APPENDIXSupplemental Table 1. Association (β [SE]) per 50 mg/d increment in self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake with coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*

Women MenModel† n β SE P value n β SE P valueCAC as ln(AS+1)Model 1 1338 -0.19 0.09 0.03 1357 -0.12 0.07 0.07Model 2 -0.20 0.09 0.02 -0.06 0.06 0.36Model 3 -0.31 0.12 0.01 -0.21 0.09 0.02AAC as ln(AS+1)Model 1 1332 -0.17 0.09 0.06 1349 -0.15 0.07 0.04Model 2 -0.14 0.09 0.11 -0.04 0.07 0.62Model 3 -0.20 0.11 0.08 -0.08 0.10 0.45

*AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.†Tobit regression analyses were adjusted for as follows: model 1 was adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2 adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Note that tests for magnesium × sex interactions were not statistically significant: P for magnesium × sex cross-product term in model 3 analyses was 0.98 and 0.78 for CAC and AAC, respectively.

Supplemental Table 2. Adjusted means (SE) of coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification in quartile categories of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*

 Women  MenQuartile 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4n 333 333 334 333 341 341 341 341Median (range), mg/d

257.5 (149.6–280.8)

299.9 (281.0–322.9)

348.2 (323.2–377.9)

420.6 (378.3–611.8)

P linear trend

266.8 (173.5–289.6)

310.0 (289.6–328.8)

353.3 (329.0–381.7)

430.4 (381.9–748.7)

P linear trend

CAC as ln(AS+1)Model 1† 1.33 (0.09) 1.37 (0.09) 1.21 (0.09) 1.00 (0.09) 0.01 2.18 (0.11) 2.40 (0.11) 2.28 (0.11) 2.02 (0.11) 0.17Model 2 1.36 (0.09) 1.37 (0.09) 1.20 (0.09) 0.98 (0.09) 0.001 2.14 (0.11) 2.38 (0.10) 2.31 (0.10) 2.04 (0.11) 0.28Model 3 1.46 (0.10) 1.40 (0.09) 1.17 (0.09) 0.88 (0.10) 0.0001 2.22 (0.12) 2.41 (0.10) 2.30 (0.10) 1.95 (0.13) 0.08

AAC as ln(AS+1)Model 1† 3.18 (0.14) 3.02 (0.13) 2.66 (0.13) 2.83 (0.14) 0.05 3.11 (0.13) 3.17 (0.12) 2.86 (0.12) 2.88 (0.13) 0.10Model 2 3.18 (0.13) 2.99 (0.12) 2.66 (0.12) 2.86 (0.13) 0.06 3.00 (0.12) 3.14 (0.11) 2.95 (0.11) 2.93 (0.12) 0.42Model 3 3.23 (0.14) 3.00 (0.12) 2.65 (0.12) 2.81 (0.14) 0.07 3.02 (0.13) 3.14 (0.12) 2.94 (0.11) 2.91 (0.14) 0.42

*For AAC, n=1332 women and 1349 men. AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.†Model 1 adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2 adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber.

Supplemental Table 3. Adjusted odds (95% CI) of any or high coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification across quartile categories of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*

 Women  MenQuartile 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4n 333 333 334 333 341 341 341 341Median (range), mg/d

257.5(149.6–280.8)

299.9(281.0–322.9)

348.2(323.2–377.9)

420.6(378.3–611.8)

P linear trend

266.8(173.5–289.6)

310.0(289.6–328.8)

353.3(329.0–381.7)

430.4(381.9–748.7)

P linear trend

CAC>0Model 1† 1 (Ref) 1.08 (0.73–

1.60)0.79 (0.52–

1.18)0.63 (0.41–

0.97)0.01 1 (Ref) 1.18 (0.82–

1.70)0.99 (0.69–

1.44)0.73 (0.49–

1.07)0.05

Model 2 1 (Ref) 1.02 (0.68–1.54)

0.74 (0.49–1.13)

0.55 (0.35–0.86)

0.003 1 (Ref) 1.10 (0.76–1.60)

0.93 (0.64–1.36)

0.69 (0.46–1.03)

0.04

Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.95 (0.62–1.44)

0.65 (0.41–1.04)

0.47 (0.27–0.80)

0.002 1 (Ref) 0.95 (0.64–1.40)

0.72 (0.47–1.10)

0.43 (0.25–0.74)

0.001

CAC≥90thModel 1† 1 (Ref) 1.06 (0.68–

1.63)0.81 (0.51–

1.29)0.66 (0.39–

1.10)0.06 1 (Ref) 1.54 (1.01–

2.34)1.09 (0.69–

1.70)1.02 (0.63–

1.64)0.56

Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.98 (0.62–1.55)

0.76 (0.47–1.23)

0.60 (0.35–1.02)

0.04 1 (Ref) 1.51 (0.98–2.33)

1.11 (0.70–1.77)

0.97 (0.59–1.60)

0.47

Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.95 (0.59–1.52)

0.73 (0.42–1.25)

0.57 (0.30–1.08)

0.06 1 (Ref) 1.51 (0.96–2.35)

1.12 (0.68–1.85)

0.97 (0.53–1.76)

0.56

AAC>0Model 1† 1 (Ref) 0.95 (0.64–

1.41)0.59 (0.39–

0.90)0.73 (0.47–

1.14)0.08 1 (Ref) 1.29 (0.88–

1.90)0.85 (0.57–

1.25)0.91 (0.60–

1.37)0.30

Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.89 (0.58–1.35)

0.56 (0.36–0.88)

0.72 (0.45–1.16)

0.11 1 (Ref) 1.23 (0.82–1.85)

0.86 (0.57–1.30)

0.93 (0.60–1.43)

0.42

Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.82 (0.53–1.27)

0.50 (0.30–0.82)

0.61 (0.34–1.11)

0.09 1 (Ref) 1.19 (0.78–1.80)

0.81 (0.51–1.26)

0.84 (0.49–1.45)

0.33

(continued)

AAC≥90thModel 1† 1 (Ref) 1.03 (0.70–

1.50)0.68 (0.45–

1.03)0.80 (0.52–

1.23)0.16 1 (Ref) 0.91 (0.62–

1.35)0.54 (0.35–

0.83)0.93 (0.61–

1.41)0.50

Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.93 (0.61–1.41)

0.62 (0.39–0.97)

0.75 (0.47–1.20)

0.14 1 (Ref) 0.90 (0.59–1.37)

0.58 (0.37–0.92)

0.96 (0.61–1.51)

0.71

Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.87 (0.56–1.35)

0.58 (0.35–0.95)

0.68 (0.39–1.21)

0.15 1 (Ref) 0.83 (0.54–1.28)

0.50 (0.30–0.82)

0.74 (0.42–1.31)

0.22

*Any calcification defined as AS 0 vs. >0; high calcification as AS < vs. ≥90th percentile for age and sex based on a healthy reference population. For AAC, n=1332 women and 1349 men. AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.†Model 1 adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2 adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber.

1A

1B

Supplemental Figure 1. Adjusted means (±SE) of coronary artery calcification [A] and abdominal aortic calcification [B] (as ln[Agatston Score+1]) according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in quartile categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the Framingham Heart Study. Values are adjusted for age, exam cycle, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women: 257.5, 299.9, 348.2, and 420.6.

2A

2B

Supplemental Figure 2. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of any (Agatston Score >0) coronary artery calcification (CAC) [A] and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) [B] according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in quartile categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the Framingham Heart Study. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, exam cycle, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women: 257.5, 299.9, 348.2, and 420.6.

3A

B

3B

B

Supplemental Figure 3. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of high (Agatston Score ≥90th percentile for age and sex in a healthy referent population) coronary artery calcification (CAC) [A] and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) [B] according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in quartile categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the Framingham Heart Study. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, exam cycle, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women: 257.5, 299.9, 348.2, and 420.6.