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Contents Page Nos.
List of Symbols 2
1. Introduction 3
2. Project Overview 4
3. Block Diagram & its Description 5
4. Schematic Diagram 7
5. Hardware design & Description 10
6. Software Design 22
7. Testing & Resulting 26
8. Future Expansion 27
9. Applications, Advantages & Disadvantages 28
10. References 29
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List of symbols
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CHAPTER :- 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction Of Project
1.1 Project Definition:
Project title is AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR
COUNTER .
The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of
persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor
and can know present number of persons.
In todays world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the
increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would
ease the complexity of life.
Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as not to
have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.
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CHAPTER :- 2
PROJECT OVERVIEW
This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well
us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into
the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON
and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only
switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the
room is also displayed on the seven segment displays.
The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this
signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller
AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR
Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by
the Microcontroller
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CHAPTER :- 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION
3.1 Basic Block Diagram
Enter Exit
Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram
3.2 Block Diagram DescriptionThe basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light
controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the
following essential blocks.
a) Power Supply
b) Entry and Exit sensor circuit
c) AT 89S52 micro-controller
5
Enter Sensor
Exit Sensor
Power Supply
Signal
Conditioning
A
T8
9
S
5
2
Device
Relay DriverSignal
Conditioning
Transformer Rectifier
16 Segment LCD Buzzer
Device
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d) Relay driver circuit
a) Power Supply:-
Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this
block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12
voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply
we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply.
b) Enter and Exit Circuits:-
This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this
block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the
light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit
diagram we can count the persons.
c) 89S52 Microcontroller:-
It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM instruction set and pin out. The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution so many embedded control applications.
d) Relay Driver Circuit:-
This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices. In this
block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit
we are using to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base
of the transistor, which we are further energizing the particular relay. Because of
this appropriate device is selected and it do its allotted function.
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CHAPTER :- 4
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
There are two main parts of the circuits.
1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs)
2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)
d.1 Transmission Circuit:
Fig. 4.1 Transmitter circuit
This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function
as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing
circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a
certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states
is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'.
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In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-
flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through
R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to 'high'.
When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once
again, this time making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge
transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse
at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.
IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR
signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave.
Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K
we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low
when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.
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e) Receiver Circuit:
Fig. 4.2 Receiver circuit
The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the
receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the
there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined
by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I.e. around 1 second. CL100 is to
trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given
to the Port 1 of the microcontroller. Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display
purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542
(Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get
Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when
counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the
microcontroller.
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CHAPTER :- 5
HARDWARE DESIGN & DESCRIPTIONS
5.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:
In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit
designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout.
Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software using hex file.
Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the
circuit.
Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process
of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to
conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the
desired results were obtained.
5.2 List of Components:
Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital
Speedometer Cum Odometer:
Microcontroller AT89S52
IC 7805
Sensor TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)
Transformer 12-0-12, 500 mA
Preset 4.7K
Disc capacitor 104,33pF
Reset button switch
Rectifier diode IN4148
Transistor BC 547, CL 100
16-Segment Display
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5.3 Description of Components
5.3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-
chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic
for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the
RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt or hardware reset.
FEATURES:-
8 KB Reprogrammable flash.
32 Programmable I/O lines.
16 bit Timer/Counter3.
8 Interrupt sources.
Power range: 4V 5.5V
Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles
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Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three level program memory lock
Power off flag
Full duplex UART serial channel
Low power idle and power down modes
Interrupt recovery from power down modes
256 KB internal RAM
Dual data pointer
5.3.2 TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)
Fig. 5.1 Infrared Sensor
Description:
The TSOP17.. Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control
systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package isdesigned as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a
microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting
all major transmission codes.
Features:
Photo detector and preamplifier in one package
Internal filter for PCM frequency
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Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst
Block Diagram:
Fig. 5.2 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738
Application Circuit:
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Fig. 5.3 Application circuit
5.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):
Fig. 5.4 Timer IC(555)
Description:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or
oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the
time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and
capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and dutycycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit
may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink
up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.
Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
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Timing from microseconds through hours
Operates in both astable and monostable modes
Adjustable duty cycle
Output can source or sink 200 mA
Output and supply TTL compatible
Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C
Normally on and normally off output
Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Applications:
Precision timing
Pulse generation
Sequential timing
Time delay generation
Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Linear ramp generator
5.3.4:- Crystal oscillator:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the
mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep
track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital
integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The
most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator
circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".
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Operation:
A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions
are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial
dimensions. Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal,
with appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of
vibration. For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often
used in mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape,
elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically
cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used
in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not
needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a
quartz crystal.
When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in
an electric field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property
is known as piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an
electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result
is that a quartz crystal behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and
resistor, with a precise resonant frequency. (See RLC circuit.)
Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in
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such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific
characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is
cut (relative to its crystallographic axes). [5] Therefore, the resonant frequency of the
plate, which depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz
clock, filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz
oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can
also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical
vibrations. Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of
kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured
annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks,
radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and
measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.
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5.3.5:- Transistors:
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to
amplify the small output current from a logic chip so that it can operate a lamp, relay or
other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changingcurrent to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage. A
transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off
with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current
amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.
For further information please see the Transistor Circuitspage.
Fig. 5.5 Transistor circuit Symbols
Types of transistor:
There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with
different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to
make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type
to make from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to
use NPN transistors. The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter(E). The
most important properties to look for are the maximum collector current I C and the
current gain hFE. To make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in
categories determined either by their typical use or maximum power rating. To make a
final choice you will need to consult the tables of technical data which are normally
provided in catalogues. They contain a great deal of useful information but they can be
difficult to understand if you are not familiar with the abbreviations used. The table
below shows the most important technical data for some popular transistors, tables in
catalogues and reference books will usually show additional information but this is
unlikely to be useful unless you are experienced. The quantities shown in the table are
explainedbelow.
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5.3.6:- TRANSFORMER:
If you have read the page on ELECTROMAGNETISM then
you will know that when a current is passed through a coil, the coil becomes surrounded
by a magnetic field .This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape as abar magnet.
Fig. 5.6 Step down Transformer
If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the
current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards. If another coil is placed adjacent to
the first coil then, as the field moves out or in, the moving lines of force will "cut" the
turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage is induced in the second coil. With the
50 Hz AC mains supply , this will happen 50 times a second. This is called MUTUAL
INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer. The input coil is called the
PRIMARY WINDING, the output coil is the SECONDARY WINDING.
The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.
Primary voltage/ Secondary voltage = Number of primary turns / Number of
secondary turns
For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns, the secondary will have
half the primary voltage. Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the
secondary has 500 turns, then the turns ratio is 10:1. If the primary voltage is 240 volts
then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller = 24 volts.
Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal
the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24 watt lamp is connected across a 24
volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts. If it is a 240 volt primary then thecurrent in it must be 0.1 amp. (Watts = volts x amps). To aid magnetic coupling between
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primary and secondary, the coils are wound on a metal CORE. Since the primary would
induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into this core, the core is LAMINATED. This
means that it is made up from metal sheets insulated from each other. Transformers to
work at higher frequencies have an iron dust core, or no core at all.
Note that the transformer only works on AC which has a constantly changing
current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there
would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary.
This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the
mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for
IMPEDANCE MATCHING. There is a page on this subject.
5.3.6 LTS 542 (16-Segment Display)
Description:
The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit 16-segment display.
This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP
substrate, and has a red face and red segment.
Features:
Common Anode
0.52 Inch Digit Height
Continuous Uniform Segments
Low power Requirement
Excellent Characters Appearance
High Brightness & High Contrast
Wide Viewing Angle
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5.3.7 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)
Fig. 5.7 Voltage Regulator
Description:
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive
regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed
output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as
fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to
obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Features:
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
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5.3.8 RELAY CIRCUIT:
Fig. 5.8 Relay
A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the
microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current
of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver
transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid forming part
of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the
relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay
operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on
a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay
releases. LED L2 indicates relay on.
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CHAPTER :- 6
SOFTWARE DESIGN
PROGRAM:#include
#include
#include
#define DATA P1 // define DATA and Control Pins of LCD
#define RS P35
#define RW P36#define E P37
#define dev1 P20
#define dev2 P21
#define entry P32
#define exit P33
#define buzz P34
void main()
{
unsigned char person=0;
lcd_init();
lcd_put("Power Saver");
lcd_cmd(0xc0);
lcd_put("Project ");
secdelay(3);
while(1)
{
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcd_put("Persons: ");
lcd_val(person);
if (exit==0)
{
if(person>0)
{
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person--;
buzz=0;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcd_put("Persons: ");
lcd_val(person);lcd_cmd(0xc0);
lcd_put("Exit Detected");
secdelay(2);
buzz=1;
}
else
{
buzz=0;
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcd_put("No person");secdelay(2);
buzz=1;
}
while(exit==0);
secdelay(1);
}
if (entry==0)
{
if(person
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while(entry==0);
secdelay(1);
}
if(person>0 )dev1=0; // active low so device's are on
if(person==0)
dev1=1; // active high so device's are off
if(person>5 )
dev2=0; // active low so device's are on
if(person==5) // active high so device's are off
dev2=1;
}}
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FLOWCHART:
Fig. 4.7 Flow Chart
If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor
2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and
switch on the relay, if it is first time interrupted.
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If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor
1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count.
When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0 and that time the
relay will turn off. And light will be turn off.
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CHAPTER :- 7
TESTING AND RESULTS
Testing And Results:
We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn
toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like
component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We
started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main
circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like component
selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the
data books and other materials related to its.
I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem.
I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed
on the hardware.
We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software
problem.
We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks
performed on the hardware.
We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble.
After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.
As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also the circuit
part around the IC7805 were completely damaged..with the help of the solder we made the
necessary paths.
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CHAPTER :- 8
FUTURE EXPANSION
FUTURE EXPANSION
By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications
Such as fans, tube lights, etc.
By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and
closing the door.
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CHAPTER :- 9
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Application
o For counting purposes
o For automatic room light control
Advantages
o Low cost
o Easy to use
o Implement in single door
Disadvantages
o It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it
cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously.
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CHAPTER:-10
REFERENCES
Reference Books:
Programming in ANSI C: E. BALAGAURUSAMY.
The 8051 microcontroller and embedded system: MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI
JANICE GILLIPIE MAZIDI
The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA.
Website:
www.datas4u.com
www.8051.com
http://www.datas4u.com/http://www.8051.com/http://www.datas4u.com/http://www.8051.com/