyer, M., Lehsten, V., Lepš, J., Meier, T., Pakeman, R., Papadimitriou, M., Papanastasis, V.P., Quested, H., Quétier, F., Robson, M., Roumet, C., Rusch, G., Skarpe, C., Sternberg, M., Theau, J.-P., Thébault, A., Vile, D., & Zarovali, M.P., 2007. Assessing the Effects of Land-use Change on Plant Traits, Communities and Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands: A Standardized Methodology and Lessons from an Application to 11 European Sites. Ann. Bot. 99, 967–985. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl215

Lasseur, J., 2005. Sheep farming systems and nature management of rangeland in French Mediterranean mountain areas. Livest. Prod. Sci., Livestock Farming Systems and their Environmental Impacts 96, 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.017

Lereboullet, A.-L., Beltrando, G., Bardsley, D.K., & Rouvellac, E., 2014. The viticultural system and climate change: coping with long-term trends in temperature and rainfall in Roussillon, France. Reg. Environ. Change 14, 1951–1966. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0446-2

Liu, J., Rambal, S., & Mouillot, F., 2015. Soil Drought Anomalies in MODIS GPP of a Mediterranean Broadleaved Evergreen Forest. Remote Sens. 7, 1154–1180. doi:10.3390/rs70101154

Merot, A., Bergez, J.E., Wallach, D., & Duru, M., 2008. Adaptation of a functional model of grassland to simulate the behaviour of irrigated grasslands under a Mediterranean climate: The Crau case. Eur. J. Agron. 29, 163–174. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2008.05.006

Molenat, G., Foulquie, D., Autran, P., Bouix, J., Hubert, D., Jacquin, M., Bocquier, F., & Bibe, B., 2005. Pour un élevage ovin allaitant performant et durable sur parcours: un système expérimental sur le Causse du Larzac. Prod. Anim.-PARIS-Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron.- 18, 323.

Piorr, A., Ravetz, K.S.B., & Tosics, I. (Eds.), 2011. Peri-urbanisation in Europe: Towards European Policies to Sustain Urban-Rural Futures. University of Copenhagen. Academic Books Life Sciences, Copenhagen.

Raclot, D., Le Bissonnais, Y., Louchart, X., Andrieux, P., Moussa, R., & Voltz, M., 2009. Soil tillage and scale effects on erosion from fields to catchment in a Mediterranean vineyard area. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 134, 201–210. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.06.019

San Roman Sanz, A., Fernandez, C., Mouillot, F., Ferrat, L., Istria, D., & Pasqualini, V., 2013. Long-Term Forest Dynamics and Land-Use Abandonment in the Mediterranean Mountains, Corsica, France. Ecol. Soc. 18. doi:10.5751/ES-05556-180238

Greece

Alexandridis, T.K., Cherif, I., Chemin, Y., Silleos, G.N., Stavrinos, E., & Zalidis, G.C., 2009. Integrated Methodology for Estimating Water Use in Mediterranean Agricultural Areas. Remote Sens. 1, 445–465. doi:10.3390/rs1030445

Bakaloudis, D., Vlachos, C., Nastis, A., & Holloway, G., 1998. Distribution of raptors and reptiles in different habitat types in Dadia-Lefkimi Forest complex, N.E. Greece., in: Proceedings of EU

EQULFA Project. Presented at the Landscapes, Livestock and Livelihoods in European Less Favoured Areas, SAC Auchincruive, Thessaloniki.

Fleskens, L., 2008. A typology of sloping and mountainous olive plantation systems to address natural resources management. Ann. Appl. Biol. 153, 283–297. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00260.x

Fotopoulos, C & Krystallis, A 2003. Quality labels as a marketing advantage: The case of the “PDO Zagora” apples in the Greek market. Eur. J. Mark. 37, 1350–1374. doi:10.1108/03090560310487149


Kairis, O., Karavitis, C., Kounalaki, A., Salvati, L., & Kosmas, C., 2013. The effect of land management practices on soil erosion and land desertification in an olive grove. Soil Use Manag. 29, 597–606. doi:10.1111/sum.12074

Kebaili, A., & Papanastasis, V.P., 2005. Comparison of seasonally available biomass in several woody species of mountainous Mediterranean rangelands, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Kosmas, C., Detsis, V., Karamesouti, M., Kounalaki, K., Vassiliou, P., & Salvati, L., 2015. Exploring Long-Term Impact of Grazing Management on Land Degradation in the Socio-Ecological System of Asteroussia Mountains, Greece. Land 4, 541–559. doi:10.3390/land4030541

Latinopoulos, P., Tziakas, V., & Mallios, Z., 2004. Valuation of Irrigation Water by the Hedonic Price Method: A Case Study in Chalkidiki, Greece. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 4, 253–262. doi:10.1023/B:WAFO.0000044803.01747.bd

Mallinis, G., Koutsias, N., & Arianoutsou, M., 2014. Monitoring land use/land cover transformations from 1945 to 2007 in two peri-urban mountainous areas of Athens metropolitan area, Greece. Sci. Total Environ. 490, 262–278. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.129

Mantzanas, K., Tsatsiadis, E., & Batianis, E., 2005. Traditional silvoarable systems in Greece: The case of Askio Municipality, in: Mantzanas, K., & Papanastasis, V.P. (Eds.), Silvoarable Systems in Greece: Technical and Policy Considerations. Laboratory of Rangeland Ecology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki.

Nioti, F., Xystrakis, F., Koutsias, N., & Dimopoulos, P., 2015. A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach to Study the Long-Term Vegetation Recovery of a Fire-Affected Pine Forest in Southern Greece. Remote Sens. 7, 7712–7731. doi:10.3390/rs70607712

Papachristou, T.G., & Nastis, A.S., 1993. Diets of goats grazing oak shrublands of varying cover in northern Greece. J. Range Manag. 220–226.

Papachristou, T.G., & Platis, D., 2005. The role of rangeland resources and pastoralism in the development of mountainous regions of Epirus, Greece, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Papadavid, G., & Hadjimitsis, D.G., 2009. Spectral signature measurements during the whole life cycle of annual crops and sustainable irrigation management over Cyprus using remote sensing and spectro-radiometric data: the cases of spring potatoes and peas. pp. 747215–747215–10. doi:10.1117/12.830552

Papanastasis, V.P., Ghossoub, R., & Scarpelo, C., 2009. Impact of animal sheds on vegetation configuration in Mediterranean landscapes. Options Méditerranéennes Sér. A 85, 49–54.

Plieninger, T., Schaich, H., & Kizos, T., 2010. Land-use legacies in the forest structure of silvopastoral oak woodlands in the Eastern Mediterranean. Reg. Environ. Change 11, 603–615. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0192-7

Stobbelaar, D.J., Kuiper, J., van Mansvelt, J.D., & Kabourakis, E., 2000. Landscape quality on organic farms in the Messara valley, Crete: Organic farms as components in the landscape. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 77, 79–93. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00094-8

Symeonakis, E., Caccetta, P.A., Wallace, J.F., Arnau-Rosalen, E., Calvo-Cases, A., & Koukoulas, S., 2015. Multi-temporal Forest Cover Change and Forest Density Trend Detection in a Mediterranean Environment: Multi-temporal Forest Cover Change and Forest Density Trend Detection. Land Degrad. Dev. n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/ldr.2405

Theoharopoulos, D.G., 2005. Mountainous community development in relation to natural resources: The case study of Lidoriki municipality in Central Greece, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Vrahnakis, M.S., Fanlo, R., & Papanastasis, V.P., 2005. Effects of goat grazing on maquis-type shrublands, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Yiakoulaki, M.D., Zarovali, M.P., & Papanastasis, V.P., 2009. Foraging behaviour of sheep and goats grazing on silvopastoral systems in Northern Greece. Options Mediterr. Ser. A 85, 79–84.

Israel

Dufour-Dror, J.-M., 2007. Influence of cattle grazing on the density of oak seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest in Israel. Acta Oecologica 31, 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2006.11.003


Helman, D., Lensky, I.M., Tessler, N., & Osem, Y., 2015. A Phenology-Based Method for Monitoring Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation in Mediterranean Forests from NDVI Time Series. Remote Sens. 7, 12314–12335. doi:10.3390/rs70912314

Koniak, G., Noy-Meir, I., & Perevolotsky, A., 2010. Modelling dynamics of ecosystem services basket in Mediterranean landscapes: a tool for rational management. Landsc. Ecol. 26, 109–124. doi:10.1007/s10980-010-9540-8

Levin, N., Lugassi, R., Ramon, U., Braun, O., & Ben‐Dor, E., 2007. Remote sensing as a tool for monitoring plasticulture in agricultural landscapes. Int. J. Remote Sens. 28, 183–202. doi:10.1080/01431160600658156

Wittenberg, L., & Inbar, M., 2009. The Role of Fire Disturbance on Runoff and Erosion Processes – a Long-Term Approach, Mt. Carmel Case Study, Israel. Geogr. Res. 47, 46–56. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2008.00554.x

Italy

Abdelwahab, O.M.M., Bingner, R.L., Milillo, F., & Gentile, F., 2014. Effectiveness of alternative management scenarios on the sediment load in a Mediterranean agricultural watershed. J. Agric. Eng. 45, 125–136.

Bagella, S., Salis, L., Marrosu, G.M., Rossetti, I., Fanni, S., Caria, M.C., & Roggero, P.P., 2013. Effects of long-term management practices on grassland plant assemblages in Mediterranean cork oak silvo-pastoral systems. Plant Ecol. 214, 621–631. doi:10.1007/s11258-013-0194-x

Bianchetto, E., Buscemi, I., Corona, P., Giardina, G., La Mantia, T., & Pasta, S., 2015. Fitting the Stocking Rate with Pastoral Resources to Manage and Preserve Mediterranean Forestlands: A Case Study. Sustainability 7, 7232–7244. doi:10.3390/su7067232

d’Angelo, M., Enne, G., Madrau, S., Percich, L., Previtali, F., Pulina, G., & Zucca, C., 2000. Mitigating land degradation in Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral systems: a GIS-based approach. CATENA 40, 37–49. doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00063-6

Dettori, S., Falqui, A., Muru, D., & Contini, F., 2014. Management strategies of monumental trees: technical considerations on the Luras oleastro (Sardinia) case study.

D’Ottavio, P., Scotton, M., D’Ottavio, D., & Ziliotto, U., 2005. Utilisation of GIS technology for the planning of sustainable sheep grazing in the Monti Sibillini National Park (Central Apennines, Italy), in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources

Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Filippini, R., Marraccini, E., Lardon, S., & Bonari, E., 2014. Assessing food production capacity of farms in periurban areas. Ital. J. Agron. 9, 63–70. doi:10.4081/ija.2014.569


Frattaroli, A.R., Ciabò, S., Pirone, G., Spera, D.M., Marucci, A., & Romano, B., 2014. The disappearance of traditional agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean basin. The case of almond orchards in Central Italy. Plant Sociol. 51, 3–15.

La Rosa, A.D., Siracusa, G., & Cavallaro, R., 2008. Emergy evaluation of Sicilian red orange production. A comparison between organic and conventional farming. J. Clean. Prod. 16, 1907–1914. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.01.003

Marzaioli, R., D’Ascoli, R., De Pascale, R.A., & Rutigliano, F.A., 2010. Soil quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Appl. Soil Ecol. 44, 205–212. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.12.007

Mercenaro, L., Nieddu, G., Pulina, P., & Porqueddu, C., 2014. Sustainable management of an intercropped Mediterranean vineyard. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 192, 95–104. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.005

Pecetti, L., Annicchiarico, P., Battini, F., & Cappelli, S., 2009. Adaptation of forage legume species and cultivars under grazing in two extensive livestock systems in Italy. Eur. J. Agron. 30, 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2008.10.001

Piccarreta, M., Capolongo, D., Boenzi, F., & Bentivenga, M., 2006. Implications of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata, Italy. CATENA, Geomorphology and Land DegradationIAG Regional Morphology Meeting 65, 138–151. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2005.11.005

Picuno, P., Tortora, A., & Capobianco, R.L., 2011. Analysis of plasticulture landscapes in Southern Italy through remote sensing and solid modelling techniques. Landsc. Urban Plan. 100, 45–56. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.008

Rossetti, I., & Bagella, S., 2014. Mediterranean Quercus suber wooded grasslands risk disappearance: New evidences from Sardinia (Italy). For. Ecol. Manag. 329, 148–157. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.010

Rossi, R., & Nota, D., 2000. Nature and landscape production potentials of organic types of agriculture: a check of evaluation criteria and parameters in two Tuscan farm-landscapes. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 77, 53–64. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00092-4

Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Callegari, G., Veltri, A., & Matteucci, G., 2010. Water Balance and Forest Productivity in Mediterranean Mountain Environments. Ital. J. Agron. 5, 217–222. doi:10.4081/ija.2010.217

Scotti, R., Ruiu, P.A., & Sitzia, M., 2005. Grazing cows in a forest restoration area in Sardinia: 25 years of experimental data, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Vanino, S., Pulighe, G., Nino, P., De Michele, C., Bolognesi, S.F., & D’Urso, G., 2015. Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Tendone Vineyards Using Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data in a Mediterranean Environment. Remote Sens. 7, 14708–14730. doi:10.3390/rs71114708

Villanueva, A.J., Targetti, S., Schaller, L.L., Arriaza, M., Kantelhardt, J., Rodriguez-Entrena, M., Bossi-Fedrigotti, V., & Viaggi, D., 2014. Assessing the influence of landscape services on socio-economic benefits: Evidences from an Analytic Network Process approach in Austria, Italy and Spain.

Jordan

Khresat, S. ’eb, Al-Bakri, J., & Al-Tahhan, R., 2008. Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land Degrad. Dev. 19, 397–407. doi:10.1002/ldr.847

Lebanon

Darwish, T., Atallah, T., Francis, R., Saab, C., Jomaa, I., Shaaban, A., Sakka, H., & Zdruli, P., 2011. Observations on soil and groundwater contamination with nitrate: A case study from Lebanon-East Mediterranean. Agric. Water Manag. 99, 74–84. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.07.016

Hamadeh, S.K., Shomo, F., Nordblom, T., Goodchild, A., & Gintzburger, G., 1996. Small ruminant production in Lebanon’s Beka’a Valley. Small Rumin. Res. 21, 173–180. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00831-4

Talhouk, S.N., Zurayk, R., & Khuri, S., 2001. Conservation of the coniferous forests of Lebanon: past, present and future prospects. Oryx 35, 206–215.

Libya

EL-Barasi, Y.M., Barrani, M.W., & Al Tajoury, R.O., 2013. Land Deterioration of a Semi-desert Grazing Area in the North-Eastern Zone of Libya (Cyrenaica). J. Environ. Sci. Eng. B 2, 357.

Morocco

Barrow, C.J., & Hicham, H., 2000. Two complimentary and integrated land uses of the western High Atlas Mountains, Morocco: the potential for sustainable rural livelihoods. Appl. Geogr. 20, 369–394. doi:10.1016/S0143-6228(00)00010-2

Errahj, M., Kuper, M., Faysse, N., & Djebbara, M., 2009. Finding a way to legality, local coordination modes and public policies in large-scale irrigation schemes in Algeria and Morocco. Irrig. Drain. 58, S358–S369. doi:10.1002/ird.526

Faysse, N., Rinaudo, J.-D., Bento, S., Richard-Ferroudji, A., Errahj, M., Varanda, M., Imache, A., Dionnet, M., Rollin, D., Garin, P., Kuper, M., Maton, L., & Montginoul, M., 2012. Participatory

analysis for adaptation to climate change in Mediterranean agricultural systems: possible choices in process design. Reg. Environ. Change 14, 57–70. doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0362-x

Fetouani, S., Sbaa, M., Vanclooster, M., & Bendra, B., 2008. Assessing ground water quality in the irrigated plain of Triffa (north-east Morocco). Agric. Water Manag. 95, 133–142. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2007.09.009

Lybbert, T.J., Aboudrare, A., Chaloud, D., Magnan, N., & Nash, M., 2011. Booming markets for Moroccan argan oil appear to benefit some rural households while threatening the endemic argan forest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 13963–13968. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106382108

Mrini, M., Senhaji, F., & Pimentel, D., 2002. Energy Analysis of Sugar Beet Production Under Traditional and Intensive Farming Systems and Impacts on Sustainable Agriculture in Morocco. J. Sustain. Agric. 20, 5–28. doi:10.1300/J064v20n04_03

Sraïri, M.T., Benabdeljelil, K., & Touré, A., 2005. A typology of farms located in a mountainous area in Morocco through the analysis of livestock rearing practices, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Wahidi, F.E., Radoux, J., Ponette, Q., & Defourny, P., 2015. Entity-Based Landscape Modelling to Assess the Impacts of Different Incentives Mechanisms on Argan Forest Dynamics. Land 4, 1003–1029. doi:10.3390/land4041003

Zucca, C., Julitta, F., & Previtali, F., 2011. Land restoration by fodder shrubs in a semi-arid agro-pastoral area of Morocco. Effects on soils. CATENA 87, 306–312. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2011.06.017

Portugal

Calvão, T., & Palmeirim, J.M., 2004. Mapping Mediterranean scrub with satellite imagery: biomass estimation and spectral behaviour. Int. J. Remote Sens. 25, 3113–3126. doi:10.1080/01431160310001654978

Campos, P., Oviedo, J.L., Caparrós, A., Huntsinger, L., & Coelho, I., 2009. Contingent Valuation of Woodland-Owner Private Amenities in Spain, Portugal, and California. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 62, 240–252. doi:10.2111/08-178R2.1

Carreiras, J.M.B., Pereira, J.M.C., & Pereira, J.S., 2006. Estimation of tree canopy cover in evergreen oak woodlands using remote sensing. For. Ecol. Manag. 223, 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.056

Costa, A., Madeira, M., & Oliveira, Â.C., 2008. The relationship between cork oak growth patterns and soil, slope and drainage in a cork oak woodland in Southern Portugal. For. Ecol. Manag. 255, 1525–1535. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.008

Costa, A., Pereira, H., & Madeira, M., 2010. Analysis of spatial patterns of oak decline in cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean conditions. Ann. For. Sci. 67, 204–204. doi:10.1051/forest/2009097

Doorn, A.M. van, & Correia, T.P., 2007. Differences in land cover interpretation in landscapes rich in cover gradients: reflections based on the montado of South Portugal. Agrofor. Syst. 70, 169–183. doi:10.1007/s10457-007-9055-8


Guerra, C.A., Metzger, M.J., Maes, J., & Pinto-Correia, T., 2015. Policy impacts on regulating ecosystem services: looking at the implications of 60 years of landscape change on soil erosion prevention in a Mediterranean silvo-pastoral system. Landsc. Ecol. 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0241-1

Martins, A., Marques, G., Borges, O., Portela, E., Lousada, J., Raimundo, F., & Madeira, M., 2010. Management of chestnut plantations for a multifunctional land use under Mediterranean conditions: effects on productivity and sustainability. Agrofor. Syst. 81, 175–189. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9355-2

Nunes, J.R., Ramos-Miras, J., Lopez-Piñeiro, A., Loures, L., Gil, C., Coelho, J., & Loures, A., 2014. Concentrations of Available Heavy Metals in Mediterranean Agricultural Soils and their Relation with Some Soil Selected Properties: A Case Study in Typical Mediterranean Soils. Sustainability 6, 9124–9138. doi:10.3390/su6129124

Pereira, J.S., Mateus, J.A., Aires, L.M., Pita, G., Pio, C., David, J.S., Andrade, V., Banza, J., David, T.S., Paço, T.A., & others, 2007. Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems? The effect of drought. Biogeosciences 4, 791–802.

Ramos, A.F., & Santos, F.L., 2010. Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes. Agric. Water Manag. 97, 363–373. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.10.008

Street, R.A., Hewitt, C.N., & Mennicken, S., 1997. Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a eucalyptus plantation in Portugal. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres 102, 15875–15887.

Vaz, M., Maroco, J., Ribeiro, N., Gazarini, L.C., Pereira, J.S., & Chaves, M.M., 2011. Leaf-level responses to light in two co-occurring Quercus (Quercus ilex and Quercus suber): leaf structure, chemical composition and photosynthesis. Agrofor. Syst. 2011, 173–181.

Slovenia

Marangon, F., Troiano, S., & Visintin, F., 2008. The economic value of olive plantation in rural areas. A study on a hill region between Italy and Slovenia, in: 2008 International Congress, August. pp. 26–29.

Robinson, D.T., Murray-Rust, D., Rieser, V., Milicic, V., & Rounsevell, M., 2012. Modelling the impacts of land system dynamics on human well-being: Using an agent-based approach to cope with data limitations in Koper, Slovenia. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst., Special Issue: Geoinformatics 2010 36, 164–176. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.10.002

Sušnik, A., Matajc, I., & Kodrič, I., 2006. Agrometeorological support of fruit production: application in SW Slovenia. Meteorol. Appl. 13, 81–86. doi:10.1017/S1350482706002581

Šraj, M., Brilly, M., & Mikoš, M., 2008. Rainfall interception by two deciduous Mediterranean forests of contrasting stature in Slovenia. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148, 121–134. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.09.007

Spain

Acreche, M.M., Briceño-Félix, G., Sánchez, J.A.M., & Slafer, G.A., 2008. Physiological bases of genetic gains in Mediterranean bread wheat yield in Spain. Eur. J. Agron. 28, 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2007.07.001

Agüera, F., Aguilar, M.A., & Aguilar, F.J., 2006. Detecting greenhouse changes from QuickBird imagery on the Mediterranean coast. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27, 4751–4767. doi:10.1080/01431160600702681

Aguilar, M.A., Bianconi, F., Aguilar, F.J., & Fernández, I., 2014. Object-Based Greenhouse Classification from GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2 Stereo Imagery. Remote Sens. 6, 3554–3582. doi:10.3390/rs6053554

Álvarez-Martínez, J., Gómez-Villar, A., & Lasanta, T., 2013. The use of goats grazing to restore pastures invaded by shrubs and avoid desertification: a preliminary case study in the Spanish Cantabrian mountains. Land Degrad. Dev. n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/ldr.2230

Bernáldez, F.G., 1991. Ecological consequences of the abandonment of traditional land use systems in central Spain. Options Méditerranéennes 15, 23–29.

Calatrava, J., & Sayadi, S., 2005. Small ruminant livestock and sustainable rural development in Southern Spain: A general analysis and a case study of the north-eastern area of Málaga (Spain), in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Campos, P., Daly-Hassen, H., & Ovando, P., 2007. Cork oak forest management in Spain and Tunisia: two case studies of conflicts between sustainability and private income. Int. For. Rev. 9, 610–626. doi:10.1505/ifor.9.2.610

Campos, P., Ovando, P., & Montero, G., 2008. Does private income support sustainable agroforestry in Spanish dehesa? Land Use Policy 25, 510–522. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.11.005

Campos, P., Oviedo, J.L., Caparrós, A., Huntsinger, L., & Coelho, I., 2009. Contingent Valuation of Woodland-Owner Private Amenities in Spain, Portugal, and California. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 62, 240–252. doi:10.2111/08-178R2.1

Cañadas, E.M., Jiménez, M.N., Valle, F., Fernández-Ondoño, E., Martín-Peinado, F., & Navarro, F.B., 2010. Soil–vegetation relationships in semi-arid Mediterranean old fields (SE Spain): Implications for management. J. Arid Environ. 74, 1525–1533. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.06.007


García-Orenes, F., Roldán, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Campoy, M., Arcenegui, V., & Caravaca, F., 2012. Soil structural stability and erosion rates influenced by agricultural management practices in a semi-arid Mediterranean agro-ecosystem. Soil Use Manag. 28, 571–579. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00451.x

Gómez, C., Wulder, M.A., Montes, F., & Delgado, J.A., 2012. Modeling Forest Structural Parameters in the Mediterranean Pines of Central Spain using QuickBird-2 Imagery and Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART). Remote Sens. 4, 135–159. doi:10.3390/rs4010135

Gómez-Limón, J., & Fernández, J.V. de L., 1999. Changes in use and landscape preferences on the agricultural-livestock landscapes of the central Iberian Peninsula (Madrid, Spain). Landsc. Urban Plan. 44, 165–175. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00020-1

Leiva, M.J., Mancilla-Leyton, J.M., & Martín-Vicente, Á., 2013. Methods to improve the recruitment of holm-oak seedlings in grazed Mediterranean savanna-like ecosystems (dehesas). Ann. For. Sci. 70, 11–20. doi:10.1007/s13595-012-0225-0

Martín-López, B., Montes, C., & Benayas, J., 2007. Influence of user characteristics on valuation of ecosystem services in Doñana Natural Protected Area (south-west Spain). Environ. Conserv. 34, 215–224. doi:10.1017/S0376892907004067

Mesa-Jurado, M.A., Berbel, J., & Orgaz, F., 2010. Estimating marginal value of water for irrigated olive grove with the production function method. Span. J. Agric. Res. 8, 197–206.

Ovando, P., Campos, P., Calama, R., & Montero, G., 2010. Landowner net benefit from Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) afforestation of dry-land cereal fields in Valladolid, Spain. J. For. Econ. 16, 83–100. doi:10.1016/j.jfe.2009.07.001

Padilla, F.M., Vidal, B., Sánchez, J., & Pugnaire, F.I., 2010. Land-use changes and carbon sequestration through the twentieth century in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem: Implications for land management. J. Environ. Manage. 91, 2688–2695. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.031

Pulido, F.J., Dı́az, M., & Hidalgo de Trucios, S.J., 2001. Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak Quercus ilex forests and dehesas: effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability. For. Ecol. Manag. 146, 1–13. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00443-6

Simón, N., Montes, F., Díaz-Pinés, E., Benavides, R., Roig, S., & Rubio, A., 2012. Spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon pool in a Holm oak dehesa in Spain. Plant Soil 366, 537–549. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9

Stefanova, A., Hesse, C., & Krysanova, V., 2015. Combined Impacts of Medium Term Socio-Economic Changes and Climate Change on Water Resources in a Managed Mediterranean Catchment. Water 7, 1538–1567. doi:10.3390/w7041538

Villanueva, A.J., Targetti, S., Schaller, L.L., Arriaza, M., Kantelhardt, J., Rodriguez-Entrena, M., Bossi-Fedrigotti, V., & Viaggi, D., 2014. Assessing the influence of landscape services on socio-economic benefits: Evidences from an Analytic Network Process approach in Austria, Italy and Spain.

Syria

Cools, N., De Pauw, E., & Deckers, J., 2003. Towards an integration of conventional land evaluation methods and farmers’ soil suitability assessment: a case study in northwestern Syria. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 95, 327–342. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00045-2

Nielsen, T.L., & Zöbisch, M.A., 2001. Multi-factorial causes of land-use change: land-use dynamics in the agropastoral village of Im Mial, northwestern Syria. Land Degrad. Dev. 12, 143–161. doi:10.1002/ldr.445

Wilkinson, T.J., 2010. Tell es-Sweyhat, Volume 1. On the Margin of the Euphrates: Settlement and Land Use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad Area, Syria. The Oriental Institute, Chicago.

Tunisia

Ayache, F., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F., & Makina, H., 2009. Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region: Merja Zerga (Morocco), Ghar El Melh (Tunisia) and Lake Manzala (Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622, 15–43. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9676-6

Campos, P., Daly-Hassen, H., & Ovando, P., 2007. Cork oak forest management in Spain and Tunisia: two case studies of conflicts between sustainability and private income. Int. For. Rev. 9, 610–626. doi:10.1505/ifor.9.2.610


Guillaume, H., Genin, D., & Nouri, H., 2005. Mutations agro-pastorales et recompositions socio-territoriales sur un transect montagne / plaine en Tunisie aride, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Najari, S., Djemali, M., & Khaldi, N., 2005. Performances des caprins dans les montagnes du sud Tunisien, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Ouessar, M., Sghaier, M., Mahdhi, N., Abdelli, F., Graaff, J.D., Chaieb, H., Yahyaoui, H., & Gabriels, D., 2004. An Integrated Approach for Impact Assessment of Water Harvesting Techniques in Dry Areas: The Case of Oued Oum Zessar Watershed (Tunisia). Environ. Monit. Assess. 99, 127–140. doi:10.1007/s10661-004-4013-7

Raggad, N., Majdoub, A., & Bouaziz, A., 2005. Comportement sélectif des ovins en relation avec les caractéristiques chimiques sur un parcours herbacé du sem-aride supérieur de la Tunisie, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Saadi, S., Simonneaux, V., Boulet, G., Raimbault, B., Mougenot, B., Fanise, P., Ayari, H., & Lili-Chabaane, Z., 2015. Monitoring Irrigation Consumption Using High Resolution NDVI Image Time Series: Calibration and Validation in the Kairouan Plain (Tunisia). Remote Sens. 7, 13005–13028. doi:10.3390/rs71013005

Zekri, S., & Easter, W., 2005. Estimating the potential gains from water markets: a case study from Tunisia. Agric. Water Manag. 72, 161–175. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.018

Zribi, L., Mouillot, F., Gharbi, F., Ourcival, J.-M., & Hanchi, B., 2015. Warm and Fertile Sub-Humid Conditions Enhance Litterfall to Sustain High Soil Respiration Fluxes in a Mediterranean Cork Oak Forest. Forests 6, 2918–2940. doi:10.3390/f6092918

Turkey

Çetin, B., & Vardar, A., 2008. An economic analysis of energy requirements and input costs for tomato production in Turkey. Renew. Energy 33, 428–433. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.008

Dellal, G., Dellal, I., Tekel, N., & Baritci, I., 2005. Some structural characteristics of goat breeding in Mediterranean mountains of Turkey, in: Georgoudis, A., Rosati, A., & Mosconi, C. (Eds.), Animal Production and Natural Resources Utilisation in the Mediterranean Mountain Areas, EAAP Scientific Series. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Demircan, V., Ekinci, K., Keener, H.M., Akbolat, D., & Ekinci, C., 2006. Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: A case study from Isparta province. Energy Convers. Manag. 47, 1761–1769. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.003

Engindeniz, S., 2007. Economic analysis of processing tomato growing: the case study of Torbali, west Turkey. Span. J. Agric. Res. 5, 7–15.

Engindeniz, S., & Tuzel, Y., 2006. Economic analysis of organic greenhouse lettuce production in Turkey. Sci. Agric. 63, 285–290. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162006000300012

Gündoğmuş, E., 2006. Energy use on organic farming: A comparative analysis on organic versus conventional apricot production on small holdings in Turkey. Energy Convers. Manag. 47, 3351–3359. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.01.001

Koctürk, O.M., & Engindeniz, S., 2009. Energy and cost analysis of sultana grape growing: A case study of Manisa, west Turkey. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 4.

Tolunay, A., Türkoglu, T., Elbakidze, M., & Angelstam, P., 2014. Determination of the Support Level of Local Organizations in a Model Forest Initiative: Do Local Stakeholders Have Willingness to Be Involved in the Model Forest Development? Sustainability 6, 7181–7196. doi:10.3390/su6107181

Yano, T., Aydin, M., & Haraguchi, T., 2007. Impact of Climate Change on Irrigation Demand and Crop Growth in a Mediterranean Environment of Turkey. Sensors 7, 2297–2315. doi:10.3390/s7102297

Yilmaz, I., Akcaoz, H., & Ozkan, B., 2005. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey. Renew. Energy 30, 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.06.001

Supplement C

Average values for cropland, tree and bare cover, and livestock density per land system, standard deviations in brackets

Land System Coverage (%)

cropland (%)

tree cover (%)

bare (%)

built-up (%)

livestock (nr km2)

Open and grazing systemsDesert / bare 1.0 3.04

(11.36)0.56(3.92)

70.73(32.89)

0.23(1.63)

0.5(0.32)

Open rangeland 0.7 20.28(21.27)

2.8(8.88)

0.08 (0.27)

1.05 (3.85)

12.92 (7.12)

Extensive arid grazing 10.2 4.08 (11.57)

0.09 (1.13)

80.35 (24.1)

0.11 (1.05)

10.55 (6.17)

Intensive open rangeland 1.8 24.08 (20.18)

1.93 (5.83)

0.08 (0.27)

0.55 (2.32)

90.13 (292.94)

Intensive arid grazing 8.9 9.5 (16.38)

0.25 (1.83)

68.13 (29.57)

0.19 (1.4)

72.8 (173.28)

Wetlands 0.7 9.72 (18.01)

0.63 (2.56)

38.3 (41.69)

0.37 (2.40)

352.99 (1461.73)

Agro-silvo-pastoral systemsCropland / rangeland 6.5 54.22

(21.95)0.98 (2.95)

6.07 (11.99)

0.46 (2.0)

120.51 (67.62)

Open woodland 3.2 14.7 (13.86)

17.15 (12.91)

7.01 (15.84)

0.64 (2.62)

31.17 (181.0)

Open wooded rangeland 3.5 18.02 (14.58)

15.96 (12.4)

6.08 (14.69)

0.31 (1.54)

84.52 (172.59)

Cropland and wooded rangeland

6.8 39.04 (18.72)

14.76 (12.76)

4.25 (11.28)

0.51 (2.21)

69.4 (108.69)

Permanent cropland / rangeland

1.7 59.8 (19.05)

0.8(2.63)

6.32 (12.20)

0.76 (2.61)

141.17 (85.22)

Closed wooded rangeland 1.6 19.42 (18.06)

38.49 (19.01)

2.6 (8.04)

0.24 (1.31)

98.52 (180.41)

Cropland systemsExtensive annual cropland 10.4 48.6

(22.85)0.71 (2.61)

20.72 (28.5)

0.41 (2.05)

47.27 (92.69)

Extensive permanent crops 1.3 44.13 (24.15)

7.59 (10.83)

3.72 (11.71)

1.03 (3.26)

54.5 (272.71)

Extensive ann.-perm. Mosaic 2.7 48.6 (21.92)

6.62 (10.64)

7.7 (18.09)

0.75 (2.56)

66 (105.78)

Rainfed intensive annual crops 5.8 48.02 (16.70)

4.15 (8.93)

5.11 (15.62)

0.6 (2.42)

71.35 (79.92)

Rainfed int. permanent crops 2.2 50.53 (18.87)

4.02 (8.30)

3.84 (12.25)

0.81 (3.07)

80.51 (84.82)

Rainfed int. ann.-perm. Mosaic 1.3 50.5 (18.52)

4.46 (9.06)

3.58 (12.49)

0.79 (2.69)

83.9 (412.62)

Irrigated annual crops 8.7 46.97 (23.26)

5.49 (12.49)

8.1 (20.53)

1.04 (3.05)

80.74 (183.91)

Irrigated permanent crops 2.2 48.92 (21.07)

5.34 (10.76)

3.11 (10.36)

1.45 (4.02)

61.07 (131.28)

Irrigated ann.-perm. mosaic 3.3 52.39 (24.87)

6.55 (12.83)

5.68 (15.55)

1.51 (3.62)

99.46 (447.71)

Forest systemsMedium intensity forest 6.2 15.18

(15.88)47.97 (20.79)

1.87 (6.95)

0.47 (1.99)

29.11 (63.63)

(semi)natural forest 2.6 11.38 (13.90)

49.61 (20.34)

2.05 (7.88)

0.25 (1.37)

30.47 (27.15)

High intensity forest 1.0 15.25 (16.62)

43.15 (22.34)

2.46 (8.39)

0.24 (1.54)

37.66 (28.89)

Planted forest 0.3 10.88 (16.35)

45.67 (17.89)

1.21 (6.25)

0.56 (1.76)

37.92 (26.66)

Settlement systemsUrban 1.3 32.14

(25.63)2.95 (7.44)

7.72 (19.55)

35.41 (24.7)

51.01 (139.42)

Peri-urban 4.1 46.23 (25.86)

6.91 (12.14)

5.53 (16.53)

9.79 (11.29)

78.1 (206.56)

Supplement D

Logistic regression results. All coefficients significant at values below the 0.05 significance level.

Socio-economic Soil characteristics Terrain Climate Other

Land systems

Popu

latio

n de

nsity

(nr/k

m2)

Rur

al p

opul

atio

n (n

r/km

2)

Mar

ket a

cces

sibi

lity

(0-1

)

Mar

ket i

nflu

ence

($/p

erso

n)

Acc

essi

bilit

y (m

)

Sand

(%)

Cla

y (%

)

CEC

(cm

ol+/

kg)

pH (-

)

Top5

0C (g

/kg)

Soil

dept

h (c

m)

Dra

inag

e (a

-g)*

Alti

tude

(m)

Slop

e (°

)

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (k

Wh/

m2)

PET

(mm

)

Pote

ntia

l nat

ural

veg

etat

ion

(1-1

2)**

Con

stan

t

RO

C

Open and grazing systemsOpen bare landscapes -0.0320 -3.8723 0.0280 -0.0027 0.2078 0.0112 -0.0029 -16.8869 0.96Extensive arid grazing -0.0021 -0.0122 -0.0181 -0.1584 0.0042

-0.0087 0.5932 -0.0058 0.3833 0.95

Intensive arid grazing -0.0015 -0.0018 2.3153 -0.0250 0.0001 0.1626 -.00536 0.0014 0.0764

-0.0029 0.0048 -0.0018 -7.3367 0.86

Extensive rangeland

-0.0082 -2.0087 0.1697 -0.0010 0.0035 -0.0045 -0.9845 0.74Intensive rangeland

-0.0005 -0.0050 0.0091 0.0243 -0.0083 0.0010 0.0021 -25.3301 0.65Wetlands

-0.0008 -0.0157 0.0001 0.0533 0.0534 -0.5121 -0.0842 -0.0246 -0.1504 (b) -0.0018 -0.4875 -0.1376-

0.0037 -0.3843 0.92

Agro-silvo-pastoral mosaic systemsCropland-rangeland mosaic -0.0007 1.2159 -0.0119 0.0001 -0.1417 -0.0054 -0.0065 -0.1278 -0.0654 0.0021 0.0024 -3.3018 0.77Permanent crops and rangeland

-0.0005 1.8263 -0.0062 -0.0063

1.5090 (b) 1.4380 (c) 1.8540 (d) 1.5461 (e) 1.9849 (f) -0.0884 0.3890 -.0028 0.0038

1.9848 (7) 2.163 (8) -2.427 (10) -7.9256 0.86

Cropland and wooded rangeland -0.8043 0.0039 0.0124 -0.0140 -0.0793 -0.0051 0.0583 0.0014 -0.0562

-2.3014 (7) -2.0025 (9) -0.9649 0.76

Open woodland

-0.9986 -0.2353 -0.0098 -0.0007 0.1139 0.0010 0.0034 -0.0052 -0.9113 0.81Open wooded rangeland -0.0012 -0.0018 -0.3106 -0.0252 -0.0190 -0.3392 -0.0091 -0.0003 0.1251 0.0011

-2.3342 (7) -1.8445 (9) -3.9826 (10) -17.3564 0.82

Closed wooded rangeland -0.0016 -0.4400 -0.0329 -0.0203 -0.3569 -0.0084 0.1252 0.0029 0.1866

-0.0046 7.5090 0.84

Cropland systemsExtensive annual

-0.0009 1.6383 -0.0173 0.0000 0.0191 0.0332 0.0166 0.2191 -0.0086 0.0004-0.0026 -0.0020

2.0430 (2) 3.1097 (4) 1.9875 (6) 2.5918 (7) -1.1964 0.75

Extensive permanent

-0.0006 0.0012 -1.8051 0.0121 0.0000-0.0091 -0.0321 0.2571 -0.0021 0.0840 0.0008 0.1183

-0.0012 -0.0010 -40.8628 0.81

Extensive annual-permanent -0.0007 0.0007 -0.7785 0.0112 -0.0147 0.2050 -0.0096 -0.0102 0.0011 0.2106 -0.0010 -23.2383 0.69Rainfed intensive annual -0.0009 -0.0001 0.0320 -0.0181

-1.4249 (e) -1.4197 (f) -0.0004 -0.2312 -0.1832

-0.0045 0.0018 10.1567 0.77

Rainfed intensive permanent -0.0007 -2.0284 0.0231

-0.0210 -0.0393 0.2741 -0.0006 0.2294

-0.0055 0.0054 -22.6842 0.83

Rainfed intensive annual-permanent -0.0011 0.0168 -0.0001 0.0371 -0.0083 -0.0007

-0.04983 0.0023 -45.9459 0.79

Irrigated annual

-0.0002 0.0006 -0.0001 0.0090 0.0255 0.0243 0.0930 0.0206

-0.00132 -0.1017 -0.2191

-0.0022 0.0034 -19.8017 0.77

Irrigated permanent

-2.3017 0.0239 -0.0001 0.2798 -0.0074

-0.00067 -0.1931 0.4579

-0.0018

-1.9751 (7) -4.3152 (10) -5.5052 0.87

Irrigated annual-permanent -0.0002 0.0028 0.0081 -0.0001 0.1156 -0.0017 -0.1024 0.1150

-2.0222 (10) -2.4665 0.82

Forest systemsMedium intensity -0.0005 0.0035 0.0001 0.0134 -0.1929 0.0089 -0.0044 -0.0008 0.2105 0.0027

-0.0038 -0.0029 -14.7133 0.91

Natural and semi-natural -0.0024 -0.0029 0.0318 -0.2998 -0.0152 0.0017 0.1047 0.4131

-0.0054 -0.0053

-4.4713 (4) -4.0885 (7) -4.6772 (9) 10.0212 0.90

High intensity -0.0012 0.0205 -0.1618 -0.0064 0.0681 0.0032

-0.0023 -3.6392 (7) -15.4599 0.84

Planted-1.1122 -0.0761 -0.9805

0.2796 (e) 2.1358 (f) 0.0026 -14.1430 0.94

Settlement systemsPeri-urban

0.0018 -0.0005 2.0039 -0.0002 -0.0020 -0.0934 0.2080 0.89Urban

0.0039 -0.0065 1.5346 -0.0003 -0.0013 -0.1749 -0.2042 0.94*Drainage classes: scale from a to g; a = poorly drained, g = excessively drained

**Potential natural vegetation: 2 = tropical deciduous woodland, 3 = temperate evergreen woodland, 6 = mixed woodland, 7 = savanna, 8 = grassland and steppe, 9 = dense shrubland, 10 = open shrubland

Supplement E

Mediterranean land systems map generated using globally available data

ars.els-cdn.com · web viewplace et fonction de la prairie naturelle dans les systèmes agricoles...

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