Aromatic Plants : Sources, Therapeutic & Perfumery values & their economics

M. Vasundhara Professor, Dept. of Horticulture UAS, GKVK

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Contents:

Introduction

Global Scenario

Commercial Aromatic Crops

Aromatherapy and Flower therapy

Facilities at UAS(B)

International Scenario

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Introduction

• Mother Nature’s greatest gift to humans – Plants

• Plants – Flavors & Fragrances, enhance the quality of life.

“Fragrances help make life complete”.

• Perfumes are used dawn-dusk and Birth-Death

• Plants were primary source of perfumes in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, India, Greece and Rome.

• Ayurveda- India’s medical tradition- 3000yrs

- Gandhashastra, Gandhayukti, Manasollasa (literary works)

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• Essential oils- “distilled essence”

• Represent the active constituent of plants.

• Essence-Cold Extraction

• flowers (rose, jasmine), leaves (mint, eucalyptus), barks (cinnamon), Heart wood (sandalwood), roots (vetiver), rhizomes (ginger), anise, fennel, seeds (nutmeg) Fruits-Melons and Strawberry

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Chemistry of essential oils

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Uses of essential oils Internal Messengers,

As Defensive Substances , anticancer,

cardiovascular agent

Against Herbivores And Also Attracting Pollinating Insects

To Their Host.

As Food Flavoring, Additives,

antioxidants

Compounding Of Cosmetics And

Perfumes.

Analgesic, Antimicrobial,

Antiseptic, Anti-inflammatory,

Expectorant, Diuretic And Sedative.

They Are Used In Air Fresheners

And Deodorizers

In All Branches Of Medicine Such As

Pharmacy, Balneology, Massage And Homeopathy, Aromatherapy

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Essential oil Quantity in Tons Production Country

Basil exotic 50 Egypt, Comoros, France

Bay 40 Dominica, Pueto Rico

Bergamot 100 Italy, Ivory coast, Guinea Argentina, Brazil

Cajuput 200 Indonesia, Vietnam

Kananga 40 Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Philippines

Chamomile 10 Morocco, Egypt, Belglum, Italy, France

Cinnamon Leaf 100 Sri Lanka, India

Davana 4 India

Eucalyptus 6000 China, Australia, Spain, Portugal, USA

Geranium 150 China, South Africa, Egypt, India

Marojoram 40 Morocco, Egypt

Patchouli 1500 Indonesia, China, India

Rosemary 1200 Tunisia, Morocco Spain, France, South Africa, China, England , USA

(Varshney,2012) 7

Sl. No

Essential oil Production M. Tonnes

1 Ajowan 20.00

2 B. Pepper 50.00

3 Basil Exotic 2.0

4 Basil Indian 500.00

5 Cedarwood 200.00

6 Cinnamon leaf 5.00

7 Citronella 100.00

8 Cumin 10.00

9 Cardamom 25.00

10 Coriander 5.00

Sl. No

Essential oil Production M. Tonnes

11 Davana 5.00

12 Dil seed 10.00

13 E. citrodora 10.00

14 Eucalyptus 50.00

15 Fennel 5.00

16 Ginger 5.00

17 Jamrosa 5.00

18 Juniper berry 10.00

19 K. Katchri 10.00

20 Lavender 2.00

(Varshney,2012)

Contd...

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Sl. No.

Essential oil Production M. Tonnes

21 Lemongrass 150.00

22 M. arvensis 30,000.00

23 M. citrata 5.00

24 M. longifolia 4.00

25 M. piperita 1200.00

26 Nutmeg 25.00

27 Nagarmotha 25.00

28 Palmarosa 15.00

Sl. No.

Essential oil Production M. Tonnes

29 Patchouli 4.00

30 Rosemary 1.00

31 Rooh khas 2.00

32 Sandalwood 25.00

33 Spearmint 400.00

34 Turmeric 5.00

35 Thuja 4.00

36 Vetiver oil 20.00

37 Others 50.00

Total 32974.00

(Varshney,2012)

Contd...

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Sl. No.

Category of Use Quantity in M. Tonnes

1. Essential oils for Processing 93500

2 Essential oils for Fragrances 13538

3 Essential oils for Flavours 11800

4 Essential oils for natural Cosmetics/Personal care

5200

5 Essential oils for natural Medicines / Aroma therapy

2900

6 Essential oils for Pharma 2900

Total 1,29,838

(Varshney,2012) 10

Fragrances 47%

Flavours 45%

Natural Cosmetics

Personal Care 4%

Aromatherapy 2%

Pharma 2%

Others 5%

(Varshney,2012) 11

0

1000

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5000

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7000

8000

9000

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022

De

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Year

(Varshney,2012) 12

Projected Demand of Essential oils for Aromatherapy /

Herbal Therapy / Pharma

5000

6500

7800 8800 9000

10500

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022

Year

De

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M. T

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s

(Varshney,2012) 13

GLOBAL PRICES OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Particulars Price/Kilo

Lavender 73 €

Benzoin 40 €

Pern Bals 125 €

Resinoid 65 €

Neroli 3,300€

Lemon 22 €

Rose absolute 2,200 €

Rose oil (Turkey) 5,600 €

Sandal wood 1,600 €

Clove bud 38 €

Jasmine 1,800 €

Galbanum 300 € 1%solution

Cassis /black currants 1500 €

Vanilla Absolute 1200 €

Vanillin (Rose +vanillin) 17 €

Bergamot 54 €

Cedar wood 22 € 14

Cedar wood 22 €

Cassis base 345 €

ID of Black currant 126 €

Pure 1000 €

Mandarin >63 €

Clary sage oil ≈ 85€

Clary sage absolute

Mimosa absolute

Photosensitive

Morocco 600€

Oak moss > 200€

Iris > 5,300

(Morocco) Italy also good

Artemisia

(touch of abmaz

and lavendin)

-100€

Java citronella 14€ some gms.

Geranium (Egypt) 57€ /kg best

Ylang ylang 190€ como island

Patchouli /

Indonessia)

>120€ (very few

gms)

Vetivert (Haiti) 200€

Orange flos abs

Tunisia

>5,300€

(in solution) fine perfumery not ordinarily

used. reconstituted very rare in flowers

Tonka beans

abolute

540€ (10%)

Rosemary

(Tunissia)

25 €

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Rosmarinus officinalis -Rosemary

Rosemary plot at Sugandha Vana, Department of Horticulture ,UAS, GKVK, Bangalore.

Family - Lamiaceae

Leaves

Essential oil: Verbenone, α

-pinene

Perfumes, soaps,,

antioxidant, against

Alzheimer's disease.

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Field visit

Rosemary cultivation in Chamarajanagar

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Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)

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Vetiveria zizaniodes

POACEAE

Vetiver/Khus

Lavancha

Vetiverone, Vetiverol, benzoic acid and palmitic acid

Root

perfumes, soil binder fodder, Handicrafts

Varieties : Vriddhi

Varieties : Gulabi

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ARTIFACTS FROM VETIVER ROOTS

VETIVER ROOTS

PRODUCTS

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Cymbopogon martinii- Palmarosa

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Gramineae

Geraniol, Geranyl acetate

Leaves ,stem , flowering top

perfumes, scenting soaps ,cosmetics, tobacco products

Artemisia pallens- Davana

Asteraceae

Davana

Hydrocarbons, esters oxygenated compounds Iso davanone and davanafurans

Leaves and flowers

Garland, religious offerings, High grade perfumes, cosmetics

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Pogostemon patchouli-Patchouli

Field View- Patchouli under Coconut Shade

Family - Lamiaceae

Herbaceous perennial

Leaves

Essential oil- Patchouli alcohol, pogostol

Perfumes, soaps,

Shampoo, Gels,

agarbatti,potpourri

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Patchouli + Long pepper system

Patchouli + Turmeric system

Patchouli+ Tulsi system

Patchouli + Coconut 25

Patchouli + Sesbania sps Patchouli + Coffee

Patchouli +Arecanut Arecanut +Patchouli + Banana 26

Lavandula spp. - Lavender

Family - Lamiaceae

Herbaceous perennial

Flower, leaves

Essential oil- Lavendin

Perfumes, Balms, Culinary,

aromatherapy, cosmetics

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Products of Lavender

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Cymbopogon spp.-Lemon Grass

Family -Poaceae

Grass

Leaves

Essential oil- citral

Perfumes, Balms, Culinary,

cosmetics, tea,

aromatherapy

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Lemon Grass Varieties maintained at Sughandha vana

PRAMAN CKP -25 KRISHNA

OD 440 OD 19 KAVERI

CIM- SWARNA 30

Cymbopogan winterianus – Java citronella

Family -Poaceae

Grass

Leaves

Essential oil-

citronellal, geranyl

acetate, Geranyl

acetate

Insect Repllent , soaps,

perfumes, detergents

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Ocimum Spp- Tulasi Family - Lamiaceae

Perinneal

Leaves

Essential oil- Camphor/

campene/ methyl

chavicol

Aromatherapy,

antidepressant,

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Scented Geranium

Family - Gerniaceae

Perinneal

Whole Herb

Essential oil- geraniol,

gernyl acetate, linalool,

Perfumery, Soaps,Fine

Perfumes

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Mentha spp. Mints- Japanese mint,

bergamot mint, pepper

mint, spear mint, cat

mint etc

Family - Lamiaceae

Perinneal

Leaves

Essential oil- Whole

Herb

Uses: Flavors, tooth

paste, pain balms,

cosmetics

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Floral Aromas

Matricaria chamomilla

Heydicium spicata

Fragrant Roses

Yellow Heydicium sp.

Jasminum grandiflorum

Plumeria spp. 35

Fragrance Garden

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Aromatic Climbers

Strophanthus gratis Clematis Gouriana

Passiflora Laurifolia Nyctanthes sp.

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Aromatic Climbers

Malodynus manogynus

Beamontia grandiflora

Nonicera japonica

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Aromatic Trees

Magnolia spp Melaleuca indica (Kajuput) Magnolia grandiflora

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Nycanthes arbor-tristis ( parijatha) Bursera penicillata Cananga odorata

Aromatic Trees

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Aromatic Trees

Cinnamon Cinnamon Camphor

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Notes 1st STUDY 2nd STUDY 3rd STUDY 4th STUDY 5th STUDY 6th STUDY

RUSTIC /

CAMPHORACEO

US NOTES

Lavender oil

extra

Lavandin

grosso oil

Rosemary oil Thyme oil Eucalyptus

globulus oil

Artemesia oil

ANIMALIC

NOTES

Civet

abs.(at1%)

Castoreum abs.

ANISEED NOTES Anis Star oil Tarragon oil Cumin oil

BALSAMIC

NOTES

Tolu Balsam

res.

Vanilla abs. Tonka bean res Ciste abs S.I. S Clary sage abs

WOODY NOTES Sandal wood

Mysores oil

Cedarwood

virginia oil

Vetiver oil Patchouli

Indonesia rest

oil

Oakmoss

tyrolian abs

Pine oil

CITRONELLA

NOTES

Citronella Java

oil

Verbena oil

synth.

SPICY NOTES Clove oil Cinnamon bark

oil

Numeg oil Pepper oil Juniper berry

oil

Coriander oil

FLORAL NOTES Jasmin India

abs

Tuberose India

abs

Ylang Ylang

extra oil

Violet leaves

abs (1%)

Mimosa abs Iris abs

MINTY NOTES Peppermint oil Spearmint oil

Sources of Different notes

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ORANGE NOTES Neroli oil Petit grain

Paraguay oil

Oranger abs

flower

RESIN NOTES Olibanum oil Benzoin siam

res

Opoponax abs

colorless

Myrrhe oil Fir balsam abs

needles

Galbanum res

ROSY NOTES Rose de Mai

abs

Rose Turquish

oil

Geranium

bourbon oil

GREENNOTES Galbanum oil

extra

Tagete oil

CITRUS NOTES Lemon oil

Italian

Bergamote oil

reggio

Orange oil

guinea

Mandarine oil

Italian

Lime oil

handpressed

MISCELL NOTES Blackcurrent

abs

Algues abs Birch tar oil

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Aromatherapy

Character Aromas

A: Aphrodisiacs Jasmine, sandalwood, ylang-ylang

Anger Chamomile, mellisa, rose

Apathy Jasmine, patchouli, rosemary

Confusion Basil, peppermint, patchouli

Depression Bergamot, camphor, jasmine, rose

F: Fear Basil, clary, jasmine

G: Grief Marjoram, rose, hysoop

H: Hypotension(Arterial) Lavender, rose, geranium

I: Influenza Cinnamon, eucalyptus, blackpepper

J: jealousy rose

L: laxative effect Camphor,cinnamon, marjoram

M: melancholy/depression Basil, geranium, lavender, sandalwood

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Character aromas

P: Panic Jasmine, lavender, marjoram

S: Seadative Shock Suspicion

Chamomile, mellisa, peppermint Camphor and mellisa lavender

T: throat infection Sandalwood, vetiver(external app)

U: Urinary track infection Sage, sandalwod, thyme and juniper

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Flower Therapeutic action

Yellow jamanthi (Charaka) Control cough and phlegm

Kethaki flowers(Boja) Increases happiness of ladies

Thumbe (Leucas aspera)-Lord Shiva Hiccups

Lotus-Goddess Lakshmi Prevents abortion

Parijatha(Nyctanthes) Improves stamina

Roses Cure for dysentry

Champaka Relives headache

Plumeria spp. Wound healing

White hibiscus Against piles

Nagapushpa Alleviates throat problems

Nandibatlu Cooling eyes

Ashoka-flowers With water cures Diarrhea

Madhuca indica-flower Bronchial problems and cough

Sasbania-Agase pitanivaraka

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Medicinal Herbal Garden

• A bed of herbs of alternate sweetness- Stevia, Tagetes.

• A bed of herbs to improve memory- Baccopa & Centella asiatica

• To prevent hair loss – Rosemary, Eclipta alba.

• To prevent headaches – Mints, scented geranium.

• To keep away Mosquitoes – Lemongrass, citronella.

• Tonic herbs – Chakramuni, Primrose.

• To heal burns & wounds, cosmetic use – Aloe. • To ready dye – Mehendi, Annatto, Sunflower. • A bed of herbs to help insomnia- Melissa, Mints.

• A bed of herbs that aid indigestion- Tulsi.

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Facilities at UAS(B)

Highlights of Research work on Natural Aromas

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Analytical Laboratory

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Sugandha Vana-15 Acres

Production of elite planting material

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Low cost indigenous distillation Unit

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DISTILLATION UNIT AT AROMATIC GARDEN IN COLLOBORATION WITH ASTRA, IISC

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Sanjeevani Vatika- 15 acres

Herb Block Climber Block

Shrub block Tree block

Elite Planting material production site

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Comparison of Cardamom oil- powder and whole capsule

Major component: Terpenyl acetate 54

Evaluation of Turmeric rhizome Essential oil

Component : Aromatic tumerone, Beta tumerone, alpha tumerone 55

Value addition of Curcuma amada Essential Oil -Mango Ginger

Curcuma amada rhizomes

Essential oil extraction

Essential oil from three forms

Value added product

Essential oil component-Myrcene

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INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

Land of Essential oil production –INDONESIA

Capitol of Perfumes- FRANCE

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600-800 kg dry clove leaves yield 1-3 % oil

Clove Distillation Gesing, Banjar, Buleleng- North Bali

Distillation Unit And

Dry Clove Leaves

Clove oil

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Cinnamon

Cinnamon plantation Bark removal

Double layered Quills Single bark 59

Bali, Jakarta- Field Trip- Vanilla

Tripper Nature Company- Vanilla Processing:

Vanilla beans

Extraction unit

Drying Curing

Vanilla extract 60

Distillation of Cananga odorata at Bendan, Boyolali-

Central Java Oil production 1.5 t/ annum (2011)

Cananga trees at roadside Collection of flowers

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Java plant - Indonesia

Best Architecture

•Two production facilities

•1,15,000 kg / month capacity

•Exports mainly to US and JAPAN

•Botanical extracts used in food, beverage and

cosmetics 62

Patchouli as Intercrop with Tomato and Onion

Patchouli drying method Patchouli distillation unit 63

Patchouli Distillation 64

Indesso Aroma- Banyamas, Cental Java

Cassia bark oil, clove bud oil, cubeb, fresh ginger oil

Natural extracts- eugenol, caryophyllene

Patchouli oil

Tea extracts

Encapsulation products, flavouring snacks, instant noodles

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CULTIVATION OF JASMINE - Grasse, France

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Harvesting (Till 11.00am))

Storage baskets

On field extraction unit Solvent storage tank

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Cleaning of Chassis Disposing of Spent

flowers

Spent flowers after

Extraction

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THANK YOU ALL

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