FM 100-103-2MCWP 3-25.2NWP 3-56.2

AFTTP(I) 3-2.17

TAGSMULTISERVICE PROCEDURES

FOR THETHEATER AIR-GROUND

SYSTEM

JULY 1998

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approvedfor public release; distribution is unlimited.

ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE

AIR LAND SEAAPPLICATION

CENTER

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respectivecommands and other commands as appropriate.

WILLIAM W. HARTZOGGeneral, USACommanderTraining and Doctrine Command

J. E. RHODESLieutenant General, USMCCommanding GeneralMarine Corps Combat Development Command

G. S. HOLDERRear Admiral, USNCommanderNaval Doctrine Command

RONALD E. KEYSMajor General, USAFCommanderHeadquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

i

PREFACE

and execution of all air-ground operations.Key to the TAGS is an understanding of thesystems and how to maximize eachcomponent's capabilities to achieve quickand decisive results in combat.

3. Application

The tactics, techniques, and procedures(TTP) described in this publication applyto all elements of a joint force. Thispublication uses approved joint and servicedoctrine and terminology as its foundation.The publication identifies methodologies touse existing service command and control(C2) systems to facilitate air-groundoperations. Note: Air/naval gunfire liaisoncompanies (ANGLICOs) are scheduled fordeactivation in FY 98 and 99. The MarineCorps is establishing a Marine liaisongroup to provide interface with foreignmilitaries—an ANGLICO function. Thismultiservice tactics, techniques, andprocedures (MTTP) does not reflect howthese changes will affect the TAGS.

4. Implementation Plan

Participating service command officesof primary responsibility (OPRs) willreview this publication, validate theinformation, and reference and incorporateit in service manuals, regulations, andcurricula as follows:

Army. The Army will incorporate theprocedures in this publication in US Armytraining and doctrinal publications asdirected by the commander, US ArmyTraining and Doctrine Command(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordancewith DA Form 12-11E.

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps willincorporate the procedures in thispublication in US Marine Corps trainingand doctrinal publications as directed bythe commanding general, US Marine CorpsCombat Development Command (MCCDC).Distribution is in accordance with MCPDS.

1. Scope

This publication provides a genericconcept and procedures for Theater Air-Ground System (TAGS) operations. It is a“primer” for all planners to facilitate theintegration of air operations and groundcombat operations. It offers readers a basicunderstanding of joint and component air-ground systems and operations, anoverview of the joint air tasking order(ATO) cycle, and the command anddecision-making process at component andjoint force levels. Since an unclassified,generic TAGS is described, practitioners inmature theaters should refer to theatermanuals and standard operations instruc-tions for theater-specific procedures. Thispublication has worldwide application andcan serve as a model for any level of conflict.It is intended to supplement JointPublication 3.56-1, Command and Controlfor Joint Air Operations, by providingdetailed information regarding componentcontributions to the TAGS.

2. Purpose

Each component brings uniquecapabilities to a joint operation. Successfultheater operations require effectivesynchronization of all forces: ground, air,naval, space, and special operations.Coordinated air operations permit jointforces commanders (JFCs) to rapidlydevelop the battlespace to meet theiroperational objectives by dominating theairspace and striking the enemy in depth.The TAGS is a system of systems, a synergyof the various component air-groundsystems, orchestrating the planning andexecution of air-ground operations. Theobjective of this publication is to describehow each of the component’s systemsoperate within the TAGS. For the purposeof this publication, the TAGS refers toorganizations, personnel, equipment, andprocedures that participate in the planning

Marine Corps: PCN 14300002000Air Force Distribution: F

ii

Navy. The Navy will incorporate theseprocedures in US Navy training anddoctrinal publications as directed by thecommander, Naval Doctrine Command(NDC). Distribution is in accordance withMILSTRIP Desk Guide and NAVSOPPublication 409.

Air Force. Air Force units willvalidate and incorporate appropriateprocedures in accordance with applicablegoverning directives. Distribution is inaccordance with AFI 37-160.

5. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NDC-AFDCAir Land Sea Application (ALSA) Centerdeveloped this publication with the joint

participation of the approving servicecommands. ALSA will review and updatethis publication as necessary.

b. This publication reflects currentjoint and service doctrine, C2organizations, facilities, personnel,responsibilities, and procedures. Changesin service protocol, appropriately reflectedin joint and service publications, willlikewise be incorporated in revisions to thisdocument.

c. We encourage recommendedchanges for improving this publication.Key your comments to the specific page andparagraph and provide a rationale for eachrecommendation. Send comments andrecommendation directly to—

Army

CommanderUS Army Training and Doctrine CommandATTN: ATDO-AFort Monroe VA 2365l-5000DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

Marine Corps

Commanding GeneralUS Marine Corps Combat Development CommandATTN: C423300 Russell RoadQuantico VA 22134-5021DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

Navy

Naval Doctrine CommandATTN: N31540 Gilbert StNorfolk VA 23511-2785DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563E-mail: ndcjoint@nctamslant.navy.mil

Air Force

Headquarters Air Force Doctrine CenterATTN: DJ216 Sweeney Blvd, Suite 109Langley AFB VA 23665-2722DSN 574-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091E-mail: afdc.dj@langley.af.mil

ALSA

ALSA CenterATTN: Director114 Andrews StreetLangley AFB VA 23665-2785DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934E-mail : alsadirector@langley.af.mil

iii

FM 100-103-2*MCWP 3-25.2

NWP 3-56.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.17

FM 100-103-2* US Army Training and Doctrine CommandFort Monroe, Virginia

MCWP 3.25.2 Marine Corps Combat Development CommandQuantico, Virginia

NWP 3-56.2 Naval Doctrine CommandNorfolk, Virginia

AFTTP(I) 3-2.17 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine CenterMaxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

29 July 1998

TAGSMultiservice Procedures

for theTheater Air-Ground System

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I THE JOINT FORCEBackground ................................................................................................. I-1Establishing the JTF ................................................................................. I-1JFC............................................................................................................... I-1Components of the Joint Force ................................................................ I-1JFACC ......................................................................................................... I-2Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC) ....................................................... I-3Joint Liaison Requirements ..................................................................... I-4Targeting ..................................................................................................... I-5AADC and ACA ......................................................................................... I-5Conclusion .................................................................................................. I-5

CHAPTER II ARMY COMPONENTBackground ................................................................................................ II-1Mission ....................................................................................................... II-1Component Operations ............................................................................ II-1

*This publication supersedes FM 100-103-2, 31 October 1994

iv

Planning ..................................................................................................... II-5Command and Control ............................................................................. II-8Conclusion ............................................................................................... II-15

CHAPTER III AIR FORCE COMPONENTBackground ............................................................................................... III-1Mission ...................................................................................................... III-1Component Operations ........................................................................... III-4Planning .................................................................................................... III-6Command and Control ............................................................................ III-6Conclusion ............................................................................................... III-17

CHAPTER IV NAVAL COMPONENTBackground ............................................................................................... IV-1Mission ...................................................................................................... IV-1Component Operations ........................................................................... IV-1Planning .................................................................................................... IV-2Command and Control ............................................................................ IV-3Conclusion ................................................................................................ IV-9

CHAPTER V MARINE CORPS COMPONENTBackground ................................................................................................ V-1Mission ....................................................................................................... V-1Component Operations ............................................................................ V-1Planning ..................................................................................................... V-6Command and Control ............................................................................. V-6Conclusion ............................................................................................... V-16

CHAPTER VI SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMPONENTBackground ............................................................................................... VI-1Mission ...................................................................................................... VI-1Component Operations ........................................................................... VI-2Planning .................................................................................................... VI-5Command and Control ............................................................................ VI-6Conclusion ................................................................................................ VI-7

CHAPTER VII THEATER AIR-GROUND SYSTEM OPERATIONSBackground .............................................................................................. VII-1JFC Influence .......................................................................................... VII-1Planning ................................................................................................... VII-1Component Considerations ................................................................... VII-4ATO Cycle ................................................................................................ VII-5Interdiction .............................................................................................. VII-9Defensive Counterair ........................................................................... VII-10Conclusion ............................................................................................. VII-13

APPENDIX A PROCEDURAL CONTROL MEASURES ................................................. A-1

APPENDIX B ATO, SPINS, AND ACO BREAKOUT ........................................................ B-1

v

APPENDIX C CARRIER BATTLE GROUP PLANNING AND EXECUTION FOR AIR OPERATIONS .......................................................................... C-1

APPENDIX D AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS AND PASSAGE OF CONTROL ASHORE .................................................................................................. D-1

APPENDIX E TRANSITION SEA- AND LAND-BASED JFACC ..................................... E-1

APPENDIX F TAGS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ......................................................... F-1

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... References-1

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. Glossary-1

INDEX ................................................................................................................................ Index-1

FIGURES I-1 Theater Organization Overview ................................................... I-2I-2 Notional Joint Force Liaison Structure ....................................... I-4II-1 AAGS Coordination Links ............................................................ II-8II-2 Immediate CAS Request Channels .............................................. II-9III-1 TACS Coordination Links ............................................................ III-7III-2 Air and Space Planning Process.................................................. III-8III-3 AOC Organization ........................................................................ III-9IV-1 Naval Coordination Links ............................................................ IV-4IV-2 Sea-Based JFACC Capabilities ................................................... IV-8V-1 MACCS Coordination Links ......................................................... V-7VI-1 TGO Planning Loop ...................................................................... VI-4VI-2 TGO Execution Loop .................................................................... VI-4VII-1 TAGS Coordination Links .......................................................... VII-2VII-2 ATO Cycle Overlaid on Targeting Cycles ................................. VII-4VII-3 Notional ATO Timeline ............................................................... VII-6VII-4 Notional AAD Organization ......................................................VII-11A-1 Coordinating Altitude, ROA, and ROZ ....................................... A-1A-2 SAAFR and HIDACZ ..................................................................... A-2A-3 Minimum Risk Routes ................................................................... A-2B-1 ATO ................................................................................................. B-2B-2 ATO Narrative - Combined and General Remarks .................... B-4B-3 ATO SPINS ..................................................................................... B-5D-1 Naval Littoral Operations ............................................................ D-2

TABLES II-1 Command Post Functions ............................................................. II-4II-2 Fire Support Coordination Facilities ........................................ II-14V-1 Types of MAGTFs .......................................................................... V-3VII-1 Functional Equivalents ............................................................... VII-3B-1 Message Headers and Initial Sets ................................................ B-3C-1 Navy's Targeting Cycle..................................................................C-5C-2 NAVFOR ATO 72-Hour Timeline Process ..................................C-5E-1 Sample JFACC Transfer Plan ...................................................... E-3E-2 Sample JFACC Data Transfer Schedule ..................................... E-3

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TAGS

Multiservice Proceduresfor the

Theater Air-Ground System

Overview

The Theater Air-Ground System (TAGS) is not a formal system in itself but rather thesum of the component air-ground systems operating in the theater. It is applicable to alltheater operations to include air, ground, maritime, and amphibious operations. This TAGSpublication applies to a joint task force (JTF) established on a geographic area basis sincefunctional JTFs are typically associated with unified commands for transportation, space,special operations, and strategic operations.

This publication serves as a primer for all practitioners in the air-ground communityby providing a single source of information regarding component operations within theTAGS to include organization, capabilities, planning, and command and control. It is anextension of Joint Publication 3.56.1, Command and Control of Joint Air Operations, inthat it provides detailed information on interoperability of systems, coordinationprocedures, and transitions.

The first chapter provides an overview of the joint force and TAGS relationships withinthe force. Chapters II through VI provide information about component air-ground systems,which together form the TAGS. Chapter VII focuses on the TAGS itself, providinginformation on the joint air tasking order (ATO) cycle and joint air defense operations.

This revision of TAGS includes a standardization of component chapters and an updateof all information to reflect current doctrine and joint terminology. Information thatpertained to multiple services, such as transfer of air control ashore for amphibiousoperations and coordination procedures/measures, were moved to separate appendices.An appendix explaining how to break out ATO, special instructions, and an air controlorder was added as a reference aid. Two new appendices added are carrier battle groupplanning and execution of air operations and transition between sea- and land-based jointforce air component commanders.

Summary

The key to an effective TAGS is a clear understanding of component air-ground systemsrelationships to one another, and how they can be synchronized to achieve maximumeffectiveness. This publication is intended to aid in this understanding.

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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following commands and agencies participated in the development and review ofthis publication:

Joint

US Atlantic Command, JTASC, Suffolk, VA 23435US CINCPAC, Camp H.M. Smith, HI 96816US Special Operations Command/JSOFI, Fort Bragg, NC 28307-1929

Army

HQ 3rd Army (ARCENT), Ft McPherson, Atlanta GA 30236US Army Training and Doctrine Command, ATDO-A, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000XVIII Airborne Corps, FT Bragg, NC 28307CDD/CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, KS 66027

Marine Corps

CG MCCDC, Quantico, VA 22134-5020

Navy

CAEWWS, NAS Fallon, NV 89496COMSECONDFLT, APO AE 09506-6000COMSIXTHFLT, FPO AE 09501NDC/N3, Norfolk, VA 23511-2785NSAWC/N6, NAS Fallon, NV 89496SWATSLANT, NAS Oceana, VA 23460-5206TACTRAGRULANT, Dam Neck, VA 23461TACGRU TWO, NAV Little Creek, VA 23521

Air Force

HQ ACC, Langley AFB, VA 23665HQ USAFE, APO AE 09094-5015HQ USAFSOS, Hurlburt Field, FL 32544-5225HQ 8th AF, Barksdale AFB, LA 71110Det 6, 57 Wing, Ft Irwin, CA 92310-5007AFDC/DJ, Langley AFB, VA 23665USAFAGOS, Nellis AFB, NV 89191

I-1

Chapter I

THE JOINT FORCE

1. Background

It is important that personnel assignedto or working with the Theater Air-GroundSystem (TAGS) understand the decision-making processes and problems associatedwith the operational level of command.Armed with this knowledge, commandersand staffs will better understand TAGSfunctions and how to work within thesystem to receive or give support. Actionsat the joint force level establish the “groundrules” for the TAGS, including the theatercommander in chief’s (CINC’s) guidance,perspective, and strategy; the CINC or jointforce commander’s (JFC’s) theater/jointoperations area (JOA) strategy, commandorganization and relationships; thecampaign plan; assignment of objectives;and apportionment of forces. This chaptersummarizes the joint task force (JTF) levelconsiderations and organizational optionsthat influence theater air-groundoperations. It describes the role of the JFC,command relationships, the role andresponsibilities of the joint force aircomponent commander (JFACC), andTAGS joint liaison requirements.

2. Establishing the JTF

The Secretary of Defense, a CINC (alsoreferred to as a commander of a combatantcommand), subordinate unified com-mander, or an existing JFC establishesJTFs. Joint forces are established on eithera geographic or functional basis.Establishing a joint force based on ageographic area is the most commonmethod of assigning responsibility forcontinuing operations. This publicationapplies to a JTF established on a geographicarea basis since functional JTFs aretypically associated with unified commandsfor transportation, space, specialoperations (SO), and strategic operations.

3. JFC

If the CINCs decide to delegateauthority for an assigned mission, they willdesignate a JFC to command a subordinateJTF. In this publication, JFC means eithera theater combatant commander or asubordinate who is designated a JFC. TheJFC has the authority to organize forces tobest accomplish the assigned mission basedon the concept of operations by establishingsubordinate commands, assigning respon-sibilities, establishing or delegatingappropriate command and supportrelationships, and establishing coordi-nating instructions for the componentcommanders. The JFC has full authorityto assign missions, redirect efforts, anddirect coordination among subordinatecommanders and will exercise operationalcontrol (OPCON) over assigned and(normally) attached forces. The JFC willassemble a joint staff with appropriatemembers in key positions of responsibilityfrom each service or functional componenthaving significant forces assigned to thecommand. The manner in which JFCsorganize their forces directly affects theresponsiveness and versatility of joint forceoperations. According to Joint Publication3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations, the JFC’svision and concept of operations are thebasis for organizing forces to accomplishthe mission.

4. Components of the Joint Force

All joint forces include servicecomponent commands, which provideadministrative and logistic support.Normally, the JFC will establish functionalcomponent commands to providecentralized direction and control of certainfunctions and types of operations when itis feasible and necessary to fixresponsibility. The need for a functional

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component command applies when thescope of operations require that similarcapabilities or functions of forces from morethan one service be directed toward closelyrelated objectives and where unity ofcommand and effort are primaryconsiderations. Joint force land, air,maritime, and SO components areexamples of functional components.Normally, functional component com-manders also serve as service componentcommanders but with staff augmentation(expertise) to make them joint. Most often,joint forces are organized with acombination of service and functionalcomponent commands (see Figure I-1).

5. JFACCAlthough the concept of a functional

component can apply to any joint forcecapability, when considering theater airoperations as a whole and the TAGSspecifically, the role of a JFACC requiresspecific attention. The JFC will normallydesignate a JFACC to exploit thecapabilities of joint air operations. TheJFACC directs this exploitation through acohesive joint air operations plan(centralized control) and a responsive andintegrated control system (decentralizedexecution). The JFC will normally assignJFACC responsibilities to the componentcommander having the preponderance of

Figure I-1. Theater Organization Overview

J OIN T FOR C EC OM M A ND ER

(J FC )

M A RINE CO RPSFO RC ES

(M A RF OR )

N AVY FO RC ES

(N AVF OR )

A IR FO RC EFO RC ES(A FFO R)

A RM Y FO RC ES(A RF OR )

SPEC IA L OPER A TIO NS

FO RC ES(SOF )

FORCES /CAP ABILITY

MADE AVAILABLE

J OIN T FOR C ESPEC IA L O PSC OM PON EN T

J OIN T FOR C EM A RITIM E

C OM PON EN T

J OIN T FOR C EA IR

C OM PON EN T

J OIN T FOR C E LA N D

C OM PON EN T

FORCES /CAP ABILITY

MADE AVAILABLE

FORCES /CAP ABILITY

MADE AVAILABLE

FORCES /CAP ABILITY

MADE AVAILABLE

Com mand relat ions(s) as determ ined by JFC

M A RINEC OR PS

C OM PON EN T

N AVY C OM PON EN T

A IR FO RC EC OM PON EN T

A RM Y C OM PON EN T

SPEC IA L OEPR A TIO NSC OM PON EN T

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air assets and the capability to plan, task,and control joint air operations. In somecases, it may be necessary for a naval officerto function as the JFACC at sea, especiallyin quick-breaking operations before land-based air contingents are in place or whensignificant land-based air assets are notrequired. (See Chapter IV and Appendix E).

The authority, command relationships,and responsibilities of the JFACC areestablished by the JFC. These typicallyinclude exercising OPCON over assignedand attached forces, tactical control(TACON) over forces made available fortasking, or receiving direct support (DS)from other military capabilities/forces. TheJFACC is also normally responsible for, butis not limited to, planning, coordinating,allocating, and tasking of joint airoperations based on the JFC’s guidance andobjectives that include the airapportionment decision. Specific JFACCresponsibilities normally include—

a. Developing a joint air operations planto best support joint force objectives asassigned by the JFC or higher authority.

b. Recommending to the JFCapportionment of the joint air effort, afterconsulting with other componentcommanders, by percentage and/or bypriority that should be devoted to thevarious air operations and/or geographicareas for a given period of time.

c. Providing centralized direction forthe allocation and tasking of capabilities/forces made available based on the JFC’sguidance and objectives, which include anapportionment decision.

d. Controlling execution of joint airoperations as specified by the JFC, toinclude making timely adjustments totargeting and tasking of available jointcapabilities/forces.

e. Coordinating joint air operationswith operations of other componentcommanders and forces assigned to orsupporting the JFC.

f. Evaluating the results of joint airoperations and forwarding combatassessments (CAs) to the JFC to supportthe overall combat assessment effort.

g. Performing the duties of the airspacecontrol authority (ACA), when assignedthat responsibility by the JFC.

h. Performing the duties of the area airdefense commander (AADC), whenassigned that responsibility by the JFC.

6. Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC)

The JFACC’s staff should be organizedand manned so that componentrepresentation reflects the composition ofthe joint force. This representation willprovide the JFACC with the expertiseneeded to effectively employ thecapabilities/forces made available. Theheart of the JFACC’s organization is theJAOC, which is structured to operate as afully integrated facility and staffed to fulfillall of the JFACC’s responsibilities. JFACCorganizations may differ based on thespecific area of responsibility (AOR) or JOArequirements and operations. However,the four organizations or functions that arecommon to all JAOCs are—strategy, combatplans, combat operations, and air mobility.Planning “future joint air operations” is theresponsibility of combat plans, whichincludes the responsibility of drafting thejoint air operations' plan to support theJFC’s campaign objectives and building thedaily joint air tasking order (ATO).Execution of the daily joint ATO is carriedout by combat operations. The role ofintelligence is also extremely importantand is an integral part of the daily functionof combat plans and combat operations.

a. Component Liaisons. The componentcommanders have ready access to theJFACC and the JAOC staff through theircomponent liaisons. These liaison officers(LNOs) work for their respectivecomponent commanders and work with theJFACC and JAOC staff. Senior componentliaisons serve as conduits for directcoordination between the JFACC and their

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respective component commanders. Seniorliaisons possess the credibility andauthority to represent their componentcommander on time sensitive and criticalissues.

b. Coordination Elements. Each com-ponent normally provides liaison elements(for example, battlefield coordinationdetachment [BCD], naval and amphibiousliaison element [NALE], special operationsliaison element [SOLE], Marine liaisonofficer [MARLO], etc.) that work within theJAOC. These liaison elements consist ofexperienced warfare specialists whoprovide component planning and taskingexpertise and coordination capabilities.These experts help integrate and coordi-nate their component’s participation injoint air operations. They also coordinateand deconflict component direct support airoperations with joint air operations.

7. Joint Liaison Requirements

Effective liaison between forces isessential for coordinated TAGS operationsand is a key factor in the success of jointoperations. A notional joint force liaisonstructure is depicted in Figure I-2. LNOsserve as their parent commanders’ eyes andears as well as their representative to theJFACC on matters of service capabilitiesand limitations. LNOs need to have clearlydefined parameters to take action andmake decisions on operational matters.Functional component commanders, whoare also service component commanders,will use parent service liaison elements.If the JFACC is at sea, space andcommunications limitations may restrictliaison element size and capability.Service component liaison elements arediscussed in detail in succeeding chapters.

Figure I-2. Notional Joint Force Liaison Structure

B ila tera l co ordin ation

JFC

JT CBC HIEF

OF STA FF

C OMPON EN TLIAISON

ELEMEN TS

J-3J-2

JFACC

JAOC

OT H ER SE RVIC EA ND /OR

F UN C TION A L C OM PON EN T S

BCDMARL O

NAL ESO LE

SL OAME

JIC/JISE JOC

OT H ERST A FF

EL EM EN TS

AFL E

LIA ISONELEMEN TS

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8. Targeting

Targeting is the process of selectingtargets and matching them with theappropriate response, lethal or nonlethal,destructive or disruptive. From a TAGSperspective, the targeting process directlyaffects the preparation of the ATO. Forthe TAGS to work effectively, the jointtargeting process and the joint ATO cyclemust be synchronized. Targeting is donein accordance with the JFC’s campaignplan, taking into account operationalrequirements and capabilities andassessing the effects of attacks againstspecified targets. It is performed at alllevels within the joint force. Personnelworking ATO development mustunderstand the targeting process to fullyrealize its impact on the TAGS. The CINC/JFC may establish organizations toaccomplish broad targeting oversightfunctions such as the Joint TargetingCoordination Board (JTCB). The JFCsmay task an organization and its staff toaccomplish broad targeting oversightfunctions or may delegate theresponsibility to a subordinate com-mander. If the JFC so designates, a JTCBmay be established as an integrating centerfor this effort or a JFC-level reviewmechanism. In either case, it needs to bea joint activity composed of repre-sentatives from the staff, all components,and, if required, their subordinate units.The JTCB typically reviews targetinginformation, develops targeting guidanceand priorities, and may prepare and refinejoint target lists. The JTCB should alsomaintain a complete list of restrictedtargets and areas where specialoperations forces (SOF) are operating toavoid endangering current or futureoperations.

9. AADC and ACABecause the TAGS integrates

activities and communications among allair-ground systems, it is important todefine two additional functions that affectthe structure and execution of the TAGS—the AADC and ACA.

a. AADC. Within a unified command;subordinate unified command; or JFC, thecommander will assign overall responsi-bility for air defense to a single commander,commonly referred to as the AADC.Normally, this will be the componentcommander with the preponderance of airdefense capability and the command,control, and communications (C3)capability to plan and execute integratedair defense operations. Representationfrom the other components involved will beprovided, as appropriate, to the air defensecommander’s headquarters.

b. ACA. The JFC will additionallydesignate an ACA to assume overallresponsibility for the operation of theairspace control system. The ACA developsbroad policies and procedures for airspacecontrol and coordinates as required amongunits within the AOR/JOA, subject to theauthority and approval of the JFC.

Because of the integrated relationshipbetween airspace control measures and airdefense operations, AADC and ACA dutiesnormally should be performed by the sameperson, who may also be performing theduties of the JFACC. Regardless of whofulfills these functions and responsibilities,the three must be integrated in order tounite overall air operations in support ofthe JFC’s campaign.

10. Conclusion

In the first stages of crisis managementor in the establishment of the JTF, it iscritical to assign duties and responsibilitiesto the component commanders and thejoint staff. The early assignment ofresponsibilities such as the JFACC, ACA,and AADC allows maximum time tocoordinate and plan operations.Additionally, the early establishment of aJTCB and the JAOC facilitates immediateimplementation of the TAGS and ensuresadequate information will flow up and downthe chain of command as well as laterallybetween components.

II-1

Chapter II

ARMY COMPONENT

1. Background

This chapter provides an understandingof the process of synchronizing andintegrating United States Army capabilitieswithin the TAGS. It outlines componentcapabilities and provides an overview ofplanning considerations and the commandand control (C2) architecture in support ofground operations and the Army Air-Ground System (AAGS). This chapter isdesigned for sailors, airmen, and marineswho work in joint, multinational, andinteragency air-ground operations with theArmy.

2. Mission

The Army’s mission is to protect anddefend the Constitution of the UnitedStates of America and does so by deterringwar and, when deterrence fails, by achievingquick and decisive victory—on and off thebattlefield—anywhere in the world andunder virtually any conditions as part of ajoint team. The Army is the major groundforce provider for decisive combatoperations. Whether fighting a largeconventional force, elusive insurgency,effects of a natural disaster, or preemptingopen conflict, the Army's constant aim is toseize the initiative, maintain momentum,and exploit success.

3. Component Operations

Army component operations areinherently joint and often multinational.Army forces (ARFOR) must be prepared toconduct operations with variousgovernmental and nongovernmentalagencies, other services, and the forces ofother nations. Army doctrine and systems,especially C2 and targeting, are designedto expedite the employment of organic fires

and supporting forces to enhance the effectsof maneuver. FM 100-5, Operations, is theArmy’s keystone warfighting doctrinalmanual. Successful joint air-groundoperations require a fundamentalunderstanding of force capabilities andsome key aspects of the Army.

a. Essential Characteristics of ArmyOperations. Five operational charac-teristics (agility, depth, initiative,orchestration, and versatility) provide thefoundation for current Army doctrine,tactics, and techniques. The TAGS assistsArmy commanders in the application of allfive characteristics, especially depth andorchestration.

(1) Depth. Depth is the extensionof operations in time, space, resources, andpurpose. Through the use of depth, theArmy component commander obtains thenecessary space to maneuver effectively;the time necessary to plan, arrange, andexecute operations; and the resourcesrequired to win engagements, battles, andmajor operations and exploit success. TheTAGS helps Army commanders attack theenemy simultaneously, throughout thebattlespace, by facilitating rapid decon-fliction and coordination to effectivelyemploy available fires. Operations in depthdegrade enemy freedom of action, reducetheir flexibility and endurance, and disrupttheir plans and coordination.

(2) Orchestration. Orchestrationmeans to arrange, develop, organize, orcombine to achieve a desired or maximumeffect. Orchestration describes the meansby which commanders apply thecomplementary and reinforcing effects ofall military assets to overwhelm opponentsat one or more decisive points.Orchestration requires controlling thetempo of operations as well as weighting

II-2

and shifting efforts in a dynamicenvironment.

Orchestration often implies differentactivities for different levels of command.In tactical operations, it is routinely seenin the synchronized application of combatpower. Operationally it means applyingthe right mix of forces, using the rightdegree of control, and operating at the righttempo at the right level of intensity toaccomplish assigned missions. Operation-ally and strategically, it routinely requiresthe coordination and direction of a greatnumber of disparate, seemingly unrelated,yet complementary activities. Effectiveorchestration requires anticipation, agility,mastery of time-space relationships, and acomplete understanding of how friendlyand enemy capabilities interact.

Orchestration includes synchronizationand is the arrangement of activity in time,space, and purpose to produce maximumrelative military power at a decisive point.It usually requires explicit coordinationamong the various units participating in anoperation. In the TAGS, continuous andaggressive involvement by LNOs, strongcommand, disciplined operations, anddetailed situational awareness areessential to synchronizing operations andlimiting fratricide.

b. Battlespace. Commanders do notpursue operations in a vacuum but musttake into account the total operationalenvironment. Battlespace is a comprehen-sive, conceptual view of the operationalenvironment and all factors that influencethe success of a military operation.Battlespace extends beyond the traditionalnotions of width, depth, and height. Itincludes portions of the electromagneticspectrum as well as the dimension of time.It also incorporates human considerations,not only soldiers but also civilianpopulations—indigenous peoples in thearea of operations and citizens and familiesin the United States (US). Commandersshape the dimensions of battlespace interms of time, space, activity, andsimultaneity:

(1) Time. Commanders visualize thetime dimension of battlespace with respectto current and future operations. Currentoperations address ongoing operations andtheir immediate impact on missionaccomplishment. Current operationsgenerate the conditions for the success offuture operations that the Army envisionsas necessary but not yet feasible. Toaccomplish the mission, ARFOR adjusttiming and tempo to best exploit friendlycapabilities. What is important is thetiming of the effects achieved rather thanthe chronological application of force orcapabilities. Commanders devise a timingthat orchestrates those effects in time,space, and purpose. Tempo is more thanspeed. Tempo is the rate of operationsrelative to operational circumstances or anadversary’s ability to sense and react.ARFOR seek a tempo superior to that oftheir opponent; however, they generallypay a price through greater fatigue andresource expenditure.

(2) Space. The commander’s con-ceptual view of space encompasses theentire physical volume where friendly andenemy systems can influence the successof a military operation. The potential forland forces to conduct noncontiguousoperations has increased. In noncontiguousoperations, land forces may operate inisolated pockets, connected only throughthe reinforcing and complementary effectsof an integrated concept of operations.Noncontiguous operations place a premiumon initiative, effective informationoperations, mobility, and innovativelogistics measures.

(3) Activity. Commanders organizemilitary activities in battlespace throughcampaigns, major operations, battles andengagements, and operational frameworks.JFCs synchronize the actions of air, land,sea, space, and SOF to achieve strategic andoperational objectives through integratedcampaigns, joint campaigns, and majoroperations. Military activities are furtherorganized in an operational framework—grouped activities organized for

II-3

simultaneous, complementary, andreinforcing effect. These groupings arebased on purpose rather than location. Mostoperational frameworks include elementsof close, deep, and rear operations.Reconnaissance is a component of close,deep, and rear operations. It is an all-encompassing component that sees theenemy commander's organization,disposition, capabilities, and intents.These elements appear to the enemy as anoverwhelming, seamless operationthroughout the depth of their battlespace.

(a) Close operations at anyechelon comprise the current activities ofthe forces and capabilities in contact todefeat an adversary or control a situation.Close operations will normally includesecurity, main and supporting efforts, andreserve operations. Security and reserveoperations are components of closeoperations. Security operations blindenemy attempts to see ARFOR, shieldingthe other elements of the framework—close, deep, rear, and reserve—fromunwanted observation and enemy strikes.Reserve operations are conducted by unitswithheld from action or uncommitted to aspecific course of action so that they areavailable for commitment at a decisivepoint. Their primary task is to retainflexibility through offensive action. Theyare the commander’s insurance against theuncertainty and friction of militaryoperations. Therefore, reserves are key tooffensive action to seize the initiative,maintain momentum, or exploit success.

(b) Deep operations at anyechelon comprise the activities of forcesand capabilities to control a future situationor defeat adversaries before they can bringforces into contact. Deep operations mayreinforce close operations through actionstaken in time and space to complement andmake possible the near-term closeoperation.

(c) Rear operations at anyechelon comprise those activities designed

to ensure freedom of action and continuityof operations, logistics, and command. Rearoperations are not only key to sustainingclose operations, they are critical forrecovering from reverses or exploitingsuccess in future operations. At theoperational level, rear operations focus onpreparing for the next phase of thecampaign or major operation. At thetactical level, rear activities underwrite thetempo of operations, ensuring the agilityto take advantage of any opportunitywithout hesitation or delay.

(4) Simultaneity. Across the battle-space dimensions of time, space, andactivity, the Army seeks to achievesimultaneity—the ideal in the Americanway of war. Simultaneity in timeoverwhelms opposing commanders with awide range of immediate decisionrequirements. Simultaneity in spacepresents opposing forces with devastatingconsequences throughout the depth of thebattlespace. Simultaneity in purposeorchestrates the linkage between allactivities in the operational framework,ensuring that close, deep, rear, reserve, andreconnaissance and security operations areall directed to the ultimate end state.

c. Command Posts (CPs). To C2 theirdesignated area of operations, brigadethrough corps commanders normallyestablish three CPs: tactical (TAC), maintactical operations center (TOC), and rear.The function of each varies; however, TableII-1 reflects the generic functions usuallyaccomplished at each.

d. Capabilities. Land forces can pro-vide lethal and nonlethal fires in supportof air operations through suppression ofenemy air defenses (SEAD), ground basedefense, and attack and interdiction ofenemy aviation and missile forces. TheArmy provides the following capabilities tothe TAGS:

(1) Ground Maneuver. Groundmaneuver forces provide C2, targeting

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support, and serve as approval authorityfor the AAGS from task force through corpslevel. Maneuver is the movement of combatforces to gain positional advantages,usually in order to deliver or to threatendelivery of direct and indirect fires. It isthe means of concentrating forces atdecisive points to achieve surprise,psychological shock, and physicalmomentum. Advantages gained by groundforces are unique to maneuver warfare andare the essence of seizing, physicallyoccupying, and holding key terrain. Theseadvantages cannot be replicated by othermeans.

(2) Fire Support System. Firesupport is the collective and coordinateduse of indirect-fire weapons and otherlethal and nonlethal means in support of acommander’s battle plan. The commanderemploys the fire support system to supportthe scheme of maneuver; mass fires; anddelay, disrupt, or destroy enemy forces indepth.

(3) Army Aviation. Army aviationperforms the full spectrum of combat,combat support, and combat servicesupport missions. Aviation units destroyenemy forces by fire and maneuver;perform target acquisition and recon-naissance; enhance C2; and move combatpersonnel, supplies, and equipment incompliance with the scheme of maneuver.

In the area of fire or ground support, Armyaviation functions in the following roles:

(a) Attack Helicopter Opera-tions. Normally attack helicopters areemployed as maneuver forces in combinedarms operations to accomplish thecommander’s mission. They are ideallysuited for rapidly developing situations inwhich available reaction time is minimal orwhere terrain restricts ground forces. Theycan operate effectively in the close, deep,and rear battles. Attack helicopters mayalso contribute to joint counterair andtheater missile defense (TMD) throughoffensive and defensive counterairoperations and attack operations againsttheater missile launchers. In addition,attack helicopters are capable of providingclose support, if tasked.

(b) Aerial Forward Observation.Army aviation provides aerial observationand transports field artillery forwardobservers (FOs), aviation LNOs, or AirForce enlisted terminal air controllers(ETACs) to vantage points where FOs cancall for/adjust fires and where air liaisonofficers (ALOs) and ETACs can provideterminal control for attacking aircraft.Army aviation can also provide terminalcontrol for close air support (CAS) as wellas target designation (to include lasing) forthe attack of targets.

Table II-1. Command Post Functions

TAC M AIN TOC RE AR

PRIMA RY• C on duc ts the c los e fig ht

PRIMA RY• O rch es tr ates the b attle• Co ndu cts the d eep f igh t• P lans fu tu re f ights

PRIMA RY• S u ppo rts the ba tt le• C on duc ts rear a re a ope rat ion s

SEC ON DA RY• M onitors the de ep & rea r f ights• P la ns

SEC ON DA RY• Co or dina te s c om ba t se rv ic e s upp or t• M onitors the ba tt le• C on duc ts c los e fig ht w he n TA C C P dis p lac es

SEC ON DA RY• S e rv es a s the ba ck up to the m a in CP• P la ns

II-5

(c) Air Reconnaissance. Airreconnaissance units obtain and reportnear-real-time and real-time intelligence tosupport effective targeting and battledamage assessment.

(d) Electronic Warfare (EW).Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft provide avariety of EW support, including directionfinding, electronic combat, communicationsintercept, and electronic target acquisition.

(e) Airborne and Air AssaultOperations. Army aviation, as part of ajoint or single-service operation, canprovide airlift support to airborne or airassault forces to operations in close, deep,and rear areas during day and night.

(f) Air Movement of WeaponsSystems and/or Ammunition. Cargo andutility aircraft offer speed of movementand flexibility for the employment of firesupport units. They provide the com-mander another alternative to rapidlydisplace field artillery assets in support ofdeep operations or as a rapid reactionresponse to threats in the rear area.

(g) C2 for Joint Air Attack Team(JAAT) Operations. JAAT missions en-hance the effectiveness of rotary-wingaircraft conducting combined air-to-groundattack operations in close coordinationwith fixed-wing aircraft from otherservices. JAAT operations capitalize on thestrengths of each platform and minimizefriendly aircraft exposure andvulnerability. These operations requiredetailed coordination among components.Upon receipt of a JAAT mission, themission commander assumes responsibilityfor the coordination and execution of JAAToperations. (For more detailed informationon JAAT operations see MultiserviceProcedures for Joint Air Attack TeamOperations.)

(4) Army Air Defense. The Armyplays a substantial role in overallcounterair operations. The unity of effort

under the AADC’s weapons control and airdefense procedures and the horizontal andvertical coordinations among the airdefense elements ensure synchronizationbetween the counterair operations of theArmy and the other services. Defensivecounterair (DCA) operations conducted byARFOR respond to immediate enemy airthreats. The Army’s primary DCA force isair defense artillery (ADA), which providesdedicated low-to-high altitude air defensesystems to protect the force and selectedgeopolitical assets from air and missilethreats. ADA and other combined armsforces integrate fires to ensure freedom ofmaneuver for our forces from the enemy’sair threat.

4. Planning

a. Operation Plans/Orders (OPLANs/OPORDs). Army combat plans and ordersare important to the TAGS because theyprovide the task organization, missionstatement, commander’s intent, andconcept of the operation of Army unitsconducting the operation. Key componentsare—

(1) Task Organization. Informationregarding how the command is taskorganized to accomplish the mission can befound immediately preceding paragraph 1,Situation, or as an annex to an order or plan(normally, Annex A).

(2) Mission Statement. The missionstatement is the commander’s expressionof the task the unit must accomplish andfor what purpose. A precise, clear missionstatement that subordinates understandbefore and during the operation is vital tomission success. The mission statementexplains the essence of the operation: who,what, when, where, and why. Atoperational levels of command, com-manders anticipate change by continuallyreassessing the stated mission in light ofchanging strategic and operationalconditions.

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(3) Commander’s Intent. The com-mander’s intent is the commander’s clear,concise statement of what the force mustdo to succeed with respect to the enemy andthe terrain and the desired end state. Itprovides the link between the mission andthe concept of operations by stating keytasks that, along with the mission, are thebasis for subordinates to exercise initiativewhen unanticipated opportunities arise orwhen the original concept of operation nolonger applies.

(4) The Concept of the Operation.In the chaos of conflict, order is conceptualrather than physical. The operational ortactical concept of operations describes howArmy commanders visualize the majoroperation, battle, or engagement unfolding.It is a creative act—a design thatcoordinates all activities in pursuit of theend state. The concept is based on thecommander’s selected course of action andexpresses how each element of the force willcooperate to accomplish the mission.Whereas the focus of the commander’sintent is on the end state for the force as awhole, the focus of the commander’s conceptof operations is on the method by which allelements of the force will cooperate togenerate complementary and reinforcingeffects. The operational-level Armycommander ensures that the concept isconsistent with the stated intent (seeparagraph 4a[3] above), as well as the JFC’sintent and strategic direction. Throughoutthe echelons of command, the concept ofoperations are vertically and horizontallyintegrated to ensure unity of effort andpurpose. More detailed information on howthe Army commander plans to coordinatethe use of air power to support the schemeof maneuver can be found in the air supportappendix of the fire support annex(normally, Annex C).

(5) Logistics. Paragraph 4, ServiceSupport, outlines key logistical con-siderations for employment and sustain-ment of assets.

(6) Communications. Paragraph 5,Command and Signal, outlines the

command hierarchy and assigns appro-priate frequencies, call signs, and code-words for units and attachments in supportof planned operations.

b. Targeting Process. Targeting is asignificant part of the Army’s participationin the TAGS planning process. The Armycommander uses the targeting process toshape the battlespace and to synchronizefire support and maneuver. It enables theattack of the right target with the bestweapon at the right time. It is the processof selecting targets and matching theappropriate response to them on the basisof operational requirements and capa-bilities. Emphasis is on identifyingresources that the enemy can least affordto lose, degrading the enemy’s ability totake the initiative, and forcing the enemyto conform to friendly battle plans. A tar-get may be an enemy function, formation,facility, equipment, or piece of terrain. Theselection of targets must support theground commander’s battle plan. The tar-geting process requires coordinationamong multidisciplined groups, whichinclude fire support, intelligence, opera-tions, planning cell, and liaison personnel.The process begins with the receipt of amission and continues through develop-ment and execution of an OPLAN. Itfocuses on developing a high-payoff targetlist (HPTL) that specifies which targets areto be acquired, attacked, and when; whatthe desired effects on the targets are; andwhich ones should be selected fordeliberate follow-up attack and/or CA.From this list, the commander decideswhich attack option or combination ofoptions to use and whether to requestsupport from other components of the jointforce. Therefore, the process not onlysupports the commander’s operationalintent but also helps select the method ofattack and identifies what asset willconduct the attack. The Army and MarineCorps use a proactive methodology toconduct targeting called decide-detect-deliver-assess (D3A), which is applicable toall targeting situations and any echelon ofcommand.

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(1) Decide. The decide functionprovides the focus and priorities forintelligence collection management andattack planning. Decisions include whichtargets should be acquired and attacked,where and when they will most likely befound, who can locate them, how theyshould be attacked, and whether CA isrequired. To assist the commander indeciding what should be attacked, the staffuses a process called intelligencepreparation of the battlespace (IPB). IPBis a continuous systematic analysis of theenemy, weather, and terrain in a specificgeographic area to evaluate threatcapabilities and predict likely enemycourses of action. The IPB processfacilitates target value analysis (TVA). TVAlinks the effects of attacking a targetdirectly to the targeting function andinvolves detailed analysis of enemydoctrine, tactics, equipment, organization,and expected behavior. TVA listingsindicate which targets are important,which are vulnerable, and when and wherethey are likely to be most vulnerable.Through TVA, the staff identifies thoseassets that the enemy commander requiresfor the successful completion of the mission.These are identified as high-value targets(HVTs). Because these targets are key tothe enemy commander’s success, they arenormally given a higher priority for attack.If a HVT can be successfully acquired, isvulnerable to attack, and if such an attacksupports the commander’s scheme ofmaneuver, the target may be nominatedas a high-payoff target (HPT). Once HPTshave been identified and nominated, theyare grouped into a list that identifies themfor a specific point in the battle in order ofpriority. The completed HPTL is submittedto the commander and, when approved,becomes a formal part of the fire supportplan. It is then passed to the units andtargeting elements. HPTs, when success-fully attacked, contribute substantially tothe success of the friendly commander’splans.

(2) Detect. Detect maximizes allavailable assets, ensuring that appropriate

sensors are in position at prescribed timesto search for specific HPTs. When detected,the target location is communicated tocommand elements for confirmation of theattack decision or directly to an attacksystem, if the target detection is designatedas an attack trigger event. The intelligencesection (G-2/S2) is the main staff elementresponsible for the detection efforts againstHPTs.

(3) Deliver. The attack of targetsmust satisfy the guidance developed in thedecide function, requiring a number oftactical and technical decisions/actions.The tactical decisions include the time ofattack, the desired effects, and the specificattack system to be used. The technicaldecisions include the precise deliverymeans, number and type of munitions, unitto conduct the attack, and attacking unit’sresponse time.

(4) Assess. CA is a timely andaccurate estimate of damage resulting fromthe use of military force, either lethal ornonlethal, against a target. As a part of thetargeting process, CA specifically pertainsto the results of attacks on targetsdesignated by the commander. Althoughprimarily an intelligence function, itrequires extensive coordination withoperational elements to be effective.

c. Air Operations. Control of the air byfriendly forces enables land forces toexecute operations without interferencefrom enemy air forces and maintain tacticalflexibility. Enemy strengths in terms offorces, supplies, and combat reserves aremost vulnerable to air attack whenconcentrated before dispersing to theirbattle areas. While the urgency of enemyactions may require direct attack againstforces in contact, air power is moreefficiently used to interdict in-depth thosetargets whose destruction, disruption, ordelay will deny the enemy the time andspace to employ forces effectively. Asynchronized, systematic, and persistentplan of attack between air and landcommanders is essential. Air component

II-8

JOC

functions that contribute directly to landoperations are strategic attack, counterair,counterland (CAS and air interdiction [AI]),SO, airlift, and surveillance andreconnaissance (see Chapter III for moredetailed information). Land forces alsocontribute to air operations by providingfires, including long-range rocket, missile,and cannon interdiction; attack helicoptermissions; and EW. Long-range firessupport SEAD, ground base defense, andattacks and interdiction of enemy aviationand theater missile forces.

5. Command and Control

a. AAGS. The Army’s control systemfor synchronizing, coordinating, andintegrating air operations with thecommander’s scheme of maneuver is theAAGS. The AAGS provides the means toinitiate, receive, process, and executerequests for air support and to disseminateinformation and intelligence produced by

aerial assets. Although some elementswithin AAGS belong to different services(for example, air/naval gunfire liaisoncompany [ANGLICO], tactical air controlparty [TACP], etc.) and sometimes todifferent nations, they function as a singleentity in planning, coordinating,deconflicting, and integrating air supportoperations with ground operations. TheArmy elements of the AAGS consist ofoperations, fire support, air defense, Armyairspace command and control (A2C2), andcoordination/liaison elements (see FigureII-1). Note: The term Army airspacecommand and control does not denote thatany airspace contiguous to the battlefieldor any other geographical dimension ofairspace is designated “Army” airspace butrefers to management, integration, andutilization of the airspace by airspaceusers over the Army’s area of operations.Neither does it imply command of anyasset that is not assigned or OPCON to anArmy commander.

CRC

ADABN

CORPS

CP

FSE

A2C2

BN

BDE

DIV

CPFSE

TACP

TACP ASOC

CPFSE

CPFSE

ANGLICO

X

II

XX

XXX

ADABDE

A2C2TACP

TACP

JFCJOC

AFFOR/JFACCARFOR

STRATLAT

TALCE

GLO

BCDMARLONALESOLE

WOC

AIRCRAFT

JAOC

AMESLO

SOCCE

Joint STARS

II

XAMLS

ADA

SALT

ANGPLT

ARMY

CP

DOCC

XXXX

AIR FORCE AIR REQUEST NET

Normal liaison if AFFOR is designated JFACC.

Coordination links for strategic and theater airlift.

Figure II-1. AAGS Coordination Links

Coordination links for strategic and theater airlift................. Normal liaison if AFFOR is desginated JFACC

JOC

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(1) Operations. In joint operations,adjustments are made for service-specificoperating procedures. At each echelondown to division level, the commander isresponsible for integrating fire support,deconflicting the airspace, andcoordinating air support as required. TheAAGS is the Army’s operational approachto accomplish the functional activity ofairspace C2. The operations officer (G-3)is responsible for staff supervision of allArmy component air-ground operationsexcept combat service support airlift, whichis the responsibility of the logistics officer(G-4), and air reconnaissance andsurveillance, which is the responsibility ofthe G-2.

(2) Fire Support. From brigade tocorps-level, the force field artillerycommander is the commander’s designatedfire support coordinator (FSCOORD). Assuch, the FSCOORD is responsible foroverall direction of the fire support systemand for ensuring that all available firesupport means are fully synchronized withthe battle plan. The FSCOORD normallyoperates through a fire support element(FSE) as part of a fire support cell at each

echelon of command (see Figure II-2). Afire support cell may include liaisonelements from the Air Force and Navy. TheFSCOORD plans and coordinatesengagement of surface targets, targetacquisition, radar emplacement, counter-fire operations, and deception operationsby fire support means. The four basic tasksof fire support are—support the force incontact, support the force commander’sbattle plan, synchronize fire support, andsustain the fire support system.

(3) Army Air Defense. Overallcounterair operations support the strategicobjectives of the JFC’s campaign plan.These operations support the JFC’s intentand concept of the operation by achievingtwo primary operational objectives: gainingcontrol of the air environment andprotecting the force. The JFC’s designatedAADC executes control of DCA unitsthrough positive and procedural controls.The AADC establishes rules of engagement(ROE) and, in conjunction with the ACA(which the AADC may also be), implementsprocedural airspace controls. Suchprocedural controls include airspacecontrol measures that facilitate the

JAO C

*T A C C /J S O A C C

F A CN G F O

I IIA LO /N G F O

F S C O O R D /F SCG - 3

A S O C /D A S C

XX/XXX

R EQU EST CH AN N ELS

IN TER M ED IATE MO NIT OR IN G(Fil l if ab le / silence = c onsent)

F EED BAC K CH AN N ELSUnfilled Requ est

Approva l /D is approva l

Approva l /D is approva l

A LO /N G F OF S O /F S C

S 3

*A pp l ica b le t o M arin e or S O F Re q ue s t*Applicable to Marine or SOF request

ALO/NGFO FSO/FSC S3

REQUEST CHANNELS

FEEDBACK CHANNELS

INTERMEDIATE MONITORING (Fill if able/silence = consent)

ALO/NGFO FSCOORD/FSC G-3

ASOC/DASC

JAOC

*TACC/JSOACC

Unfilled Request

Approval/Disapproval

Approval/Disapproval

...............

....................

.................

.....

..... ...................... ...........

Figure II-2. Immediate CAS Request Channels

FACNGFOFIST

II-10

integration and synchronization of airdefense assets into air operations tooptimize airspace use, protect friendlyunits, and prevent fratricide. Theseairspace control measures aredisseminated and updated via the airspacecontrol order (ACO), which may bepublished in conjunction with the ATO.Positive control is accomplished by utilizingthe electromagnetic spectrum to track andidentify friendly, hostile, and unknown airassets. Once the JFC provides guidanceand sorties are allocated, the AADC makescombat air patrol (CAP) placementrecommendations and works closely withthe JFACC staff to coordinate ATOdevelopment, integration, and dis-semination. Based on the AADC's airdefense plan, the land componentcommander (LCC) finalizes the air defenseportions of the land component operationsorder. The LCC also designates Armyassets for offensive counterair (OCA), DCA,TMD attack operations, and joint sup-pression of enemy air defenses (J-SEAD)tasks. Army air defense operations areplanned and coordinated at all echelonswithin the land component and integratedinto the AADC’s theater air defense plan.The AADC, through the supporting airoperations center (AOC), may delegateexecution of DCA operations to a service’sprincipal air defense C2 agency, such as theAir Force’s control and reporting center(CRC), which may direct the execution ofair defense for the theater. Further, theAADC may decentralize execution of the airdefense plan to regional air defensecommanders (RADCs). (See Chapter VII formore details on joint air defenseoperations.)

(a) Army Air and MissileDefense Command (AAMDC). The com-mander of the AAMDC is the echelon abovecorps (EAC) ADA commander and servesas the LCC’s special staff officerresponsible for integrating Army assetsinto joint counterair operations. TheAAMDC commander, as part of the landcommander’s G-3 planning cell, assists indeveloping Army OCA and DCA operations

plan and incorporating corps air defenserequirements into the counterair plan. Toplan and execute close, deep, and rear airdefense operations, the BCD’s air defenseofficer provides liaison between theAAMDC and the AADC. The AAMDC mayaugment the BCD ADA section as needed.

(b) EAC ADA Brigade(s). TheEAC ADA brigade(s), under command of theAAMDC, normally provides air and missiledefense coverage for priority theater assets(that is, ports, airfields, logistic bases,cities, etc.). The corps ADA brigadecommander ensures that corps air defenserequirements are integrated into thetheater defense counterair plan bycoordinating air defensive planning withthe AAMDC, adjacent corps, andsubordinate divisions. The EAC and corps-level ADA brigade(s) and their respectivehigh-medium altitude air defense (HIMAD)units are all data linked and under OPCONfor fires to the CRC. If this data link to theCRC is inoperable, units revert toprocedural control. Short range air defense(SHORAD) units normally operate underprocedural controls for air defenseengagements and provide air defensecoverage for the division commander’s airdefense priorities.

(4) A2C2. Under the JFC’s ACA, theA2C2 element is the Army’s principalorganization responsible for airspacecontrol in the Army’s area of operations andis normally located in the TOC. Only corpsand divisions have dedicated A2C2elements, although a limited A2C2capability exists at brigade and battalionlevels, primarily through ADA and aviationliaison to the operations/S3 sections. Corpsand divisional A2C2 elements coordinateand disseminate airspace controlinformation and requirements under thestaff responsibility of the G-3 and aresupervised by the G-3 Air. Armor and lightunits of the Army, from corps throughbattalion, differ in the structure of theirA2C2 elements. Normally, the principalstaff sections and liaison elementscollocated with or included within an A2C2

II-11

element consist of representatives from—ADA, Army aviation, ALO, FSE, EW, airliftstaff representative of the G-4 section, and,when required, ANGLICO. A2C2 elementtasks include—

(a) Identifying and forwardingArmy airspace needs and requests to theACA to be included in the airspace controlplan (ACP) and ACO and to resolveconflicts.

(b) Maintaining A2C2 overlaysand developing A2C2 procedures, plans,standing operating procedures, andannexes to orders/plans.

(c) Coordinating and integratingairspace user requirements within the areaof operations for deconfliction and approvalby the ACP and ACO.

(d) Coordinating Army airspaceuse with other components of a joint forceand with adjacent units.

(e) Advising subordinate andhigher headquarters of significantactivities affecting airspace use.

(f) Advising subordinate andhigher headquarters of the impact ofairspace control measures or restrictionson the ground battle.

(g) Staffing and obtainingapproval for special use airspace.

(5) Coordination/Liaison.

(a) BCD. The primary ARFORliaison to the JFACC is the BCD. The Armycomponent commander establishes a BCDto perform liaison between the ARFOR andthe JFACC. The BCD is collocated withthe JFACC’s senior air operations controlagency, normally the JAOC. The BCD isresponsible to the Army componentcommander and coordinates with andreceives objectives, guidance, and prioritiesfrom the G-3. Guidance and priorities mustbe sufficiently clear to permit the BCD toadjudicate ARFOR needs for air support.The BCD is organized into a headquarters

element and six subsections: plans,operations, intelligence, ADA, airspacemanagement, and airlift.

•The BCD plans sectioncollocates with the JAOC’s combat plansdivision. Its primary functions are––

••Relaying and coordinatingArmy requests for air support and JFACCrequests for support from ground units.

••Providing the JAOC with theArmy commander’s intent, guidance,objectives, priorities for air support, firesupport coordinating measures, andplanned concept of operations.

••Assisting in planning, coordi-nating, and synchronizing J-SEAD and EWoperations.

••Monitoring publication anddistributing of the ATO.

•The BCD operations section iscollocated with the JAOC’s combatoperations division. Its primary functionsare—

••Monitoring execution of thecurrent ATO as it pertains to missionsplanned against Army component-nominated targets as well as the overall airoperations.

••Coordinating all changes thataffect the current ATO and changes in theland forces’ current operations, objectives,priorities, nominated targets, and firesupport coordination measures (FSCMs).

••Keeping abreast of currenttheater policy regarding the integration ofground and air forces and coordinatingtarget attacks beyond a given fire supportcoordination line (FSCL).

•The BCD intelligence sectionprovides intelligence personnel support tothe BCD plans and operations sections andestablishes liaison with the JAOC combat

II-12

plans and operations divisions' intelligencestaff. Its primary functions are—

••Providing information onenemy ground order of battle (OB) andassists in interpreting this information.

••Processing, justifying, andcoordinating Army requests for recon-naissance and EW support.

••Obtaining Army intelligencereports and facilitating the exchange ofintelligence data. Coordinating intelli-gence data for unique targeting require-ments.

••Forwarding validation ofARFOR-nominated targets before attack.

•• Ensuring timely processing ofCA to the ARFOR headquarters andidentifying new targets for attack.

•• Processing ARFOR requestsfor immediate air reconnaissance and EWsupport.

••Providing the current ARFORintelligence picture to the JAOCoperations division.

•The BCD ADA section workswith the operations and plans divisions ofthe JAOC. Its primary functions are—

••Coordinating air defense,TMD, and airspace requirements with theJAOC Army liaison at the CRC and at theland force air defense headquarters. Repre-senting the Army component duringdevelopment of the ACO, the air defenseplan, and ROE.

••Coordinating with the JAOC,Army component headquarters, and Armyair defense headquarters on changes inROE, identification procedures, air defensewarning, ADA employment and deploy-ment, and reporting requirements.

•The BCD airspace manage-ment section works with the operations and

plans divisions of the JAOC. Its primaryfunctions are—

••Coordinating special elec-tronics mission aircraft and deconflictsairspace for Army Tactical Missile System(ATACMS) fire missions.

••Informing and advising theARFOR airspace control element of theimpact of any additions or conflicts onairspace activities and control measures.

••Integrating planned Armyfixed-wing aircraft into the ATO andcoordinating special electronic missionaircraft and the ATACMS firings.Coordinating rotary-wing airspacerequirements with ACA.

•The BCD airlift section iscollocated with the Air Force componentairlift control team (ALCT). Its primaryfunctions are—

••Coordinating and monitoringairlift missions in support of Armycomponent operations.

••Advising the director ofmobility forces (DIRMOBFOR), and staff onall matters pertaining to ARFORoperations and intelligence.

••Monitoring publication, distri-bution, and execution of the theater airliftportion of the ATO.

(b) Deep Operations Coordina-tion Cell (DOCC). The DOCC provides thecommander at the Army and corps level acell dedicated to shaping the battlefield.The DOCC's primary functions, with theassistance of the component staff andliaison elements, are—

•Integrating operational fireswith the scheme of maneuver.

•Planning targeting objectivesand priorities.

•Integrating target lists andFSCMs.

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•Coordinating special targets.

•Tracking target execution byother components and subordinateechelons.

•Synchronizing corps, EAC, andjoint deep operations.

•Coordinating and synchro-nizing employment of joint EW assets.

•Monitoring execution of thedeep battle, ATO, land force participationin J-SEAD operations, SO missions, andunique targets of special interest to thecommander.

(c) Liaisons. In addition to theliaison staffing cited above, other liaisonactivities that support the TAGS include—

•Ground Liaison Officer (GLO).The Army provides GLOs at each air wingoperations center (WOC) supportingground operations. GLOs provide Armyexpertise, brief pilots on the groundsituation, and participate in the debriefingof pilots upon return from missions. GLOsreceive and report operational andintelligence data to the BCD.

•Air Defense LNO. The Armyprovides air defense LNOs to the CRC toassist in the rapid engagement of airbornetargets. Air defense LNOs may also beprovided to the Airborne Warning andControl System (AWACS) to further assistin the ground-to-air battle. At the divisionand corps level, ADA liaison to the G-3 Airis vital to the integration SHORAD andHIMAD fires into joint air operations toprotect the force and prevent fratricide.

•Airspace Management Liaison.The Army provides airspace managementliaison to the CRC airspace managementliaison section (AMLS). This liaison handlesreal-time Army airspace managementissues that may arise during execution ofair operations.

b. Levels of Command.

(1) Army Component Level. TheArmy component commander plansoperations to fulfill JFC assigned

responsibilities. Operations at thecomponent level involve the deployment,maneuver, and fires of land forces overextended terrain and the integration of allArmy and other component support intothe overall campaign. The Army com-ponent headquarters staff is orientedtoward planning and directing combatoperations, with emphasis on planningfuture operations. The details of usingmaneuver, fires, and allocated support areleft to the judgment of subordinatecommanders. At EAC, the fire supportfunction is performed by the DOCC (seeTable II-2). Given the JFC’s guidance andcampaign plan, the Army-level commanderprovides guidance to the DOCC on shapingthe future fight. Each subordinate corpsprovides target nominations andreconnaissance requests to the Army-levelDOCC, as well as recommendations foroverall targeting objectives for the futurebattle. The Army-level commanderapproves resource allocation anddistributes CAS sorties and thecorresponding requirements to provideSEAD. At this level, the commander takesan active role in the targeting process,primarily in target and reconnaissancenomination and prioritization. Based onthe commander’s intent, guidance, groundmaneuver plan, and the G-2’s evaluationsand estimates, the DOCC conducts targetplanning and battle management to shapethe battlefield, resulting in AI andreconnaissance nominations to the JFACC.The DOCC uses the Advanced FieldArtillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS)to interface with all other fire supportorganizations. A description of theAFATDS is found under the corps anddivision FSE paragraph below.

(2) Corps and Division Level. At thecorps and division levels, the FSE, A2C2section, Army aviation LNO, and the AirForce TACP synchronize the TAGS. Closeintegration and continuous coordinationamong the FSCOORD, G-3 Air, and ALOare critical to success. The FSEs and TACPsat corps and division are similar instructure.

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FO RC EEC HELO N

FIR E SU PPO RTOR GA N IZ ATION FSC OOR D A SSISTED B Y

C O R P S

D IV IS IO N

B R IG A D E

B A TT A LIO N /S Q U A D RO N

C O M P A N Y / T RO O P

C O R P S A R TIL L E RYC O M M A N DE R

D IV A R TY C O M M A N D E R

FA B A TTA L IO NC O M M A N DE R

FS O

FS O

A R M Y

FS E

FS E

FS E

FS E

FIS T

D O C CA R M Y D E E P

O P E R A TI O N S C HIE FD E P UT Y A R M Y D E E PO P E R A TI O N S C HIE F

C O R P S D E P UT YFS C O O RD A N D

A FS C O O RD

D IV A R TY A F S CO O R D

B R IG A D E F S O

FIRE S UP P O RT N C O

FIRE S UP P O RT N CO

(a) FSE. Corps and divisiontactical and main CPs have FSEs underthe FSCOORD’s supervision. The FSEis the central clearinghouse for planning,coordinating, and synchronizing allcategories of fire support on surfacetargets. The exact organization variesamong units and depends on the mission,availability of fire support assets, andcommand preferences. Generally, it willinclude planning, targeting, and currentoperations elements. Field artillery hasthe dual mission of integrating allavailable fire support and providing fieldartillery fires. AFATDS is the multi-service (US Army/US Marine Corps)integrated battlefield management anddecision support system used by the FSE.It receives, processes, and disseminatesthe ATO/ACO, air support requests,FSCMs, and friendly situation reports.AFATDS receives air battle informationfrom the air picture it receives from theAir and Missile Defense Warning System(AMDWS) via tactical digital infor-mation link-J (TADIL-J). AFATDS canprovide for preplanned fires for inclusionin the ATO and can automaticallygenerate immediate air requests if “air”is selected as the desired attack meansavailable. An AFATDS terminal is alsolocated at the BCD in the JAOC. With

the developmental contingency theater auto-mated planning system (CTAPS) interfacemodule, AFATDS is the Army’s link to CTAPSand Theater Battle Management CoreSystem (TBMCS) in the future.

(b) G-3 Air and A2C2 Element. TheG-3 Air performs a pivotal role in theimplementation of the AAGS and integrationof the TAGS at corps and division level. TheG-3 Air supervises the A2C2 element andreceives, coordinates, plans, prioritizes,approves, and integrates preplanned requestsfor CAS with the FSE and other staffplanners. The G-3 Air also coordinatesredistribution of CAS resources, hasresponsibility for the coordination andapproval of requests for immediate CAS, andinitiates air support operations center(ASOC) execution. The G-3 Air advises thecommander on the employment of Armyaviation and has staff responsibility tomanage airspace use within the command’sAOR.

(c) Army Aviation. When Armyaviation is employed as a maneuver element,the aviation brigade commander is responsi-ble to coordinate air-ground synchronizationwith the G-3 Air and the FSE. The aviationbrigade normally provides full-time liaisonsupport to the division G-3 Air section tobetter facilitate AAGS and TAGS functions.

Table II-2. Fire Support Coordination Facilities

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(d) EW Section. The G-3 con-trols the use of EW; however, the EWsection is normally a staff element of theG-2 and usually collocates with the FSE andG-3 Air to facilitate target acquisition andfire support planning and execution.

(e) G-2 Collection Managementand Dissemination. This G-2 agencycoordinates the airspace requirements forspecial electronic mission aircraft (SEMA)and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) andprovides liaison to support the A2C2 effort.Reconnaissance and surveillance requeststhat cannot be supported by organic or DSassets are forwarded to higher head-quarters.

(3) Brigade and Battalion Levels.The DS artillery battalion commander is theFSCOORD for the supported maneuverbrigade. The brigade FSCOORD organizesfire support elements in each maneuverbattalion and company. When Armyaviation supports another maneuverbrigade, the aviation unit commander,normally through an LNO, provides directcoordination with the supported unit. Thebrigade and battalion ALOs and ETACscoordinate Air Force air support directlywith higher level TACPs in conjunctionwith the S3 Air. Preplanned air and firesupport requests are compiled at each leveland forwarded via the fire support net.Approved requests that cannot be attackedusing organic or DS assets are passed tothe next higher echelon for engagement.Immediate air requests can be madedirectly to the ASOC from any echelon fortargets of opportunity. (See Figure II-2,page II-9, for immediate CAS requestchannels.)

(4) Company Level. The fire sup-port team (FIST) and the battalion ALO(BALO)/ETAC synchronize fire support atthe maneuver company level. The battalionfire support officer (FSO) supervises thecompany FISTs and usually coordinatesCAS through the BALO/ETAC. Often, theBALO/ETAC will be collocated with acommitted company or the main effort toput them in a position as far forward aspossible to provide the best terminal controlto CAS aircraft. In some situations, theaviation attack company commander maytalk directly to a ground maneuver companycommander to coordinate engagementareas, responsibility, threat location, andother force synchronization requirements.

6. Conclusion

The TAGS is critical to Army operationsbecause it provides the commander asystem that integrates the differentservices’ air-ground systems. TAGSfunctions across the full range of militaryoperations and provides groundcommanders an enhanced capability to fightthe close, deep, and rear battles. The TAGSfacilitates success in current operationswhile allowing ground commanders toshape the battlefield to influence futureoperations. Army commanders expect theTAGS to provide the framework tosynchronize supporting air operations withthe ground effort. The ability of thecommander’s FSCOORD, G-3 Air, and ALOto work closely together in all aspects ofplanning, synchronizing, and executingoperations are critical to the ground battle’ssuccess. The tactics, techniques, andprocedures discussed in this publicationcan be modified to meet the needs of theJFC.

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Chapter III

AIR FORCE COMPONENT

1. Background

This chapter provides a basic under-standing of how the Air Force views theemployment of air and space power and theAir Force contribution to the TAGS. Itdiscusses the TAGS related missions andresponsibilities in a joint force operation,operational factors that influence the waymissions are accomplished, and the AirForce component C2 system. This chapterpresents the tenets of airpower and AirForce core competencies from an air andspace perspective.

2. Mission

The mission of the United States AirForce (USAF) is to defend the United Statesthrough control and exploitation of air andspace. Airmen accomplish this mission byapplying the principles of war, tenets ofairpower, and Air Force core competenciesthrough the functions of airpower.

a. Air and Space Power Functions. TheAir Force’s basic functions are the broad,fundamental, and continuing activities ofair and space power. Air Force forces(AFFOR) employ air and space powerglobally through these basic functions toachieve strategic, operational, and tacticallevel objectives in war and militaryoperations other than war (MOOTW). Mostair and space forces can perform multiplefunctions to achieve various strategic,operational, or tactical effects. It is thisinherent versatility when combined withthe speed, flexibility, and global nature ofour reach and perspective that generatesthe Air Force contribution to joint forcecapabilities. These functions can beconducted at any level of war and enablethe Air Force to shape and controlthe battlespace. Air and space powerfunctions include—counterair, counter-

land, counterspace, countersea, strategicattack, counterinformation, C2, airlift, airrefueling, spacelift, SO employment,intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance,combat search and rescue (CSAR),navigation and positioning, and weatherservice. Those functions most commonlyassociated with the TAGS are counterair,counterland, countersea, and counter-information. A brief discussion of theseappears below. A more detailed discussionof all Air Force functions can be found inAir Force Doctrine Document 1 (AFDD1).

(1) Counterair. Counterair consistsof operations to attain and maintain adesired degree of air superiority by thedestruction or neutralization of enemyforces. Counterair’s two elements, OCA andDCA, enable friendly use of otherwisecontested airspace and disable the enemy’soffensive air and missile capabilities, thusreducing the threat posed against friendlyforces. Air and space superiority isnormally the first priority of air and spaceforces.

(2) Counterland. Counterlandinvolves those operations conducted toattain and maintain a desired degree ofsuperiority over surface operations by thedestruction or neutralization of enemyforces. Although normally associated withsupport to friendly surface forces,counterland is a flexible term that canencompass the identical function withoutfriendly surface force presence. Thisindependent attack of adversary surfaceoperations by air and space forces is theessence of asymmetric application and canbe key during initial phases of a conflict.Specific traditional functions associatedwith air and space counterland operationsare AI and CAS.

(a) AI. Interdiction consists ofoperations to divert, disrupt, delay, or

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destroy the enemy’s surface militarypotential before it can be used effectivelyagainst friendly forces. Interdiction attacksenemy C2 systems, personnel, materiel,logistics, and their supporting systems toweaken and disrupt the enemy’s efforts andmay achieve tactical, operational, orstrategic objectives. The JFACC is thesupported commander for AI and uses theJFC’s priorities to plan and execute thetheater-wide interdiction effort. Inter-diction and surface force maneuver can bemutually supporting. Surface forceoperations can support interdictionoperations by forcing the enemy to consumesupplies at an accelerated rate and to moveforces to meet emerging threats. Thesemovements and supply efforts then becometargets or objectives for air and spaceforces. Interdiction can also supportsurface operations by forcing the enemy toreact to friendly attack, and in doing so,expose vulnerabilities to surface maneuverforces. Additionally, attacks on enemy C2systems contribute to operations thatinterfere with an adversary’s ability tomass, maneuver, withdraw, supply, andreinforce surface forces. For additionaldiscussion of interdiction operations, seeChapter VII of this publication or JointPublication 3-03, Doctrine for JointInterdiction Operations.

(b) CAS consists of airoperations against hostile targets in closeproximity to friendly forces that requiredetailed integration of each air mission withthe fire and movement of those forces. CASprovides direct support to help friendlysurface forces carry out their assignedtasks. Commanders can build on thetactical effects of CAS by orchestrating itwith other surface and air operations toproduce operational level effects. In fluid,high intensity warfare, the need for tightcontrol, unpredictability of the tacticalsituation, proliferation of lethal ground-based air defenses make CAS especiallychallenging.

CAS should be planned toprepare the conditions for success or

reinforce successful attacks of surfaceforces. It can disrupt attacks, help createbreakthroughs, provide cover forwithdrawals, or help guard flanks. To bemost effective, CAS should normally beused at decisive points in a battle oroperation and massed to apply concentratedcombat power and saturate defenses.

(3) Countersea. Countersea func-tions are an extension of Air Forcefunctions into a maritime environment. Theidentified specialized collateral functionsare sea surveillance, antiship warfare,protection of sea lines of communicationsthrough antisubmarine and antiair warfare,aerial mine laying, and air refueling insupport of naval campaigns.

(4) Counterinformation. Counter-information seeks to establish informationsuperiority through control of theinformation realm. Counterinformationcreates an environment where friendlyforces can conduct operations withoutsuffering substantial losses, whilesimultaneously denying the enemy theability to conduct their operations. Thefocus of the effort is on countering theenemy’s ability to attain informationaladvantage. Counterinformation, likecounterair and counterspace, consists ofoffensive and defensive aspects.

(a) Offensive counterinforma-tion (OCI). OCI operations are actionstaken to control the informationenvironment. The purpose is to disableselected enemy information operations.OCI operations are designed to destroy,degrade, or limit enemy informationcapabilities and depend on having anunderstanding of an adversary’s infor-mation capabilities. Examples of OCIinclude jamming radars and corruptingdata acquisition, transformation, storage,or transmissions of an adversary’sinformation.

(b) Defensive counterinforma-tion (DCI). DCI are those actions taken to

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protect our information, informationsystems, and information operations fromthe adversary. DCI programs, such asoperations security (OPSEC), informationsecurity (INFOSEC), and counterintel-ligence assess the threat and reducefriendly vulnerabilities to an acceptablelevel. Improving security proceduresdesigned to safeguard equipment andinformation can prohibit unintentional andunwanted release of information.

b. Core Competencies. The core com-petencies are at the heart of the Air Force’sstrategic perspective, thereby at the heartof the service’s contribution to the nation’smilitary capability. These competenciesstem from two sources: functions that canonly be accomplished by air and spaceforces and functions that confer advantageswhen performed by air and space forces.These competencies are the basic areas ofexpertise that the Air Force brings to anyactivity across the spectrum of militaryoperations whether as a single service orin conjunction with other services in jointoperations.

(1) Air and Space Superiority. Airand space superiority rarely is an end initself but a means to the end of attainingmilitary objectives. Control of air and spaceenhances, and may even secure, freedom ofaction for friendly forces in all geographicalenvironments—land and sea as well as airand space. Success in air, land, sea, andspace operations depends upon a requireddegree of air and space superiority;therefore, the JFC must, when necessary,be willing to subordinate all other air andspace operations to the goal of achieving airand space superiority. During combatoperations, the weight of an enemy attackmay tempt the JFC to throw everything intosupporting friendly surface forces withoutfirst gaining control of air and space. It isthe task of the air component commanderto ensure the JFC understands theimplications of this approach.

(2) Precision Engagement. Preci-sion engagement is the ability to command,

control, and employ forces to causediscriminate strategic, operational, ortactical effects. Integral to precisionengagement in combat operations is theability to mass force anywhere and attackany facet of the enemy’s power. Mass nolonger implies massing many hundreds ofaircraft to attack a single target; rather, itis the effects of forces that are the definingfactor. In addition to the traditionalapplication of force, precision engagementincludes nonlethal as well as lethal force.

(3) Information Superiority. Infor-mation superiority is the ability to collect,control, exploit, and defend informationwhile denying an adversary the ability todo the same. Like air and spacesuperiority, information superiorityincludes gaining control over theinformation realm and fully exploitingmilitary information functions. Informa-tion superiority efforts focus on giving thefriendly force commanders the ability toconsistently react to a situation and makeaccurate decisions more rapidly than theenemy. In doing so, it increases the strainand “frictions of war” on enemy leaders andforces, eventually causing shock atunexpected events. Dominating theinformation spectrum may also offeropportunities to significantly degrade andinfluence the adversary’s decision cycletime and the quality of the informationwithin that cycle, thereby, ultimatelyshaping the enemy’s perception of thesituation and available courses of action.

(4) Global Attack. The ability tocontinuously observe an adversary’s actionsand then, when ordered, to swiftly delivera wide variety of credible capabilities is thetrue essence of deterrence. Although allmilitary services provide strike cap-abilities, the Air Force can attack rapidlyand persistently with a wide range ofmunitions anywhere around the globe.

(5) Rapid Global Mobility. Rapidglobal mobility refers to the timely

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positioning and sustainment of militaryforces and capabilities across the range ofmilitary operations. In the post-cold warcontinental United States (CONUS)-basedforce structure, global mobility is astrategic necessity. With only minimalforces forward deployed, global mobility isessential to successful contingencyoperations. Air assets provide the NationalCommand Authorities (NCA) the ability torespond quickly to any crisis.

(6) Agile Combat Support. Once aforce is deployed, sustaining it becomesparamount. This includes all elements of aforward base structure—maintenance,supply, transportation, communications,services, engineering, security, andmedical. Commanders in each of theseareas not only assist the JFC in generatingair and space power but also ensure theirrespective systems form a seamless, agile,and responsive combat support system.

In conclusion, it is important to under-stand that any particular function may beemployed to provide more than onecompetency. For example, the airliftfunction may apply to global mobility orprecision employment, and reconnaissancemay apply to both information superiorityand precision employment. Additionally,what distinguishes the Air Force’s corecompetencies is the speed and the globalnature of their reach.

3. Component Operations

Component commanders are respon-sible for planning long-range operations toaccomplish their assigned missions. Whilethe ARFOR commander may envisionoperations conducted in deep, close, andrear areas in terms of fires and maneuver,the commander Air Force forces(COMAFFOR) envisions assigned missionsin terms of functions (for example, strategicattack, counterland, counterair, etc.). TheCOMAFFOR accomplishes the JFC-assigned missions by developing and

conducting operations, often in phases,that continue until the JFC’s desiredcampaign end state is achieved.

a. Approach. The aerospace environ-ment consists of the entire expanse abovethe earth’s surface and can be exploited bestwhen considered as an indivisible whole.Air and space power grows from the abilityto use a platform operating in or passingthrough the aerospace medium for militarypurposes. Air and space power can beconcentrated quickly on or above any pointof the earth’s surface providing a relativeadvantage over surface-based forces.

b. Tenets of Air and Space Power. Airand space power is intrinsically differentfrom either land or sea power, and itsemployment must be guided by axiomsdifferent than those of surface forces. Thefundamental guiding truths of air and spacepower employment are known as tenets.Air Force tenets of airpower:

(1) Centralized control anddecentralized execution of air and spaceforces is critical to force effectiveness.Centralized control allows commanders togive coherence, guidance, and organizationto the air and space effort and maintain theability to focus the air and space power.Decentralized execution allows delegationof execution authority to responsible andcapable lower level commanders to achievean effective span of control and to fosterinitiative, situational responsiveness, andtactical flexibility.

(2) Air and space power is flexibleand versatile. Although often usedinterchangeably, flexibility and versatilityare distinctly different in meaning.Flexibility means air and space forces canexploit mass and maneuver simultane-ously. At the operational level, flexibilityallows air operations to shift from onecampaign objective to another quickly anddecisively. Versatility means air and spacepower can be employed equally effectivelyat the strategic, operational, and tactical

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levels of warfare. Air and space forces havethe versatility to deploy globally andresponsively in support of strategic,operational, or tactical objectives and cansimultaneously achieve objectives at allthree levels of war (in parallel operations).

(3) Air, space, and informationforces produce synergistic effects. Theproper application of coordinated air, space,and information forces can produce effectsgreater than the individual contributionsof the same forces employed separately.Through the precise, coordinatedapplication of the various elements of air,space, and surface force power,disproportionate pressure can be broughtto bear on enemy leaders forcing them tocomply with our national will.

(4) Air, space, and informationsystems are uniquely suited to persistentoperations. Operations in the third (air),fourth (space), and fifth (information)dimensions allow air and space forces tovisit and revisit targets continually, nearlyat will. Because of their exceptional speedand range, air and space forces can operatefrom outside the JOA and still bring forcesto bear against the enemy. Space forces inparticular hold the ultimate high ground,and as space systems advance andproliferate, they offer the potential for“permanent presence” over the entireglobe.

(5) Air and space operations mustachieve concentration of purpose. Theversatility of air and space power makes itattractive for almost every combat task.The principles of mass and economy of forcedeal directly with concentratingoverwhelming power at the decisive timeand place (or places). The demand for airand space forces will often exceed theavailable forces and may result in attemptsto fragment the integrated air and spaceeffort to fulfill the many demands of theoperation. A vital concept of air and spaceforces is its inherent ability to accomplish

simultaneous strategic, operational, andtactical effects—to conduct paralleloperations—and attain overwhelmingeffect (concentration of purpose) throughcarefully dispersed applications.

(6) Air and space operations mustbe prioritized. Given their flexibility andversatility, demands for air and spaceforces will likely exceed availability,therefore, establishing priorities isessential. Theater-level land and navalcomponent commanders must effectivelyprioritize their individual air componentsupport requirements to the JFC, so thatoverall priorities for the use of air andspace forces can flow from an informeddialogue between the JFC and the aircomponent commander. The air componentcommander assesses the possible uses ofair forces and their strengths andcapabilities to support the overall jointcampaign, air operations, and the battle athand. Limited resources require that airand space forces be applied where they canmake the greatest contribution to the JFC’smost critical current requirements. Theprinciples of mass, offensive, and economyof force and the tenet of concentration,along with the airman’s strategicperspective, all apply to prioritizing air andspace force operations.

(7) Air and space operations mustbe balanced. The inherent strategicapplication of air and space forces must bebalanced against their ability to conductoperations at all levels of war, oftensimultaneously. Much of the skill of an aircommander is reflected in the dynamic andcorrect balancing of the principles of warand the tenets of airpower to bring air andspace power together to produce asynergistic effect. The air componentcommander must balance combatopportunity, necessity, effectiveness,efficiency, and the impact on accomplishingJFC assigned missions against theassociated risk to friendly air and spaceforces.

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4. Planning

a. The JFACC, when one is designated,will normally establish the structure toemploy air and space forces and isresponsible for developing a joint airoperations plan to best support joint forceobjectives as assigned by the JFC or higherauthority. Planning for the air portion ofthe campaign consists of five phases:

(1) Combat Environment Research.This phase consists of gatheringinformation about enemy and friendlycapabilities and the environment in whichthe conflict will take place. This is acontinuous process throughout the life ofthe operation.

(2) Objective Determination. Airobjectives are derived from and supporthigher-level objectives. Conditions for thesuccessful resolution of the conflict definethe desired end state. Restraints andconstraints shape the resultant objectivesand strategies.

(3) Center(s) of Gravity (COG)Determination. This phase focuses onidentifying a point or points where theenemy may be most vulnerable and where,if successfully attacked, there exists a highchance for decisive results. COG(s) describestrengths as well as vulnerabilities. Thisanalysis helps identify the point or pointsagainst which a certain level of effort mayaccomplish more than an equivalent levelof effort applied elsewhere.

(4) Strategy Determination. Strat-egy is how the available military force isused to accomplish theater objectives. Theair strategy is how the JFACC plans to useair and space power to achieve the JFC’sobjectives.

(5) Joint Air Operations PlanDevelopment. The product of this phase isa completed air portion of the campaignplan. The plan describes key elements of theemployment of air and space forces,integrates and harmonizes air and space

power, identifies targets to be attacked,and describes levels of effort.

b. In developing the employment plan,the JFACC must be fully cognizant of theJFC’s intent and objectives. In under-standing how joint forces are beingemployed within the conflict, the JFACCcan develop strategies for employing airand space power and recommend specificoperational approaches for achievingtheater objectives. The JFACC’s respon-sibilities include ensuring air forces areavailable to meet JFC requirements;establishing ROE for air operations;providing for airspace management;developing plans for search and rescueoperations; providing for warning of hostileaerial assaults; coordinating the air poweremployment of joint forces; and preparingthe Master Air Attack Plan (MAAP) andATO. The ATO is a detailed, integrateddocument specifying details for individualsorties to include targets, mission timing,weapons loads, air refueling data, call signsand special instructions (SPINS). Planningand executing the joint ATO is a continuoussix-phase process (see Chapter VII fordetailed explanation).

5. Command and Control

The COMAFFOR exercises commandauthority as defined by the JFC.COMAFFOR may be assigned respon-sibilities as a JFACC, ACA, and/or AADC(see discussion in Chapter VII). TheCOMAFFOR will plan, coordinate, andexecute AFFOR air operations and otherassigned responsibilities through thecomponent Theater Air Control System(TACS), which allows the requiredcentralized planning and control anddecentralized execution previouslydiscussed. The JFACC staff (if JFACC isCOMAFFOR) or AFFOR staff will normallyfunction within the Air Force componentTACS (see Figure III-1). If anothercomponent has JFACC responsibility, theCOMAFFOR would retain servicecomponent responsibilities, which wouldalso be accomplished through the TACS.

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The TACS depicted in Figure III-1 isthe backbone of the AFFOR’s contributionto the TAGS and consists of unitsspecifically trained and equipped tosupport the C2 process. The TACS isdesigned to perform centralized planningand control and to facilitate decentralizedexecution. The elements that form theTACS are the AOC, separate agencies,liaisons, and communications andcomputers:

a. AOC. The AOC is the air and spaceoperations planning and execution focalpoint for the AFFOR and is wherecentralized planning, direction, control,and coordination of air and spaceoperations occur. When the COMAFFORis designated the JFACC and has OPCONor TACON of additional forces, the AOCbecomes the JAOC and is manned accord-ingly. AOC personnel are responsible forplanning, executing, and assessing air andspace operations and directing changes asthe situation dictates. This sectiondescribes a fully functional AOC that can

be tailored and scaled to a specific orchanging mission and to the associated taskforce that the USAF presents to the JFC.Thus, the USAF would not necessarilyprovide all of the elements described in thefollowing sections if the situation does notwarrant them.

(1) Primary AOC Functions.

(a) Develop air operationsstrategy and planning documents thatintegrate air, space, and informationoperations to meet JFACC objectives andguidance.

(b) Task and execute day-to-dayair operations, provide rapid reaction,positive control, and coordinated anddeconflicted weapons employment, as wellas integrate the total air effort.

(c) Receive, assemble, analyze,filter, and disseminate all-sourceintelligence and weather information tosupport air operations planning, execution,and assessment.

CRE

CRC

ADABN

AMLS

CORPS

BN

BDE

DIV

TACP

JFCJOC

TALCETACP ASOC

GLO

ADA

X

II

XX

XXX

WOC

ADABDE

TACP

TACPAIRBASES

AWACSLNO

STRATLAT

JOINT STARS

Coordination links for strategic and theater airlift.Normal liaison if AFFOR is designated JFACC.Comm links serves as backup request channel

BCDMARLONALESOLEAMESLO

AFFOR/JFACC

JAOC

ABCCC

LNOTAC(A) / FAC(A)

AIR FORCE AIR REQUEST NET

Figure III-1. TACS Coordination Links

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(d) Issue ACO and coordinateairspace control activities for the ACAwhen the JFACC is designated the ACA.

(e) Provide overall direction ofair defense, including TMD, for the AADCwhen the JFACC is designated the AADC.

(f) Plan, task, and executetheater intelligence, surveillance andreconnaissance (ISR) missions.

(g) Conduct operational levelassessment to determine mission andoverall air operations effectiveness asrequired by the JFC to support the theaterCA effort.

(h) Produce and disseminatean ATO and changes.

(i) Provide for the integrationand support of all air mobility missions.

(2) Air and Space Planning andExecution Process. Fundamental to theAOC is the integrated team concept.Individuals from various areas of expertiseform these integrated teams. This conceptplaces various experts in integrated teamsto accomplish strategy development,operational level assessment, detailedplanning, ATO production, and executionfunctions (see Figure III-2).

(3) AOC Organization. Normally anAOC is led by an AOC director and has 4divisions with 10 core teams and numerousspecialty and support teams. Normally theCOMAFFOR/JFACC staff directors, the

Figure III-2. Air and Space Planning Process

ASSESSMENTAND ANALYSIS

ATO EXECUTION ATO PRODUCTION

STRATEGYDEVELOPMENT

DETAILEDPLANNING

STRATEGYDIVISION

COMBAT OPERATIONSDIVISION

COMBAT PLANSDIVISION

AIR OPERATIONSCENTER

JFC GUIDANCEAND OBJECTIVES

JFACC GUIDANCEAND OBJECTIVES

COMPONENT COMMANDER GUIDANCE AND OBJECTIVES

COMPONENT PLANNING AND EXECUTION PROCESS

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A-1 through A-6, support the AOC director(in planning and execution of theCOMAFFOR/JFACC’s operational tasks),and fulfill their responsibilities bysupervising their personnel on the AOCteams. The AOC team concept representsa wide range of systems and capabilities.These teams are organized and integratedwithin the AOC to support theCOMAFFOR/JFACC. The teams should beflexible, with an emphasis on integrationof capabilities and the avoidance ofstovepipes. The basic structure of an AOCis illustrated in Figure III-3. Specialty andsupport team members will move into thecore teams as required.

(4) AOC Director. The AOC directoris charged with the effectiveness of joint airand space operations and focuses onplanning, coordinating, allocating, tasking,executing, and assessing air poweroperations in the AOR/JOA based onJFACC guidance and DIRMOBFORcoordination. It is the director’s respon-sibility to ensure AOC functions necessaryto complete the air and space planning andexecution process are executed in a timely,efficient manner.

(5) Core Teams. Core teams fromthe four divisions (strategy, combat plans,combat operations, and air mobility), form

Figure III-3. AOC Organization

STRATEGY PLANS TEAM

OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENTTEAM

STRATEGY DIVISION

CORETEAMS

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONSTEAM

DEFENSIVE OPERATIONSTEAM

COMBAT OPERATIONS DIVISION

AIR MOBILITY ELEMENT

AERIAL REFUELING CONTROL TEAMMASTER AIR ATTACK

PLAN TEAM

ATO/ ACO PRODUCTIONTEAM

COMBAT PLANS DIVISION

AOC DIRECTOR

SPECIALTYTEAMS

LIAISONS (BCD, NALE, SOLE, etc.)

INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, RECONNAISSANCE (ISR)

AREA AIR DEFENSE

INFORMATION WARFARE, SPECIAL TECHNICAL OPERATIONS

SPACE

AIRCRAFT SPECIALTIES AND UNIT REPRESENTATIVES

AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

LEGAL

WEATHER

AIR MOBILITY CONTROL DIVISION

SUPPORTTEAMS

COMBAT REPORTS

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

INTELLIGENCE UNIT SUPPORT

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

COMMUNICATIONS CENTER

SUPPLY

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI)

LOGISTICS AND SUSTAINMENT

DIRMOBFOR

AIRLIFT CONTROL TEAM

AIR MOBILITY CONTROL TEAM

COORD DIRECTION

OTHERCOMPONENT

COMMANDERS

COMAFFOR/JFACC

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the basic infrastructure of the AOC, anddrive the planning and execution process.

(a) Strategy Division. Althoughlocated in the AOC and reporting to theAOC director in order to maintaincontinuity with AOC processes, thestrategy division has a strong bond andspecial relationship with the COMAFFOR/JFACC. This division develops, refines,disseminates, and assesses the progress ofthe JFACC’s air and space strategy,concentrating on long-range planning of airand space operations for theater activities.The strategy division should not becomemired in the detailed, day-to-day ATOproduction or execution. Representativesfrom a range of functional areas, such asoperations, intelligence, communications,logistics, and space are full-time membersof the division. The strategy division hasthe following responsibilities:

•Develops the JFACC Air andSpace Estimate of the Situation. Thedivision will normally use the JFC’sstrategic appreciation to develop theestimate.

•Serves as the JFACC’s focalpoint for overall development andcoordination of the Joint Air and SpaceOperations Plan (JASOP) in support of theJFC’s theater campaign.

•Develops the joint air andspace strategy and assesses its support ofthe theater campaign.

•Serves as the primary liaisonwith the JFC planners.

•Monitors and assesses theprogress of the air phases and providesoverall operational level CA assessmentwith respect to the air and space objectives.

•Develops alternative contin-gency plans and courses of action.

•Develops the prioritized airobjectives, air tasks, and measures of merit.

•Provides input to thedevelopment of an ISR plan for the JTF.

The strategy division isnormally comprised of two teams: strategyplans and operational assessment. Beforethe start of operations, the strategy plansteam develops a proposed air and spacestrategy, air and space courses of action,and the JASOP. After the start ofoperations, they modify the JASOP andprovide guidance to the combat plansdivision and other AOC elements asnecessary. In some cases there will not bea requirement for daily guidance from thestrategy division. Rather, the dissem-ination of guidance is event driven andwould probably occur as the end of aplanned phase approaches, with a changein JFACC or JFC guidance or with asignificant shift in the combat situation.The operational assessment team assessesthe progress of air and space operations atthe operational or campaign level. Theyassess the progress of each phase towardaccomplishment of the JFACC’s objectivesand tasks based on the approved measuresof merit for each task and objective. Theinformation this team provides allows theJFACC and the strategy plans team toaddress the air and space strategy.Operational assessment addresses theoverall achievement of the desired air andspace objectives; it is not limited to battledamage assessment (BDA).

(b) Combat Plans Division.The combat plans division is responsible forthe near-term air and space operationsplanning function of the AOC. This divisiondevelops detailed plans for the applicationof air and space resources based on JFACCapproved guidance received from thestrategy division. These plans include thenear-term guidance, allocation, and taskinginstructions for assigned and attachedforces. This is accomplished within the air

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and space planning and execution processthrough the preparation of ATOs. Combatplans transmits the ATO to combatoperations for execution. Generally, combatplans works the two ATO periods beyondthe current ATO. The combat plans divisionhas the following responsibilities:

•Develops CA methods tied toISR, C2 plans, and ATOs to achieve JFCobjectives.

•Determines the optimal com-bination of target, platform, weapon, andtiming for missions included in the ATO.

•Ensures air and space taskingsupports the overall JTF campaign.

•Produces and disseminates anoperationally and tactically sound ATO.

•Generates SPINS and the dailyACO or ACO updates.

The combat plans division iscomprised of two teams: MAAP and ATO/ACO production. The MAAP team uses theJFC and JFACC’s guidance, the authorizedtarget list, optimal weapons selections, andasset availability to produce a timed-phasedroad map for operations or MAAP. TheMAAP team works closely with eachcomponent liaison and combat operationsdivision to ensure component concerns areaddressed and operational objectives areefficiently achieved. The MAAP team hasthe following responsibilities:

•Builds and maintain the JointIntegrated Prioritized Target List (JIPTL).

•Constructs the MAAP andbriefs the developed MAAP to the JFACCfor approval.

•Receives, prioritizes, anddeconflicts user requests for airspacepertaining to the ATOs in planning andconstruct the daily ACO.

•Develops the air defenseprocedures for C2 of an integrated airdefense system.

•Develops the ATO shell forCTAPS or the follow-on to CTAPS, theTheater Battle Management Core System(TBMCS).

The ATO/ACO production teamreceives the ATO shell (a detailed list ofmissions, forces, and timing) from theMAAP team and along with air mobilityrequirement's input from the air mobilitydivision refines the ATO in the TBMCS. Inaddition, they integrate the ACO developedby the MAAP team with the ATO. TheATO/ACO production team has thefollowing responsibilities:

•Builds mission packages thatachieve campaign objectives.

•Integrates other components’direct support sorties into the ATO.

•Transmits the ATO/ACO to allrequired users once they are completed.

•Transfers responsibilities forthe completed ATO/ACO to the combatoperations division.

(c) Combat Operations Division(Combat Ops). Combat ops is responsiblefor executing the current ATO. Combat opsanalyzes, prioritizes, and, if necessary,makes recommendations to the JFACC (ordesignated representative) to redirectassets. ACA and AADC representativesalong with component LNO staffs are partof this decision-making process. Combatops has the following responsibilities:

•Executes the current ATOthrough constant monitoring of airmissions under control of the TACS.

•Evaluates ISR feedback.

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•Adjusts the ATO as necessaryin response to battlespace dynamics (forexample, assigned targets are no longervalid, HPTs are detected, enemy actionthreatens friendly forces).

•Coordinates emergency/im-mediate air support requests.

•Monitors and recommendschanges to defensive operations.

•Publishes changes to the ACO.

•Provides feedback on status ofthe current ATO.

The combat ops is normallycomprised of two teams: offensiveoperations and defensive operations. Theoffensive operations team is responsible forexecuting the ATO in accordance withcommanders’ guidance and in reaction tothe current battlespace situation for alloffensive missions. The offensive opera-tions team monitors the battlespace andrecommends changes to the ATO based onunforeseen opportunities and challenges.The defensive operations team isresponsible for execution of the ATO inaccordance with commanders’ guidanceand in reaction to the current battlespacesituation for all defensive missions. Thedefensive operations team monitors thebattlespace and recommends changes tothe ATO based on unforeseen oppor-tunities and challenges.

(d) Air Mobility Division. Thedirector of mobility forces (DIRMOBFOR)is responsible for integrating the total airmobility effort for the JFACC. TheDIRMOBFOR provides direction to the airmobility division to execute the air mobilitymission. The air mobility division will plan,coordinate, task, and execute the airmobility mission. The air mobility divisionis located in the AOC. The AOC directorensures the air mobility division works asan effective division of the AOC in the airand space planning and execution process.The air mobility division coordinates withthe JFC’s movement requirements and

control authority, the theater air mobilityoperations control center (AMOCC), ifestablished, and the AMC tanker/airliftcontrol center (TACC) as required to deriveapportionment guidance, compute alloca-tion, and to collect requirements. Asdirected by the DIRMOBFOR, the airmobility division will task attached theaterair mobility forces through wing and unitCPs when those forces operate frompermanent home bases or WOC if forwarddeployed. Under the direction of theDIRMOBFOR, the air mobility division hasthe following responsibilities:

•Integrates and directs theexecution of theater and United StatesTransportation Command (USTRANSCOM)-assigned mobility forces operating in theAOR/JOA and in support of the JFC’srequirements/objectives.

•Maintains the flow of theaterand USTRANSCOM-assigned air mobilityassets in support of JFC objectives.

•Coordinates air mobilitysupport for mobility requirementsidentified and validated by the JFCrequirements and movement authority asappropriate.

•Participates in the air andspace planning and execution process andcoordinates with the AOC director to ensurethe air mobility mission is incorporated inthe ATO.

•Identifies ISR requirements insupport of the air mobility mission.

•Ensures air mobility missionsare visible in the Air Mobility Command(AMC) standard C2 system and reflectedin the ATO/ACO.

The air mobility division iscomprised of four elements: air mobilitycontrol team (AMCT); ALCT, aerialrefueling control team (ARCT), and the airmobility element (AME). The AMCT servesas the DIRMOBFOR’s centralized source ofAMC control and communications during

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mission execution. The DIRMOBFOR usesthe AMCT to direct, or redirect as required,air mobility forces in concert with other airand space forces to respond to requirementchanges, higher priorities, or immediateexecution limitations. The AMCT decon-flicts all air mobility operations into, outof, and within the area of operations. TheAMCT maintains execution process andcommunications connectivity for tasking,coordination, and flight following with theAOC combat operations division, subord-inate air mobility units, and mission forces.The ALCT brings theater airlift functionalexpertise from the theater organizations toplan, coordinate, manage, and executetheater airlift operations in the AOR/JOAfor the JFACC. USTRANSCOM/AMC mayaugment the ALCT with theater airliftexpertise. These two sources of airliftexpertise integrate into a single ALCTwithin the air mobility division. The ARCTcoordinates aerial refueling planning,tasking, and scheduling to support combatair operations or to support a strategicairbridge within the AOR/JOA. The AMEdeploys to the theater as an extension ofthe AMC TACC. The AME is requestedwhen a DIRMOBFOR is established andUSTRANSCOM-assigned air mobilityaircraft are employed in support of acontingency. The DIRMOBFOR is respons-ible for integrating the expertise of thetheater air mobility planners with theexpertise of the AME, to fulfill the JFACC’sguidance to meet the JFC’s objectives. TheAME provides air mobility integration andcoordination of USTRANSCOM-assignedair mobility forces. The AME receivesdirection from the DIRMOBFOR and is theprimary team for providing coordinationwith the TACC. Direct delivery strategicair mobility missions, if required, arecoordinated through the air mobilitydivision and tasked by the AMC TACC.The TACC commander maintains OPCONof direct delivery missions duringexecution. The AME ensures theintegration of strategic air mobilitymissions with theater air and spaceoperations planning.

(6) Specialty Teams. The specialtyteams provide an AOC with diversecapabilities to help orchestrate theater airpower. Many of these capabilities areprovided to the AOC from agencies externalto the AOC organization. It is crucial tothe success of the AOC that thesecapabilities be interwoven into the air andspace planning and execution process. TheAOC incorporates certain functionalleaders to help ensure the best use of likeassets. An information warfare (IW)support team, for instance, distributes itspersonnel throughout the AOC under thedirection of core team leaders. Thespecialty team leader ensures teammembers are used efficiently andeffectively throughout the AOC. Thefollowing are examples of specialty teams:

(a) Component Liaisons. Theseliaisons work for their respectivecomponent commanders and work with theJFACC and staff. Each componentnormally provides liaison elements (BCD,SOLE, NALE, MARLO, etc.) that workwithin the JAOC. These liaison elementsconsist of experienced warfare specialistswho provide component planning andtasking expertise and coordinationcapabilities. They help integrate andcoordinate their component’s participationin joint air operations.

(b) Intelligence. Normally theintelligence team will be distributed to thecore teams in order to provide insight intothe capabilities of intelligence support,assist the core teams in articulatingintelligence requirements, and expeditethe delivery of intelligence products.

(c) ISR. The ISR team is theJAOC’s single point for the integration,planning, tasking, and execution of ISRrequirements and assets. The JAOC ISRteam is responsible for coordinating,tasking, executing and dynamicallyretasking the JFC’s ISR requirements. TheJFACC uses the ISR to integrate therecognized air, ground, and maritimepictures and disseminates this common

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operational picture (COP) for theater-wideuse.

(d) Area Air Defense (AAD).The JFACC may also be designated as theAADC. The AAD team integrates airdefense operation of all defense systems toinclude all aspects of TMD.

(e) IW. The IW team ischarged with coordinating the offensiveand defensive aspects of counter-information to include special programsand integrating IW efforts with the JASOP.The IW team will also act as the JFACC’sfocal point for the integration of JFACCcapabilities with the IW portion of theJFC’s campaign plan.

(f) Airspace Management. TheJFACC may also be designated as the ACA.The airspace management team coordinatesand integrates use of the airspace controlarea. They help develop broad policies andprocedures for airspace control and forcoordination among units within the JOA.They are key to the development andpromulgation of an ACP and the daily ACO.They must also provide the flexibilityneeded within the airspace control systemto meet contingency situations thatnecessitate rapid employment of forces.

(g) Weather. The weatherteam provides climatological data for long-term planning and reports significantweather with emphasis on target weatheraffecting ATO execution.

(7) Support Teams. Support teamsprovide direct support to the AOC and tooperational echelons above and below theAOC (headquarters and tactical units).Team chiefs report to the appropriate levelwithin the AOC lead support teams. Theyperform their tasks allowing the core andspecialty teams to focus on the air and spaceplanning and execution process. Examplesof support teams are intelligence unitsupport, systems administration, combatreports, information management,communications center, and supply.

b. Separate Agencies (Subordinate tothe AOC).

(1) WOC. The WOC is a wing com-mander’s C2 element. It can include a CP,command section, battlestaff, and otherplanning and support personnel. The WOCis subordinate to the JAOC and functionsas the operations center for units assigned/attached to the wing for operations. Asrequired, the WOC is capable of connectingwith the JAOC, CRC, and ASOC throughvoice and data communications. The WOCis responsible for translating tasks andmissions.

(2) CRC. The CRC is directlysubordinate to the JAOC and is the primaryradar element charged with decentralizedexecution of the air defense and airspacecontrol functions. Within its AOR, the CRCdirects region or sector air defense andprovides aircraft control and monitoring foroffensive and defensive missions. The CRCis capable of conducting airspace control,weapons control, surveillance, and aircraftidentification. When directed by the JAOC,the CRC establishes liaison with allies andother components to exchange airspacemanagement and air defense data from C2systems established in the tactical digitalinformation link (TADIL) interface.Through the use of TADILs A/B/J and otherlinks, the CRC is capable of receiving datalink information from the various C2elements in the TADIL interface. Ifnecessary, the CRC can temporarilyassume limited duties performed by theJAOC.

(3) CRE. The CRE is a mobile radarunit and is normally subordinate to theCRC. It is capable of extending the CRC’sradar coverage and communications rangewithin the CRC’s AOR. The CRE is capableof providing early warning, surveillance,weapons control and identification. Ifnecessary, the CRE is capable of assumingsome CRC functions and can report directlyto the JAOC.

(4) AWACS. The AWACS is an air-borne radar control element of the TACS

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and is normally one of the first battlemanagement assets to arrive in the theaterof operations. It is normally tasked withestablishing the initial command, control,communications, and computers (C4)system capability and for providing earlywarning, surveillance, battle management,weapons control functions and combatidentification (ID). It has the ability todetect and control aircraft below andbeyond the coverage of ground-based C2.During initial operations, or as a show offorce, the AWACS can perform airbornebattle management functions for the JAOCand other friendly forces. In support ofoffensive operations, the AWACS canprovide surveillance and warning tofriendly forces operating well forward of themain force. Once the theater TACS ismature, the AWACS is normally tasked tosupport the CRC.

(5) ASOC. The ASOC plans,coordinates, and directs aerospace supportfor land forces, normally at corps level andbelow. It is directly subordinate to theJAOC and is responsible for the integrationof aerospace operations within its assignedcorps sector to include CAS, AI, JointSurveillance Target Attack Radar System(Joint STARS), theater airlift, ISR/UAVs,SEAD and CSAR. The ASOC can beconfigured for rapid deployment. TheASOC director, normally the corps ALO,exercises OPCON of all subordinateTACPs. The ASOC also provides somelogistical and administrative support to theTACPs under its OPCON. ASOC equip-ment includes satellite communications(SATCOM), microwave radio sets, radios,and CTAPS/TBMCS terminals.

(6) TACP. The TACP is theprincipal Air Force liaison element (AFLE)collocated with Army maneuver units frombattalion through corps. The primaryTACP mission is to advise groundcommanders on the capabilities andlimitations of aerospace power. The TACPassists the land commander in planning,requesting, and coordinating aerospacesupport, to include CAS, AI, Joint STARS,

ISR/UAVs, theater airlift, SEAD, andCSAR. The TACP provides the primaryterminal attack control of CAS in supportof ground forces. TACPs and forward aircontrollers (FACs) coordinate airspace anddeconflict the aircraft with Army firesupport to prevent fratricide. TACPs aredirectly subordinate to the ASOC. TACPsmay employ ETACs at company/team level.

(a) ALO. An ALO is an aeronau-tically rated officer aligned with a groundmaneuver unit who functions as theprimary advisor to the ground commanderon the capabilities and limitations of air andspace power.

(b) Terminal Attack Controller.The terminal attack controller is a memberof the TACP who, from a forward groundor airborne position, controls aircraft inCAS of ground forces. Terminal attackcontrollers have the authority to directaircraft delivering ordnance to a specifictarget cleared by the ground commander.Only specially trained and certifiedindividuals are authorized to perform thisduty. The primary Air Force terminalattack controllers are known as ETACs.

(7) Forward Air Controller(Airborne) FAC(A). The FAC(A) is an air-borne extension of the TACP and has theauthority to direct aircraft deliveringordnance to a specific target cleared by theground commander. The FAC(A) providescoordination and final control for CASmissions as well as locating, identifying,and marking ground targets. The FAC(A)provides extra flexibility on the battlefieldby providing rapid coordination andexecution of air operations.

(8) ABCCC. The ABCCC providesthreat, intelligence, and target updates toaircrews and radio relay to ground-basedand other airborne C2 elements. It canprovide battle management of airborneassets operating beyond the normalcommunications coverage of ground-basedcommand and control elements. The

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ABCCC can support the air campaign as anairborne extension of the JAOC or theASOC and, as a backup, can temporarilyassume their functions. The ABCCC is ahighly capable C2 platform with extensivecommunications capabilities.

(9) Joint STARS. Joint STARS isan integrated Army-Air Force commandand control battle management (C2BM)surveillance, target detection, and trackingplatform. On-board battle managersprovide direction based on data collectedby the Joint STARS sensors. This data isalso used to build a common tacticalpicture. Joint STARS detects, locates, andtracks slow-moving ground targets androtating antennas and has a limitedcapability to detect, locate, and trackhelicopters. It provides air and groundcommanders with situation development,targeting, attack planning, and limited postattack assessment information. Its C3 sup-ports deep attack operations planning.Joint STARS data is also transmitted toairborne and ground elements of the TACScapable of receiving and processing theJ-Series messages using Joint TacticalInformation Distribution System (JTIDS)Link 16 and to ground stations via thesurveillance control data link (SCDL).

(10) Tactical Airlift Control Element(TALCE). The TALCE is a mobile C2 unitdeployed to support strategic and theaterair mobility operations. When deployedspecifically to support air mobilityoperations, the TALCE may be attached tothe command of a geographic combatantcommander as an element of the TACS andis subordinate to the JAOC air mobilitydivision. Because the TALCE can beemployed by both strategic and theaterforces, its command relationships andcontrol authority must be clearly statedand understood.

c. Liaisons.

AFLE. AFLEs provide interfacebetween the COMAFFOR and the JFACCfor coordinating and synchronizing Air

Force units in support of joint airoperations when the COMAFFOR is not theJFACC. Normally, the AFLE is composedof personnel and equipment from anumbered Air Force staff and componentorganizations. AFLE manning is based ona cadre concept with personnel selected fortheir battle management expertise and aknowledge of C2 concepts and procedures.Additional personnel augment the cadrewho are specialist knowledgeable in thecapabilities and tactics of the aircraft,intelligence, or weapons systems beingemployed. The AFLE can be tailored toperform a variety of missions andmanagement functions to match thecontingency or operation.

d. Communications and Computers.

(1) TBMCS. TBMCS is the primaryC2 tool for theater integration of air assets.TBMCS is used to organize intelligence,build and disseminate the ATO/ACO,monitor and control the ATO/ACOexecution, track progress of the air war, andto control all air activity under the JFACC.TBMCS incorporates the former CTAPS,Wing Command and Control System(WCCS), and Combat Intelligence System(CIS) functionality and will be interoperablewith the Global Command and ControlSystem (GCCS).

(2) Theater Deployable Communi-cations (TDC). TDC provide deployed basecommunications infrastructure and theconnectivity to the Defense InformationInfrastructure (DII) for the combat airforces. The system consists of LightweightMultiband Satellite Terminals (LMST) andmodular communication packages. TDCaugments and enhances services providedby legacy ground mobile forces (GMF) andTri-Service Tactical CommunicationsProgram (TRI-TAC) systems.

(3) Global Broadcast System (GBS).GBS provides high speed, high volume one-way information flow to units in garrison,deployed, in the field, or on the move. The

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GBS will be incorporated into, but will notreplace, existing military satellitecommunications (MILSATCOM). It pro-vides the capability to quickly distributelarge information products such asimagery, weather, intelligence, and ATOs.

(4) Initial Communications Pack-ages. The major commands (MAJCOMs)use various initial communicationspackages such as the Wing InitialCommunications Packages (WICP) in AirCombat Command, the Mobility InitialCommunications Kit (MICK) in AirMobility Command, and the Pacific AirForces (PACAF) Initial CommunicationsPackage (PICP). These packages includeSATCOM, high frequency (HF), ultra highfrequency (UHF), very high frequency(VHF), switchboard, message distributionterminal, and land mobile radio systems tosupport individual wing operations intheater.

(5) Air Force Air Request Net(AFARN). AFARN is an HF network usedby TACPs and the ASOC for requesting andcoordinating CAS operations.

(6) Air Operations Center Com-munication Package. Air operations centercommunication package consists of threepackages to support three separate phasesof operations: a quick response packagedesigned to support a 300 sorties per dayduring Phase-I; a limited response packageis designed to support up to 1000 sortiesper day in Phase-II; and a theater response

package designed to support operations inexcess of 1000 sorties per day for Phase-III. These communication packages supportmessage switching, telephone, datacommunications, SATCOM, troposcatter,and HF radio systems for theatercommunications.

(7) Data Links. Data Links sup-ported in theater include TADIL-A,TADIL-B, TADIL-C, TADIL-J, ArmyTactical Data Link-1 (ATDL-1), and GroundBased Data Link (GBDL).

(8) Tactical Air Direction (TAD)Net. TAD is a (UHF or VHF) net used byTACPs and ASOCs for directing andcontrolling aircraft in air support missions.

6. Conclusion

Air Force contributions to the TAGS arethreefold: first, gains control of the air andspace environment and conducts othermissions and support activities throughoutthe theater for the JTF as a whole; second,plans, coordinates, and controls airmissions to achieve JFC assigned airoperations objectives; and third, producesC4 systems that enable the control ofassets. By exchanging liaison elementswith other components, the COMAFFORcan provide a comprehensive and unifiedair operation. Effective liaison is the keyto planning and coordinating TAGSactivities.

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Chapter IV

NAVAL COMPONENT

“Naval forces are a key component of our armed forces’ forward presence operationsand make a critical contribution during the transition from crisis to conflict.Forward-deployed naval forces are often the critical operational linkage betweenpeacetime operations and the initial requirements of a developing crisis or majorregional contingency.”

1. Background

This chapter provides a generalunderstanding of the roles that naval forcescan accomplish in the JFC’s campaign, thedoctrinal tools currently in use, and the C2systems used to apply naval air power tothe JFC’s mission.

As a provider of resources to the TAGS,naval forces provide strike aircraft toattack targets as directed by the JFC.Carrier- and land-based aircraft areequipped and trained to perform all typesof air-to-ground missions, including CASand AI. Naval forces can also fire cruisemissiles from surface and subsurfaceplatforms in support of the JFC’s missionobjectives.

2. Mission

The primary mission of the US Navy isto conduct prompt and sustained combatoperations from the sea in support ofnational policy. The basic function of navalforces is to promote and defend ournational interests by maintaining maritimesuperiority, contributing to regionalstability, conducting operations on andfrom the sea, seizing or defending advancednaval bases, and conducting such landoperations as may be essential to theprosecution of naval campaigns. Navalforces accomplish these functions byconducting deterrence operations,maintaining a forward deployed presence,and exercising a robust sealift capability.

Although naval presence includes awide range of forward-deployed Navy andMarine Corps units afloat and ashore, thebasic “building blocks” remain the carrierbattle group (CVBG), comprising thecarrier (CV) and its embarked carrier airwing (CVW) and the amphibious readygroups (ARGs) with embarked Marineexpeditionary units–special operationscapable (MEU SOC). Using the building-block approach, US naval forces can be“tailored” with specific capabilities. Theresulting naval expeditionary force,conceptually built around fleet operationalforces and forward-deployed Marine air-ground task forces (MAGTFs), can providea highly flexible force for a wide range ofmissions, including long-range strikeoperations and early forcible entry tofacilitate or enable the arrival of follow-onforces. The unique capabilities of navalexpeditionary forces operating from ahighly mobile “sea base” provides the NCAfreedom from political encumbrances thatmay inhibit or otherwise limit the scope ofland-based operations.

3. Component Operations

Naval forces can provide the theatercommander a “tailored” expeditionaryforce package from among the following:aircraft carriers and their associated airwings, submarines, amphibious ships withembarked Marines, maritime patrolaircraft, surface combatants, mine warfareforces, and Navy special warfare forces(NSWF). Naval forces, including bothcarrier-based air and associated

Forward...from the Sea

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amphibious land combat elements,maneuver from the sea to dominate littoralareas. They possess the mobility andflexibility to mass strength against anenemy that cannot defend adequatelyeverywhere. Naval forces provide aneconomy-of-force tool by forcing the enemyto be prepared to defend long coastal areas,thus weakening the enemy at the intendedfocus of effort. Carrier and cruise missilefirepower can also operate independentlyor in conjunction with other services’ airassets to provide quick interdiction orretaliatory strike capability. Navalexpeditionary forces provide the JFC C3;battlespace dominance; power projection;and force sustainment.

a. Battlespace Dominance. Battle-space dominance consists of zones ofsuperiority surrounding one or more unitsor even the entire force. Zones ofsuperiority are used as a base of operationsfrom which the force protects itself andprojects power. The force maintainssuperiority by detecting, identifying,targeting, and neutralizing anything hostilethat enters or passes through the zones.Naval forces establish multiple zones ofsuperiority as necessary for specific taskforces separated from the main force. Basedon the capabilities of sensor and weaponsystems, these zones can reach out forhundreds of nautical miles. The protectivezones of superiority around the naval forcemove with the force and can be extendedto cover entities such as convoys,amphibious groups and land masses, forcesmoving ashore, and protection of thoseforces ashore as they establish their owndefensive zones. Theater commanders maydirect naval forces to conduct anindependent mission if that force is capableof dominating the battlespace of the regionconcerned. Battlespace dominance appliesto both war and MOOTW.

b. Power Projection. Power projectionis the use of supporting arms to apply highintensity, concentrated offensive power atthe time and location of the nation’schoosing. Supporting arms include, but arenot limited to, varieties of firepower; the

synergy of sea, ground, and air operations;EW operations; deception and ruses;psychological operations (PSYOP); andspecial warfare operations. Taking thefight to the enemy has always been one ofour nation’s primary objectives in war. Evenif no offensive action is planned, navalforces can be used as a credible show offorce. This can influence a potentialadversary’s actions by providingunequivocal evidence that a combat-readyforce stands poised to inflict significantdamage to the nation’s infrastructure andarmed forces.

c. Force Sustainment. Successfulglobal response to contingencies dependsupon the ability to project and sustain USforces in a theater of operations.Integrated support resources in the formof fleet-based sustainment and strategicassets provide naval expeditionary, joint,and multinational forces the ability tooperate wherever and whenever ournational interests demand. Logistic supportprovides assured delivery of the materielrequired for US forces to remain on station,combat ready, for as long as necessary.

4. Planning

a. Naval operation planning focuses ondelivering the maximum impact from navalforce capabilities to achieve operational andstrategic objectives. When a JTF isestablished, the JFC normally assigns thesenior Navy commander as the maritime ornaval component commander. The JFCmay chose to appoint a joint force maritimecomponent commander (JFMCC) as afunctional component commanderresponsible for preparing naval OPLANsand directing the actions of subordinatecommanders. Subordinate naval com-manders, down to the lowest unitcommander, would then develop plansbased on their own situational awarenessand their superior’s objectives. Familiaritywith operational plans is essential to unitreadiness, enabling deployed naval forcesto adapt quickly from a ready force to acombatant force.

IV-3

b. Plans supporting the combatantcommander are the basic tool forcoordination of naval actions at theoperational or tactical level. Like thegoverning OPORD, the naval plan tests foradequacy, feasibility, and acceptability.These attributes are measured in thecontext of the Navy and Marine tactics andprocedures. Naval staffs can bestdetermine whether subordinate plans canaccomplish the mission and be executedwith available resources. Naval componentcommanders may also advise the supportedunified commander by evaluating theselected course of action. They may adviseon the acceptability of the course of actionin terms of estimated costs in human andequipment resources.

c. At the component and numberedfleet/Marine expeditionary force (MEF)levels, Navy and Marine Corps directivesare similar to the directives issued by aunified commander, Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff, or the NCA. Thesedirectives take the following forms:warning/alert/planning/execute orders,OPLANs, concept plans, functional plans,campaign plans, outline plans, and lettersof instruction. Naval forces worldwide useMaritime Tactical Messages, astandardization of the General OperatingInstructions known as Operational General(OPGEN) message, Operational Tasking(OPTASK) message, and OperationalStatus (OPSTAT) message. These messageformats are compatible with the JointOperation Planning and Execution System(JOPES). Navy officers in tacticalcommands (OTCs) have the ability torapidly integrate naval units into asynchronized battle force/battle group. TheOTC concept requires that assigned unitsand subordinate commanders understandand use the same concept of operations andC2 practices. The delegation of warfarecommander responsibilities has beensimplified through the use of standardOPTASKs. The OTC may delegateresponsibility within specific warfaredisciplines to allow subordinatecommanders to operate based on stated

intent. The OTC retains the ability tomodify directives by using supplementaldirectives or orders. The OPTASKmessage provides the same elements as theoperation plan: situation/mission/execu-tion/administration/C2 necessary forcentralized planning and decentralizedexecution in the strategic and operationalplanning systems. If the commander’sestimate of the situation requires changesto the OPORD, an OPGEN, an OPTASK, afragmentary order (FRAGORDER), orsupplements to the OPGEN is used.

5. Command and Control

The naval component commanderexercises OPCON as designated by the JFCthrough the Numbered Fleet commandersand/or subordinate task forces. Theseforces are task-organized as battle forces,task forces, task groups, task units, andtask elements composed of individual unitsnecessary to accomplish specificoperational missions. The officer incommand of any of the task organizationsis designated as the OTC and has primaryresponsibility for executing that force’smission. The naval component commandermay create as many task groupings asnecessary, assigning OTC responsibilitiesas deemed appropriate. In doing this, thenaval component commander retains acritical theater-level perspective on navaloperations. To facilitate execution andcombat responsibilities, the Navy uses a C2arrangement referred to as the compositewarfare commander (CWC) conceptintegrating ships, submarines, aircraft andland based forces.

a. CWC Concept. The Navy employsthe CWC concept as the doctrinalcornerstone of its task force operational andtactical C2 system (see Figure IV-1). TheCWC concept enables the OTC of a navalforce to aggressively wage combatoperations against air, surface, andsubsurface threats while contributing to theoverall campaign plan of the JFC. Theconcept is designed to prevent an enemyfrom saturating a single command node

IV-4

with a large number of rapidly closing air,surface, and submarine threats.Subordinate warfare commanders areresponsible to the CWC for the conduct ofthe tactical battle. Subordinate warfarecommanders may include—

(1) Air warfare commander (AWC).

(2) Surface warfare commander(SUWC).

(3) Under sea warfare commander(USWC).

(4) Strike warfare commander(STWC).

(5) Command and control warfarecommander (C2WC).

Warfare commanders normally operatefrom the combat direction centers (CDCs)of the ships they actually command or inspaces specially equipped to accomplishtheir respective missions. All warfarecommanders are responsible for collecting,evaluating, and disseminating tacticalinformation; planning and coordinatingwith other warfare commanders; and, whenauthorized by the CWC, tacticallycontrolling assigned resources andautonomously initiating action.

Figure IV-1. Naval Coordination Links

JFCJOC

AFLE

CATF

SAWC

LAWC

TACCTADC

SACC

CVBG

CTF/OTC

CWC

FAWC

JAOC

NAVFOR/JFACC

Air component liaison to JFACCCoordination links

IV-5

b. OTC. The OTC is responsible forsuccessfully accomplishing missionsassigned to the naval force. Offensivemission objectives are of overridingimportance. The OTC may delegateplanning and execution of offensivemissions to a subordinate warfarecommander. In most cases, the OTC andthe CWC are the same individual; however,in large forces where overall missiondirection and control demand the totalattention of the OTC, tactical commandmay be delegated to a separate CWC whowill wage combat operations to counterthreats against the force. The OTC/CWC—

(1) Promulgates plans and policies,orders degrees of readiness, and directsand monitors task force operations in orderto accomplish the objectives.

(2) Promulgates force disposition,position, and movement and establishes aforce surveillance area.

(3) Designates warfare com-manders and coordinators, alternates, andsector authorities as appropriate andmaintains the force command andcoordination structure. When assigningwarfare commanders and coordinators, theCWC takes into consideration the nature,severity, and relative priorities for dealingwith the expected threat; the size,composition, and distribution of the force;and the suitability of C2 equipment andliving and working space available in thevarious platforms in the force. Undercertain circumstances, the OTC/CWC mayfind it convenient to assign specialcommanders and coordinators, such as asector warfare commander, functionalgroup commander, screen commander,maneuvering coordinator, and helicopterelement coordinator. The specific dutiesand authority of those commanders andcoordinators will be defined in the forceOPGENs-formatted messages by which theOTC/CWC promulgates the duties andresponsibilities of subordinate com-manders and coordinators.

(4) Specifies chain of commandamong OTC/CWC, the forces under theirtactical control, the principal warfarecommanders, and the supportingcoordinators.

(5) Provides air, surface, andsubsurface units as available to theappropriate warfare commanders;coordinates their respective efforts; and,when necessary, prioritizes theirrequirements in light of limited assets,force mission, and current threat.

(6) Arranges for coordination of air,surface, and subsurface operations withother friendly forces operating within oradjacent to the CWC’s force.

c. Supporting Coordinators. Assistingthe CWC and the subordinate warfarecommanders are supporting coordinators.Supporting coordinators differ fromwarfare commanders in that coordinatorsexecute policy but do not control forces anddo not initiate autonomous actions. Theprimary supporting coordinators are the airresource element coordinator (AREC), whois responsible for managing andcoordinating the allocation anddistribution of carrier aircraft, and thesubmarine operating control authority(SOCA), who is responsible for coordinatingthe actions of direct support submarines.

d. Implementation. The CWC may usea part or all of the concept as required bythe situation. Actual at-sea C2 arrange-ments are promulgated by the CWC inOPGENs. A force’s OPGEN will includeinstructions on dispositions, maneuvering,ROE, emissions control policy, readinessconditions, threat assessment, designationof warfare commanders and coordinators,and assignment of particular respon-sibilities. Periodically, the OTC/CWC willissue updates. Regardless of the amountof authority delegated, the CWC retainsthe option of control by command override.

e. Responsibilities of SubordinateWarfare Commanders. Although all

IV-6

warfare commanders have some interfacewith the TAGS, the primary operators arethe STWC, AWC, and the AREC.Subordinate warfare commanders issueOPTASK and daily intentions messages topromulgate their intentions to the forcesunder their control. These messages areaddressed to all concerned forces, both thenaval forces and other service componentforces performing missions for the OTC/CWC. Coordination with other service orfunctional component commanders outsidethe naval force by the OTC/CWC andwarfare commanders is accomplishedthrough the Navy component commander’sstaff.

(1) STWC. The STWC coordinatesthe strike capabilities of the force withrespect to air and naval cruise missileassets and, as such, has the greatestinterface with the TAGS. Normally, thecommander of the CVW is appointed theSTWC; in multicarrier battle groups, oneof the battle group commanders willnormally be designated a STWC.

(a) The STWC appoints astrike planning team, headed by the missioncommander, for each strike missionassigned to the air wing or force. The strikeplanning team does the detailed missionplanning required to accomplish the strikeand accomplishes all coordination requiredwithin the CVW. The strike operationssection of the AREC’s (carrier com-mander’s) staff accomplishes coordinationoutside of the wing.

(b) The STWC also coordinateswith the SUWC, the SOCA, and the forceover-the-horizon coordinator (FOTC), whomaintains the locations of enemy forces forlong-range strikes. The SOCA will also beinvolved in submarine-launched cruisemissile strikes against land targets. Otherservice components tasked to participatein these operations will coordinate throughthe STWC.

(2) AWC. The AWC is responsibleto the CWC for air defense and airspace

control of the prescribed area around theforce. Specifically, the AWC establishesand maintains air superiority in anassigned area of operations to facilitatenaval, joint, and/or multinational offensiveand/or defensive operations. Additionally,the AWC normally has control of fighter (forair warfare) aircraft, E-2C (AWACS),carrier-based tankers, and long-rangesurface-to-air missile-capable ships.

(3) AREC. Normally the carriercommanding officer, the AREC is a resourcemanager and an air warfare planner andcoordinator who serves as the air advisorto the OTC/CWC. The AREC is responsiblefor airspace planning and also aids theAWC in the airspace control function. TheAREC must be aware of the aircraft needsof the battle group or force; must ensurethat the aircraft are used effectively; andmust stay apprised of aircraft availability,maintenance readiness, configuration, andweapons load-out. The AREC must alsoensure that the OTC/CWC, warfarecommanders, and supporting coordinatorsare kept fully informed of carrier airoperations and aircraft availability andassignment.

(a) The AREC assembles all airsupport requests from the other warfarecommanders and, with the strikeoperations officer, produces the daily airplan that allocates aircraft to the variouswarfare commanders. In a multicarrierbattle force, each carrier generates its owndaily air plan. The OTC/CWC normallyissues a coordinated air tasking messageto provide overall guidance for thepreparation of each carrier’s daily air plan.Under certain circumstances, the ARECmay exercise tactical control of particularaircraft outside of the carrier; for example,tanker aircraft.

(b) The AREC’s primary dutiesinvolve allocating carrier aircraft assets,executing the daily air plan, transferringcontrol to the warfare commander orrequester of air services, informing thewarfare commanders of the status of these

IV-7

assets, and reporting results achieved bythem and the information gained from theirsensors. The AREC is responsible forensuring that all aircrews are properlybriefed and debriefed before and after allmissions. The OTC/CWC provides theAREC with priorities when requisitions forair assets exceed available resources.

f. Other Warfare Commanders.

(1) SUWC. The SUWC is respon-sible to the CWC for the protection of theforce against hostile surface units,specifically to deny hostile surface units theability to use or contest maritime battle-space in which friendly forces are operatingor will be tasked to operate. Whenordered, the SUWC destroys or otherwiseneutralizes all hostile surface forces withina specified area. Additionally, the SUWCassumes control of assets provided by theAREC or other outside air power providersto accomplish war-at-sea missions.

(2) C2WC. The C2WC is normallya member of the OTC/CWC staff who isresponsible to the OTC/CWC for the use ofthe electromagnetic spectrum in support ofC2W. The C2WC conducts defensive andoffensive operations, including EW,electronic attack, electronic protection,operational security, signal warfare,cryptologic operations, satellite vulner-ability, signal intelligence, and signalsecurity. The C2WC uses naval assets toperform these missions or coordinatestheir performance by other components’ airassets in support of naval operations.

(3) USWC. The USWC is respon-sible to the CWC for the protection of theforce against hostile submarines. TheUSWC denies hostile subsurface units theability to use or contest maritimebattlespace in which friendly forces areoperating or may be tasked to operate.When ordered, the USCW destroys orotherwise neutralizes all hostilesubmarines within a specified area.

(4) Sea Combat Commander (SCC).When deployed as a naval expeditionaryforce, the duties of the SUWC and USWCmay be combined as a SCC. The SCC is thenresponsible for protecting the force fromsurface and undersea threats.

g. Sea-Based JFACC. Whenever a USjoint force is activated, the Navy forces(NAVFOR) will contribute substantially tothe joint air operation. If a JFC designatesa JFACC, the AREC and AREC staff willnormally serve as the NAVFOR primarypoints of contact with the JFACC andJAOC on matters pertaining to airoperations and planning. The navalcomponent commander must also beprepared to assume the functions of theJFACC and JAOC if designated as such bythe JFC.

(1) LCCs ships and aircraft carriers(CV/CVNs) are now configured withexpanded communications suites—improved computer assets including theCTAPS and other enhancements that givethe JFC a sea-based JFACC option. Thestaff of a sea-based JFACC will normallybe much smaller than a land-based JFACCbecause of limited living and workingspaces available on Navy ships (see FigureIV-2). The difference in staff size has asignificant effect on the joint air planningcapacity that a sea-based JFACC canhandle. Based on exercise and trainingexperience, the anticipated capability forNavy planning and tasking is one of thefollowing:

(a) CV Sea-Based JFACC(Unaugmented Staff). CV sea-basedJFACC (unaugmented staff) can control 1CVBG, 1 ARG and portions of 1 USAFcomposite wing and generate 180-200sorties daily.

(b) CV Sea-Based JFACC(Augmented Staff): CV sea-based JFACC(augmented staff) can control 2 CVBGs, 1ARG and 1 USAF composite wing andgenerate 400-plus sorties daily.

IV-8

(c) LCC (Flagship) Sea-BasedJFACC. LCC (Flagship) sea-based JFACCcan control 3 CVBGs, 2 ARGs, 1 Marineaircraft wing (MAW), and 1 USAFcomposite wing and generate 800-plussorties daily.

(2) The organization and processesassociated with a sea-based JFACC do notdiffer significantly from a land-basedJFACC. The functions accomplished by thesea-based JAOC are the same as a land-based JAOC; however, they are normallyconducted on a reduced scale because of alack of space for staff.

(3) In a likely scenario, a sea-basedJFACC could be designated at the outbreak

of a crisis, when the CVBG represents thepreponderance of the air assets, with asmall contingent of land-based aviationassets in theater. As the situation developsand more land-based air assets arrive intheater, a decision by the JFC to transitionthe JFACC ashore could be executed. Thistransition should be accomplished so as tominimize disruption to air operations andas transparent as possible to the jointaviation assets being tasked on the ATOs.As the crisis is resolved and land-basedassets leave the theater, the JFACC dutiescan again be transferred to the navalcomponent until the need for a JFACC nolonger exists. (See Appendix E for moreinformation on procedures for transferringJFACC responsibilities.)

Figure IV-2. Sea-Based JFACC Capabilities

•ADDITIONALTARGETINGPERSONNEL

•2-3 CVBG•1-2 ARG•1 MAW•2 USAF WGs

•12 CTAPS•30 PHONES•1500 SQ FT

<800 SORTIES

•LIMITED USAF FROM AFAR

•1 CVBG•1 ARG

•CORE CVBG JFACC (20 PERSONS)

•HOST CTAPS

180-200 SORTIES

CV SEA-BASED JFACC

(UNAUGMENTED STAFF)

•FLY AWAY TEAM IN PLACE (20-25 PERSONS)

•2 CVBG•1 ARG•1USAF WG

•12 CTAPS•20 PHONES•1000 SQ FT

<400 SORTIES

CV SEA-BASED JFACC

(AUGMENT STAFF)

LCC (FLAGSHIP) SEA-BASEDJFACC

IV-9

h. Liaisons. The NALE represents themaritime component commander (MCC)and is responsive to the JAOC on matterspertaining to Navy and Marine amphibiousoperations. The NALE processes NAVFORand Marine landing force requests for airsupport and monitors and interprets themaritime battle situation for the JAOC. TheNALE provides the necessary interface forthe exchange of current operational andintelligence data between components andthe JAOC. The NALE also coordinatesmaritime requirements for air defense,long-range interdiction, and long-rangerequirements. It also monitors Navy andMarine airspace and air traffic controlrequirements and changes. The NALEprovides feedback to the JAOC andcomponents on current and future joint airoperations concerning integration of forcerequirements.

i. Amphibious Operations. For organ-ization and control of Navy and Marine

forces during amphibious operations seeAppendix D.

6. Conclusion

Naval forces play a vital role inaccomplishing the JFC’s campaign plan.From naval doctrine to C2 systems, navalair power provides vital resources to theTAGS. Carrier- and land-based strikeaircraft are equipped and trained toperform all types of air-to-ground missions,including AI and CAS as directed by theJFC. Naval forces also provide importantcapabilities outside that of naval aviation,such as firing cruise missiles from surfaceand subsurface platforms in support of theJFC’s mission objectives and othercomponent commanders. Naval commandauthority trains to perform joint C2functions such as JFACC afloat. Naval airand sea power is an important part of theTAGS.

V-1

Chapter V

MARINE CORPS COMPONENT

1. Background

As the “landward” extension of navalexpeditionary forces, Marine Corps forces(MARFOR) are capable of projectingsignificant combat power ashore and arecentral to the overall accomplishment ofthe littoral strategy. In light of theirreadiness, flexibility, and broad utility intimes of crisis, MARFOR provide globallyresponsive assets for contingency missionsin support of NCA requirements. As acombined arms force (with integratedground, aviation, and logistics capabilities)with an expeditionary focus, the MarineCorps offers a unique organization thatprovides the CINC or JFC a “Total ForcePackage” ready for action.

2. Mission

The MARFOR’ mission is to supportthe JFC’s campaign. Assigned tasks mayinclude—

(1) Land operations contributingto a naval operation, including the seizureand defense of advanced naval bases, attackof enemy support facilities, seizure of areasblocking passage of naval forces, and land-based air operations in support of the fleet.(This is normally amphibious warfarelanding force matters.)

(2) Naval political reinforcementoperations up to and including inter-vention.

(3) Naval support, amphibious orotherwise, of continental campaigns.

(4) Joint and multinationaloperations where the MARFOR operate aspart of a joint/multinational task force,either as an inclusive element or as theprincipal framework.

(5) Security support for certainnaval bases and stations or areas.

3. Component Operations

The Marine Corps concept forconducting operations is maneuverwarfare, a way of thinking about war thatshapes every action. It is a state of mindborn of bold will, intellect, initiative, andruthless opportunism. The Marine Corps’organization for combat is the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF). Maneuverwarfare is a warfighting philosophy usedby the MAGTF to shatter the enemy’scohesion through a series of rapid, violent,and unexpected actions. These actionscreate for the enemy a turbulent, rapidlydeteriorating and impossible situation. TheMAGTF concentrates strength againstenemy vulnerabilities, striking quickly andboldly where, when, and how it will causethe greatest harm to the enemy’swarfighting ability. Because criticalvulnerabilities are rarely obvious, theMAGTF seeks to exploit every opportunityto deal a decisive blow to the enemy. Whenthe decisive opportunity arrives, theMAGTF exploits it fully and aggressively,committing all its combat power. Theability and willingness to exploitopportunities generates decisive results.Inherent in maneuver warfare is the needfor relative speed, to seize the initiative;dictate terms of combat; and keep theenemy off balance. The key to relativespeed is mobility. When combined withfirepower, relative speed shocks theenemy, disrupts morale, and expeditessuccess.

a. Firepower and Mobility. Firepowerand mobility are fundamental to theemployment of military forces. They arecomplementary and mutually dependent.Firepower aids mobility, causing sufficientdestruction or confusion so that the enemy

V-2

cannot block or oppose friendly movement.Mobility is used to position forces, includingits firepower assets, to gain positionaladvantage against the enemy.

(1) Firepower. Besides the groundcombat element’s (GCE’s) organic weaponssystems, aviation is the MAGTF’s greatestsource of firepower. Aviation increases andcomplements the MAGTF’s firepower andmobility. Aviation-delivered firepowerdamages or threatens to damage enemypersonnel, facilities, and equipment,relieving some of the burden on groundcombat units to move and carry largeamounts of ordnance. With its ability tocover distances rapidly, aviation providesthe MAGTF commander with over-whelming amounts of firepower on shortnotice. The goal of firepower is not simplyto attrite the enemy’s strength but also tocreate a situation where shock, confusion,and shattered morale erode the ability toresist. Maneuver warfare discounts thisattritionist approach to warfighting. Thefocused use of firepower must fit a largerpurpose. Its selective application con-tributes to the enemy’s shock anddisruption.

(2) Mobility. Mobility allows theMAGTF commander to focus firepowerwhere it can best be used to achieve adecision. Mobility is tied to the use orthreatened use of firepower. Aviationprovides the MAGTF tactical andoperational mobility, “the ability to movewithin an engagement or battle and to movebetween engagements or battles.” Aviationallows the MAGTF to rapidly repositionforces to any location in the battlespace.With this ability, the MAGTF can conducttactical and operational actions at a tempohigher than that of the enemy. This relativetempo advantage allows the MAGTF toshift quickly from one action to another.Aviation can also provide a tempoadvantage to the MAGTF by stopping orslowing enemy movement.

b. Combined Arms. The Marine Corpsorganization is predicated on the combinedarms concept. Combined arms is the

integration of “arms” in such a mannerthat, to counteract one, the enemy mustbecome more vulnerable to another.Whatever action the enemy takes to avoidone “arm” makes it vulnerable to another.Combined arms actions are designed so thatany enemy reaction is equally disastrous.

(1) The “arms” that can be used tocreate a dilemma are not limited tofirepower means: aviation, artillery, andinfantry. Marines can create combinedarms effects using maneuver of forces,sustainment capability, deception, EW,PSYOP, C2 warfare, and SO. The MAGTFtakes advantage of the asymmetrical andcomplementary characteristics of differenttypes of “arms’’ to gain the leverage todestroy the enemy.

(2) The Marine Corps uses com-bined arms at the tactical and operationallevels of war. Tactically, a commander canpin down (fix) an enemy force with directfire weapons, making that force vulnerableto CAS. If the enemy forces choose to moveto escape the air attack, they risk comingunder direct fire. Marines link thecombined arms effects of smaller units toproduce a larger combined arms effect. Forexample, operationally the commander canuse aviation to isolate an enemy force fromreinforcements or supplies. The com-mander can then strike the isolated enemyforce, forcing the enemy to either fight andface irreplaceable losses or abandon thefield and come under additional aviationand artillery attack.

c. Task Organization. The MarineCorps task organizes for combat by formingintegrated, combined arms MAGTFs toinclude aviation. MAGTFs are specificallytailored for rapid deployment by air and/or sea. The MAGTF is self-sufficient andcan be tailored based on the theater or JFC’soperational requirement or task. MAGTF’sare designed on a building block concept,drawing appropriate units into an air-ground-logistics team under onecommander. The size of the MAGTF andits components will vary depending on the

V-3

mission. Notional task organizationsinclude the Marine expeditionary force(MEF), Marine expeditionary unit specialoperations capable (MEU SOC), and thespecial purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF) thatare described in Table V-1.

(1) All MAGTFs, regardless of size,have the same elements: a commandelement (CE), a GCE, an aviation combatelement (ACE), and a combat servicesupport element (CSSE). The CE is theMAGTF headquarters and is task organizedto provide C2 capabilities (includingintelligence and communications) neces-sary for effective planning, direction, and

execution of all operations. The GCE istask organized to conduct groundoperations in support of the MAGTFmission and is formed around an infantryorganization reinforced with requisiteartillery, reconnaissance, armor, andengineer forces. The ACE is task organizedto perform aviation functions, with MarineCorps aviation, as required to support themission. The ACE is formed around anaviation headquarters with appropriate aircontrol agencies, combat, combat support,and combat service support units. TheCSSE is task organized to provide the fullrange of combat service support functionsand capabilities necessary to support the

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

The MEF is the principal Marine Corps warfighting organization, particularly for a largercrisis or contingency. The MEF can range in size from less than one to multiple divisionsand aircraft wings, together with one or more force service support groups. With 60 daysof accompanying supplies, MEFs are capable of amphibious operations and sustainedoperations ashore in any geographic environment. With appropriate augmentation, theMEF command element is capable of performing the mission of a JTF headquarters.MEFs are the primary “standing MAGTFs” (that is, they exist in peacetime as well aswartime). Marine component headquarters may form smaller MAGTFs from these MEFs.The Marine Corps reservoir of combat capabilitiesthe divisions, wings, and force servicesupport groupsare assigned to standing MEFs. A MEF will normally deploy in echelonand will designate its lead element as the MEF (forward).

Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)

Forward deployed MEU(SOC)s embarked aboard amphibious ready group (ARG) shipsoperate continuously in the areas of responsibility of numerous unified commanders.These units provide the NCA and unified commanders an effective means of dealing withthe uncertainties of future threats, by providing forward deployed units that offer uniqueopportunities for a variety of quick reaction, sea-based, crisis response options in either aconventional amphibious/expeditionary role or in the execution of maritime specialoperations. The MEU(SOC) consists of a reinforced infantry battalion and a reinforcedsquadron. It is normally prepared to operate with 15 days of supplies. The MEU(SOC) istypically embarked aboard three to five US Navy amphibious ships. Before deployment, aMEU undergoes an intensive 6-month training program focusing on its conventional andselected maritime special operations missions. The training culminates with an evaluationand subsequent certification as “special operations capable.”

Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF)

The SPMAGTF is task organized to accomplish a specific mission, operation, or regionallyfocused exercise. As such, SPMAGTFs can be organized, trained, and equipped to conducta wide variety of expeditionary operations in response to a crisis or peacetime mission.They are designated as SPMAGTF with a location. Their duties cover the spectrum fromnoncombatant evacuation to disaster relief and humanitarian missions.

Table V-1. Types of MAGTFs

V-4

continued readiness and sustainability ofthe MAGTF as a whole.

(2) The MAGTF can provide acohesive combined arms team capable offulfilling assigned missions with little or nooutside support. MAGTFs present uniquemilitary capabilities, limitations, andorganizational requirements. Usingmaneuver warfare, the MAGTF producesdecisive results with forces of moderatesize. When employed in joint operations,the MAGTF commander advises the JFCon MAGTF employment to ensure that itsconsiderable and unique capabilities aremaximized.

d. Marine Corps Aviation. MarineCorps aviation’s primary mission is toparticipate as the MARFOR’ supporting aircomponent. Marine aviation supports theseizure and defense of advanced navalbases as well as conducts essential airoperations in support of Marine, naval, andjoint land operations. As a collateralmission, Marine Corps aviation participatesas an integral component of naval aviationin the execution of other naval functions asthe fleet commander may direct.

(1) The MAGTF commander dele-gates air operations authority to the ACEcommander, who exercises authoritythrough the Marine Air Command ControlSystem (MACCS) to effectively command,coordinate, and control MAGTF airoperations. The MACCS provides the ACEcommander with the means to exercisecentralized command and coordination anddecentralized control, allowing foroperational flexibility and rapid responseto changing tactical situations.

(2) The MAGTF ACE, which fulfillsexpeditionary aviation requirements, issized to the mission and may range from asmall aircraft detachment to multipleMarine Corps aircraft wings. The ACEadds a dimension of flexibility, firepower,and mobility to the MAGTF that it wouldnot have otherwise. Normally one ACEsupports a MAGTF, but this is not apermanent organization. The ACE is

tailored to provide air support for theMAGTF’s mission. The MAGTF com-mander, who receives advice from the ACEcommander concerning effective ACEemployment, makes the final decisionconcerning ACE missions, tasks, andpriority of effort. Execution of the MAGTFoperation relies on successful tactical airoperations. The ACE that organizesaround an aviation headquarters—

(a) Supports the MAGTF com-mander in any or all of the functional areasof Marine Corps aviation.

(b) Plans and employs aviationto locate and destroy enemy forces andsupporting installations.

(c) Provides direct air supportto the MAGTF.

(d) Provides assault support tothe MAGTF.

(e) Searches for, locates, iden-tifies, and intercepts radiated electro-magnetic energy.

(f) Conducts antiair warfareoperations, including coordination andcontrol of fighter aircraft and surface-to-airweapons.

(g) Gains and maintains airsuperiority.

(h) Prevents movement ofenemy forces into and within the area ofoperations.

(i) Provides its own organicaerial refueling capability.

(3) Marine Corps aviation performsthe following doctrinal functions: antiairwarfare, offensive air support (OAS),assault support, air reconnaissance, EW,and control of aircraft and missiles.

(a) Antiair Warfare. TheMAGTF uses antiair warfare to destroy orreduce enemy air and missile threats. Thepurpose of antiair warfare is to gain andmaintain the necessary air superiority forthe MAGTF to conduct ground and air

V-5

operations without prohibitive inter-ference from enemy air action. Antiairwarfare includes offensive antiair warfare,operations conducted against enemy airresources before they can be employed orassume an attacking role and air defense,active and passive measures designed toreduce or nullify the effects of hostile airaction.

(b) OAS. OAS isolates thebattlefield, projects firepower to shapeevents in time and space, and deliversfirepower against enemy installations,facilities, and personnel. OAS destroysenemy resources and isolates the enemy’smilitary force, allowing the MAGTFcommander to influence future battle. TheMAGTF commander uses OAS to create adilemma for the enemy. If the enemymoves to confront friendly forces, enemyforces are exposed to aviation assets. Ifthe enemy cannot move or employ forcesor is unable or unwilling to sustain losses,initiative and tempo are lost. OAS, whichdoes not include air operations to reducean enemy’s air capability, is categorized aseither CAS or deep air support (DAS).

•CAS, which is used againsthostile targets located close to friendlyforces, requires detailed integration witha friendly ground force’s fire andmaneuver. The supported ground unitcommander requests or approves all CASmissions in the area of operations. CASallows the MAGTF commander toconcentrate aviation at the decisive placeand time to achieve local combatsuperiority and take advantage of fleetingbattlefield opportunities.

•Although DAS may requireconsiderable coordination, it does notrequire detailed integration with a friendlyground force’s fire and maneuver. It doesrequire a complete understanding of theMAGTF commander’s intent and schemeof maneuver in order to properly shapethe battlefield. DAS also allows theMAGTF commander to destroy, neutralize,or delay enemy reinforcements, criticalenemy functions or capabilities, and other

enemy potential before it can be brought tobear effectively against friendly forces.DAS can attack enemy centers of gravity,enemy formations, lines of communication,and C2 centers. DAS missions areconducted on both sides of the FSCL. Thetwo categories of DAS are AI and armedreconnaissance.

••AI can deny the enemy use ofa particular area, route, or facility; increasetheir consumption of supplies; increase themovement of troops and equipment; andapply heavy pressure on their lines ofcommunications. All of this activityincreases the enemy’s vulnerability to airattack and provides friendly forces withlucrative targets.

••Armed reconnaissance pro-vides the MAGTF commander with aneconomy-of-force measure to cover anddefend terrain not suited to other forces.Armed reconnaissance identifies enemyforces and engages them before they canthreaten MAGTF forces.

(c) Assault Support. Assaultsupport operations provide air movementof personnel, supplies, and equipment intoor within the area of operations and ensurethe rapid buildup of combat power. Assaultsupport allows forces to bypass certainobstacles, avoid hostile areas, maneuverover the entire battlefield, and rapidlyresupply combat forces. It requiresdetailed, coordinated, and concurrentplanning at all levels. Categories of assaultsupport include combat assault transport,air delivery, aerial refueling, air evacuation,and tactical recovery of aircraft andpersonnel (that is, combat rescue, airlogistical support, and battlefieldillumination).

(d) Air Reconnaissance. Airreconnaissance provides the MAGTFcommander with information that can beused to influence operations. Air recon-naissance collects multisensor imagery ofareas of interest; provides and maintainssurveillance of areas of interest; providesrapid and current information on enemy

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composition, disposition, activity,installations, and terrain; and supports thedirection and adjustment of artillery andnaval surface fire support (NSFS).

(e) EW. EW provides timelyinformation on the enemy, disrupts theenemy’s use of the electromagneticspectrum, and provides for the MAGTF’suse of the electromagnetic spectrumdespite enemy EW. EW also neutralizesenemy radars and provides the MAGTFcommander with information to update theenemy’s order of battle.

(f) Control of Aircraft andMissiles. Control of aircraft (fixed-wing,rotary-wing, and UAVs) and missilesprovides the MAGTF commander with theability to employ ACE assets to influencecombat operations. It includes thefacilities, equipment, communications,procedures, and personnel to plan, direct,and control the ACE’s effort. Collectively,these compromise the MACCS.

4. Planning

To effectively conduct MAGTF airoperations, detailed planning must takeplace. The MAGTF commander and theMAGTF commander’s staff mustunderstand the planning required forintegration of MARFOR as part of a jointor multinational force. The GCE and CSSEcommanders and staffs must fullycomprehend their planning roles relativeto MAGTF air operations. The ACEcommander, the ACE staff, subordinateunits, and personnel manning the MACCSmust firmly grasp planning factors relativeto C2 of MAGTF air operations.

a. Amphibious Operations. Amphib-ious operations combine ships, aircraft, andlanding forces into a united military effortagainst a hostile or potentially hostileshore. It is one of the most complexmilitary operations to conduct. TheMACCS must plan to provide the ACEcommander with the ability to C2 MAGTFair operations during all phases of theamphibious operation. Integration oflanding force aviation with the amphibious

task force and host nation airspace and airdefense networks must be considered.Appendix C contains additional detailsconcerning the MACCS during amphibiousoperations.

b. Joint/Multinational Operations.During joint/multinational operations, theMAGTF must successfully integrate withthe force as a whole and the othercomponents. The MACCS must conductplanning to integrate and coordinate withother service and joint airspace control andair defense agencies and staffs to allow theACE commander to effectively employMarine aviation in support of the MAGTF.An integral function of the MACCS is toprovide liaison to air C2 agencies externalto the MAGTF. As with amphibiousoperations, considerations must be given tohost nation airspace and air defensenetworks.

c. MAGTF Employment. The MAGTFis a task organized fighting force. The taskorganization of the MAGTF is driven by theassigned or implied mission(s) for theMAGTF. As such, its organization will varyfrom operation to operation. Whenconsidering the organization of theMAGTF’s ACE, the MAGTF commandermust weigh the MAGTF’s air C2 needsagainst available joint force assets and jointforce interface requirements.

d. MACCS. The MACCS provides theMAGTF commander with the ability to planand direct air operations within theMARFOR area of operations. The MACCSmust plan to support MAGTF operationsthrough the execution of the six functionsof Marine aviation. Categories of MACCSplanning include but are not limited to—airspace control; airspace and air defensecontrol measures; air control procedures;air direction; and communicationsconnectivity with higher, adjacent, andsubordinate air C2 agencies.

5. Command and Control

a. MACCS. The MACCS provides theACE commander with the means tocommand, coordinate, and control air

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operations (see Figure V-1). The Marineair control group (MACG) provides thepersonnel and equipment to staff, operate,and maintain principal MACCS agencies.The MACCS provides a robust air C2capability that is fully capable of conductingair support, air defense, and airspacemanagement functions within theframework of joint and multinationaloperations. The MACCS task organizes itsorganization and capabilities to meet theMAGTF’s air C2 needs. It varies in sizefrom small air support elements and airtraffic control teams typically deployedwith a Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) toa fully functional air C2 system used inMEF-level operations. The principal C2agencies of the MACCS are—tactical aircommand center (TACC), tactical airdirection center (TADC), sector antiairwarfare coordinator (SAAWC), and tacticalair operations center (TAOC), direct airsupport center (DASC), Marine air trafficcontrol detachment (MATCD), terminalcontrol agencies (for direct air support).

(1) TACC. The TACC is the seniorMACCS agency and the one MACCS agency

that exercises command. It serves as theACE commander’s operational CP. TheTACC provides the facility from which theACE commander and the battle staff plan,supervise, coordinate, and execute allcurrent and future MAGTF air operations.The battle staff is divided into two sections:a future operations section and a currentoperations section. The future operationssection is responsible for drafting, revising,and disseminating the MAGTF ATO. In thecase of a joint ATO, future operationssection provides the JFC with informationconcerning MAGTF direct support sorties,sorties in excess of MAGTF direct supportneeds, or request for air support beyond theACE’s ability to provide for inclusion intothe joint air tasking cycle/order. Thecurrent operations section is responsiblefor the execution of the ATO, includingboth MAGTF and joint aviation assets insupport of the MAGTF. Using the principleof centralized command and decentralizedcontrol, the TACC’s current operationssection supervises and monitors theactivities of the subordinate MACCSagencies in execution of the ATO. The

Figure V-1. MACCS Coordination Links

JFCJOC

AADCACA

COFAC

IBNCP

FSCCTACPNGFO

RGTCP

FSCCTACP

III

GCE/DIVCP

FSCCTACPII

XX

AD BNAD BNAD BN

DASC(A)

TAC(A)

ACETACC TADC

TACC/SACC

DASC MATCD SAAWC/TAOC

EW/C

STINGER AVENGER

Tactical Air Request Net

ASC(A)

HST LAAD BN TMD DET

MAGTF/FFCC

TACP/ FAC (A)NGFO

NGFO

MARFOR/JFACC

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TACC provides the MAGTF’s aviation armwith critical guidance, direction, andsupervision regarding the employment andexecution of the six functions of Marineaviation. In turn, the TACC integrates theMarine aviation’s six functions into theMAGTF scheme of maneuver through itslinkage with the MEF’s force firescoordination center (FFCC) or theMAGTF’s combat operations center (COC).The TACC also provides the functionalinterface and coordination for employmentof MAGTF aviation in joint/multinationaland naval expeditionary operations. In joint/multinational operations, the TACC is oftenreferred to as the Marine TACC to avoidconfusion with the Navy tactical air controlcenter (Navy TACC). The TACC caninterface with other air C2 agencies viaTADILs A and B, and North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO) Link 1.

(2) TADC. The TADC will be taskorganized to perform all or most of theTACC’s tasks. It will be employed in asubordinate role to a senior air C2 agency,most notably during expeditionaryoperations where the Marine TADC issubordinate to the Navy TACC before thetransfer of control ashore. Once theMAGTF assumes control of all airoperations within an amphibious objectivearea (AOA), the TADC becomes the TACC.A TADC site that is subordinate to a MarineTACC may also be established within aMAGTF’s area of operations to provide theACE commander with an additionalcapability to coordinate support for aspecific area or a specified time.

(3) SAAWC and TAOC. TheSAAWC and TAOC are the MAGTF’sprincipal agents for the conduct of airdefense operations. The SAAWC is theMAGTF’s air defense battle manager andis directly responsible to the ACEcommander for the supervision, manage-ment, and coordination of air defenseoperations within the SAAWC’s assignedsector. The SAAWC is not an air C2 agency,rather an activity that serves as anextension of the TACC that focuses on air

defense planning and management of airdefense resources within the SAAWC’ssector. The SAAWC will manage one ormore TAOCs within the SAAWC’s sector.

(a) The SAAWC operates fromthe sector antiair warfare facility (SAAWF),a system of workstations with varioussoftware applications. The SAAWF isusually collocated with the TAOC, as themajority of capabilities provided by theSAAWF are driven by the TAOC’s database.Air situation information and com-munications capabilities are provided tothe SAAWF by the TAOC via interfaceswith the TAOC’s digital data andcommunications busses.

(b) The TAOC is the MACCS’sprincipal air defense agency that conductsairspace control and management. Itprovides real-time surveillance of assignedairspace, positive control, and navigationalassistance for friendly aircraft. It performsreal-time direction and control of airdefense operations involving aircraft andsurface-to-air weapons. By collecting anddisplaying information from its ownsensors, other MAGTF sources, andexternal sources (other services andnations), the TAOC controls assignedairspace and directs and controls the firesof assigned air defense assets. The TAOC’sprimary air surveillance radar, the AN/TPS-59 can provide theater ballistic missilecueing directly to theater ballistic missileunits. The TAOC can perform limitedfunctions as an alternate TADC/TACCcurrent operations section for limitedperiods should the need arise.

(c) The TAOC typically deploysan early warning/control (EW/C) siteforward from its main site to improve earlywarning, fills gaps in surveillance coverage,and enhances weapons control andcoordination. The TAOC and early warningand control sites can provide data linkinterfaces via TADILs A, B, C, and J (one-or two-way); ATDL-1, and NATO Link 1.

(4) DASC. The DASC is the principalMACCS agency responsible for the control

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and direction of air operations directlysupporting ground forces. It functions in adecentralized mode of operations but isdirectly supervised by the TACC. Normallythe first major air control agency ashore, itlands with the GCE’s senior FSCC. TheDASC, which is normally collocated withthe GCE’s senior FSCC, processes andcoordinates requests for immediate airsupport and procedurally controls aircrafttransiting its area of responsibility. Itcoordinates air missions requiringintegration with ground forces, includingCAS, assault support, and designated airreconnaissance missions. The DASC usesprocedural control to route direct airsupport and assault support aircraftthrough its designated area ofresponsibility.

The DASC may use air supportliaison teams (ASLTs) to maintain liaisonbetween the DASC and the GCE’s seniorFSCC, especially in cases where the DASCcannot be physically collocated with theFSCC. In a MEU-level operation, theMACG detachment provides an air supportelement (ASE) that operates primarily withthe FSCC and TACPs to assist in the controlof direct air support aircraft. An airborneDASC may be employed to extendcommunication capabilities or to provideDASC functions when the ground DASC isnot operable because of the need to displaceor as a result of battle damage orequipment degradation.

(5) MATCD. MATCDs provide all-weather air traffic control services toforward operating bases. They are taskorganized based on volume and type of airtraffic, expected duration of deployment,and external support availability. Theyhave a control tower, surveillance andprecision radars, and navigational aidcapabilities. Surveillance radars allowMATCD personnel to provide aircraftnavigational and separation services andearly warning and detection information toother MACCS agencies. Each MATCD iscapable of providing all-weather air traffic

control services at one forward operatingbase and also fields a MATCD mobile team(MMT) capable of providing air trafficcontrol services from temporary landingzones or fields using non-radar, proceduralcontrol. The MATCD ties its air surveil-lance picture into the MAGTF’s integratedair defense system through a TADIL-B datalink.

(6) Terminal Control Agencies (fordirect air support). Terminal controlagencies perform air control functions inthat they manage the final delivery ofordnance, cargo, or personnel andaccomplish other specialized tasks notperformed by other air controllers. Someterminal control agencies are not organicto the ACE but are integrated into theMACCS through communications, doctrine,and procedures.

(a) TACP. A TACP plays anintegral role in the MACCS but isresponsible to the supported commanderfor employment and coordination ofassigned supporting aircraft. TACPs areorganic to the GCE and establish andmaintain liaison and communicationsbetween parent units, airspace controlagencies, and supporting aircraft. A TACPparticipates in fire support coordinationand advises the ground unit commanderconcerning the employment of supportingaircraft.

(b) FAC. The FAC is a navalaviator or naval flight officer who is amember of the TACP. The FAC controlsaircraft providing CAS to ground forces andoperates from forward ground positions.

(c) FAC(A). A FAC(A) conductsair reconnaissance/surveillance and pro-vides terminal control of OAS missions andartillery and NSFS spotting. FAC(A)s arean airborne extension of the TACP and canprovide radio relay for ground FACs as wellas BDA. Navy FAC(A) aircrews trainroutinely with Army and Marine Corpsattack helicopters in JAAT operations. AFAC(A) is the functional equivalent of theUSAF airborne forward air controller.

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(d) Tactical Air Coordinator(Airborne) (TAC[A]). The TAC(A) is anexperienced naval aviator operating froman aircraft, who coordinates the action ofcombat aircraft engaged in close support ofground or sea forces. The TAC(A) is anairborne extension of the DASC and/orTACC. TAC(A) assignment depends onmission requirements and aircraftavailability. All TAC(A)s provide airspacecoordination and coordinate the employ-ment of aircraft with other supportingarms. To fulfill these responsibilities, theTAC(A) coordinates with the assaultsupport coordinator (airborne) (ASC[A]),TACPs, FSCC/supporting arms coordina-tion center (SACC), subordinate FAC(A)s,and artillery and NSFS units. The TAC(A)requires in-depth knowledge of the MACCSairspace management, fire supportcoordination, and fixed- and rotary-wingoperations and capabilities.

(e) ASC(A). The ACE com-mander provides an ASC(A) to provide aircoordination and control during helicopteroperations. The ASC(A) serves as anextension of the DASC in support of the airmission commander. An ASC(A) providesinformation concerning enemy operationsand weather along approach andretirement routes and in landing zones(LZs), route alterations, and supportingarms employment. The ASC(A) coordinateswith TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s for employmentof CAS. The DASC establishes supportrelationships between the ASC(A) and theTAC(A). ASC(A)s and TAC(A)s require thesame type of in-depth knowledge andexperience.

(f) ANGLICO. An ANGLICO canbe attached to US Army or allied forces toprovide shore control of NSFS and CAS. Inthe absence of an ANGLICO unit or inconjunction with the ANGLICO unit,control and coordination of NSFS and CASmay be delegated to a Navy FAC(A) aircrewwhen airborne. Control, coordination, andemployment will then be performed by theFAC(A) as tasked by the ANGLICO orappropriate FSE of the maneuvercommander responsible.

(g) HST. The HST task organizesand equips to establish and operatehelicopter pickup zones (PZs) and/or LZs.The supported helicopterborne force andsupporting helicopter unit providepersonnel and equipment to establish aHST. Normally employed in each PZ/LZ,the HST assists in the pickup, movement,and landing of helicopterborne forces,equipment, and supplies and in evacuationof casualties and enemy prisoners of war.

b. Fire Support Coordination System.The fire support coordination system is themeans by which the MAGTF commanderfocuses all fire support elements, includingair, to accomplish the mission.

(1) Roles. Each MAGTF elementplays a part in fire support coordination.

(a) CE. The role of the MAGTFCE in fire support coordination is toimplement the MAGTF commander’sintent, which will be focused on the deepoperation. The MAGTF’s FSCC accom-plishes this by planning and coordinatingfire support for deep operations, taskingelements to attack targets of MAGTFinterest, establishing the FSCL,coordinating with joint/allied forces, anddisseminating information. At the MEFlevel, these functions are carried outwithin the COC and the force firescoordination center (FFCC) under thesupervision of the G-3. Within otherMAGTF CEs (SPMAGTF, MEU, etc.), thesefunctions are carried out in the COC underthe supervision of the operations officer.

(b) GCE. The role of the GCEin fire support coordination is largelydetermined by the size of the MAGTFinvolved. Higher echelons of commandhave greater capacity to conduct planningdue to their larger staffs. Regardless of itssize, the GCE has critical fire supportfunctions. The GCE provides pertinentinformation, such as the location of friendlyartillery units, fire support coordinationmeasures, and enemy antiaircraft weapons

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to other elements of the MAGTF directlyor to the MAGTF CE for furtherdissemination as required.

(c) ACE. The ACE providesthe MAGTF air support. In addition to theMarine Corps aviation functions describedabove, the ACE—

•Disseminates target data,status of requested air support, andlocations of friendly surface-to-air weaponsto other elements of the MAGTF or to theMAGTF CE for further dissemination. TheACE receives targeting information, targetguidance, and the fire support plan fromthe MAGTF.

•Conducts detailed aviationplanning to support the MAGTFcommander’s concept of operations.

•Recommends objectives andtarget priorities to the MAGTFcommander.

•Develops requirements forSEAD.

•CSSE. The CSSE commanderis normally assigned responsibility for theconduct of rear operations. Since no formalsupporting arms coordination agency existswithin the CSSE’s rear area operationscenter (RAOC), the CSSE may be aug-mented with fire support representatives.These ad hoc FSCCs perform their tasksthrough coordination with the MAGTFFSCC and the GCE FSCC for fulfillment offire support requests. As the battlefieldextends, the RAOC may have to interfacewith the TACC.

(2) Control. FSCCs provide cohesionto the fire support process. A FSCC is asingle location where communicationfacilities and personnel incident to thecoordination of all forms of fire support arecentralized. FSCCs are established atMAGTF level and at each GCE echelondown to battalion level. Under the staffsupervision of the G-3/S3, the fire supportcoordinator (FSC) organizes and super-

vises the FSCC, which is collocated withthe COC. Normally, each FSCC will havean artillery liaison element, a TACP, anNSFS element, and other liaison/operatingfire support teams as required. Higherlevel FSCCs generally have a targetintelligence element. The headquarters towhich the FSCC belongs provides facilities,equipment, and materiel. Supporting armsunits provide representatives andequipment necessary for conductingcoordination, targeting, and commun-ications functions for their respective arms.

(3) MAGTF Fire Support.

(a) The MAGTF FSCC—

•Conducts targeting functions tomeet the MAGTF commander’s intent andmay form a targeting committee. In jointoperations, targeting is conducted inconjunction with the JFC’s targeting effort.

• Represents MAGTF at the JTFfire support meetings/conferences or JTCBand arranges for fire support liaison toother services as required.

•Disseminates pertinent infor-mation to other elements of the MAGTFand to forces outside the MAGTF.

•Performs those functionsrequired to coordinate/integrate sup-porting arms.

•Establishes reporting require-ments, fire support coordination measures(FSCM) and procedures. (This includesestablishing the FSCL.)

•Resolves fire support conflictsbetween other MAGTF elements when theycannot be resolved at lower levels.

•Provides inputs on theallocation of aviation and NSFS efforts.

•Requests and coordinatesexternal fire support or target acquisitionsupport with higher, adjacent, and joint/allied forces.

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•Coordinates with the GCE’ssenior FSCC, MACCS, and the RAOC toachieve air-ground integration. Inamphibious operations involving naval(that is, MAGTF and Navy) forces, theMAGTF FSCC is the landing force FSCCand provides the landing forcerepresentation to the commander,amphibious task forces's (CATF’s) SACC.

(b) MAGTF Air Officer.Although not a part of the MAGTF FSCC,the MAGTF action officer (AO) has severalfire support duties. These includeproviding expertise and advice on aviationmatters to the MAGTF commander and theFSCC; establishing liaison with the ACE,GCE air officer, and the air officers ofhigher and adjacent headquarters onaviation support and airspace managementmatters; determining MAGTF air supportcapabilities; preparing an aviation estimateof supportability; consolidating air supportrequirements; and preparing the air fireplan in the MAGTF operations order. Inamphibious operations the MAGTF airofficer operates landing force stations inthe SACC, works closely with thesupporting arms coordinator, andmaintains liaison with the ASC in theNavy TACC.

(c) MAGTF Target InformationOfficer (TIO). A member of the MAGTFFSCC normally performs the functions ofTIO, which is needed on the MAGTF CEstaff. When designated, the TIO heads thetarget information section (TIS) of theFSCC and, in amphibious operations,serves as the landing force TIO. The TIOuses information provided by the targetintelligence officer (TGTINTELO), amember of the G-2 section, to performtargeting functions. During operationsashore, the MAGTF CE supports the GCEtargeting effort and ACE mission planningby rapidly responding to their requests fortarget data.

(4) GCE Fire Support.

(a) The GCE FSCC. The GCE’sFSCC plans and integrates fire support

within the GCE’s area of influence. TheFSCC conducts targeting; plans andcoordinates the delivery of its organic firesupport and the delivery of fire supportprovided by other means, such as NSFS, air,or EW; and integrates fires with maneuverin close operations. The FSCC coordinateswith the other elements of the MAGTF andwith adjacent external forces on firesupport matters.

(b) The Targeting Committee.Because numerous and complex factorsmust be considered in the targetingprocess, the GCE commander needs advicefrom experts in several areas. Theestablishment and use of a targetingcommittee brings these specialists togetheras a matter of standard procedure.

(c) The Target InformationSystem (TIS). The TIS serves as theprimary source of target information in theFSCC. It is oriented to the tactical supportrequirements of the command and thetarget information requirements of theFSCC for planning fires. Specific functionsof the TIS include maintaining target dataand target/situation maps; maintainingcurrent target lists, including counter-mortar, counterbattery, and SEADinformation; publishing target bulletins;consolidating, evaluating, and displayingtarget information, along with recom-mending target classification and attackpriorities to the FSC; collecting informationpertaining to the results of attack ontargets; and coordinating with the MAGTFTGTINTELO and artillery unit S2.

(d) The FSCC/DASC. TheDASC collocates with the GCE’s seniorFSCC. In cases where the DASC cannotphysically collocate with the FSCC, an airsupport liaison team from the DASC istypically used in the FSCC to facilitateinformation exchange and coordinationbetween the DASC and FSCC. The FSCC/DASC organization is capable of planningand integrating supporting arms within theGCE’s area of influence. The FSCC and the

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DASC require extensive informationexchange.

•The FSCC provides the DASCwith the commander’s objectives and intent,friendly unit locations, positions of indirectfire weapons, scheme of maneuver,boundaries, fire support coordinationmeasures, maneuver checkpoints, and theschedule of fires. Pertinent intelligencedata-particularly antiair threats, airtargets that require terminal control thatexceeds the GCE’s organic TACPcapability, and status of terminalcontrollers within the GCE are also passedto the DASC.

•The DASC provides the FSCCwith aircraft to perform missions, aircraftrouting plans, status of outstandingrequests, changes to the ATO, UAVoperations, MACCS operational status, andforward arming and refueling point status.The DASC also provides intelligence data,including BDA and air defense warningconditions, to the FSCC. Finally, the DASCalso makes recommendations on airallocations and fire support controlmeasures.

(5) Division Fire Support.

(a) Division FSCC. The MarineCorps division may, in large-scaleoperations, be used as an operationalheadquarters and perform the role of theGCE or it may be used as a subelement ofthe GCE. When used as such, the divisionFSCC has a key role in targeting due to itsmuch greater capability to collect andanalyze target information. Division FSCCsupporting arms representatives identifyrequirements, make estimates, andrecommend the allocation of fire supportmeans within the division. Thecommanding officer of the artilleryregiment (division artillery officer is thedivision FSC) and is supported by—

•The fire support coordinationsection, which provides liaison to divisionforces for artillery control and coordi-nation. Through its experience, this section

coordinates all supporting arms to supportthe scheme of maneuver or defensive plan.

•The TIS, which is normallyformed upon activation of the FSCC duringthe initial planning phase. Its dutiesinclude target acquisition, dissemination ofdata, and attack recommendation andevaluation. The TIS is supervised by theTIO under the staff supervision of the FSCand works closely with the TGTINTELOfrom the division G-2 section.

(b) Division TACP. In thedivision TACP, one of the officers is a FAC-qualified naval aviator/flight officer and thecommander of the air and naval gunfireplatoon. Additionally there is an airsupport control officer. The division TACPis primarily concerned with executing airsupport and—

•Establishing and maintainingliaison and communications with appro-priate control agencies.

•Informing and advising theground unit commander on employment ofaviation support, including antiair warfareand low-altitude air defense (LAAD).

•Preparing, forwarding, andcoordinating air requests.

•Providing air supportestimates.

•Prioritizing and resolvingduplication and conflicting air supportrequests.

•Disseminating target infor-mation received through air supportchannels.

•Recommending fire supportcoordination measures as they relate to airsupport.

•Maintaining an air situationmap.

(c) Naval Gunfire Section. Thenaval gunfire section establishes and

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maintains facilities for liaison andcommunications between supported unitsand appropriate control agencies. Thesection informs and advises the groundcommander on the employment of NSFS,requests and controls NSFS, and controlsradar beacon teams.

(d) Division Air Section. Thedivision air section in the G-3 consists ofthe division air officer, assistant airofficer, and two air controllers. The airsection is not a part of the division TACPor the FSCC but works closely with both.The division air section—

•Advises the division com-mander and commanders of elements nothaving TACPs on matters concerning airsupport.

•Participates in developmentof operation plans and orders on matterspertaining to air employment.

•Participates with theFSCOORD in targeting and determiningtype of support.

•Prioritizes and resolvesconflicts in air support requests.

•Prepares, forwards, andcoordinates air support requests.

•Relays pertinent informationto other tactical air control agencies.

•Maintains close liaison withthe DASC to assist in coordination of airsupport.

(6) Regimental Fires Support.The regimental FSCC plays a key role inplanning and using fire support. Theyassist the battalions in coordinating andgranting clearances for fires delivered inthe regiment’s zone of action beyond thebattalion’s zone. They also coordinateingress and egress routes for CASmissions when aircraft routes are throughthe zone of action of units adjacent to theunit requesting the mission. Fire supportplanning at the regiment attempts toinfluence future operations, normally 24

to 48 hours in advance of the current battleand is significantly larger in scope than atbattalion level. The regiment is normallythe lowest level where commanders areallotted means to influence the battlesignificantly with fire support. Theregimental commander selects as the FSCan officer having the requisite knowledgeof fire support, usually the direct supportartillery battalion liaison officer.Organization of the FSCC is similar tobattalions, except that no FOs or FACs areassigned.

(7) Battalion Fire Support. Mostfire support coordination in operations isdone at battalion level. In battalion FSCCs,calls for fire and air requests from thecompanies are monitored/received andacted upon by appropriate supporting armsrepresentatives. Requests are checked toensure that supporting arms are integratedwith the scheme of maneuver and thatfriendly forces are not needlesslyendangered. The battalion FSC is theweapons company commander. Assistanceis provided by a liaison section from asupporting artillery battery, an organicbattalion TACP, a shore fire control partyfrom the headquarters battery of thesupporting artillery battalion, and a mortarliaison party from the battalion mortarplatoon. The senior air officer of the TACPacts in several capacities: as a special staffofficer to the battalion commander inregard to all aviation matters; as the officerin charge of the battalion TACP; and as theair representative in the battalion FSCC.The other air officers serve as leaders ofthe forward air control parties and do amajority of preplanned and immediaterequests for CAS to infantry companies towhich they are assigned. Separatebattalions operating as maneuver elementsestablish an FSCC that functions in thesame manner as an equivalent-levelinfantry unit FSCC.

(8) Company Fire Support. A com-pany does not have an FSCC, as such. Thecompany commander, assisted by theartillery forward observer, mortar forward

V-15

observer, and, if assigned, a FAC and NSFSspotter performs the fire supportcoordination necessary at company level.Coordination between companies isessential for effective battalion-level firesupport coordination. Such coordinationreduces the frequency with which FSCCpersonnel must intervene to cancel ormodify requests for supporting arms andfrees them for tasks the companies cannotaccomplish.

c. Liaisons. The MAGTF must ensureproper coordination and integration ofMarine forces with joint and multinationalforces. Representation on joint staffs andwithin joint agencies, to include liaisonpersonnel, is essential to ensure properemployment of forces. The ACE com-mander, in exercising authority to com-mand, control, and coordinate MAGTF airoperations through the Marine TACC,should ensure joint staff/agency and liaisonrepresentation to the joint force; JFACC,AADC, and ACA staffs; and the JAOC. Oneexample is sending the MARLO to theJAOC.

Joint and multinational liaisons areextremely useful in enhancing MAGTFsupport to other services and nations. It isnormally desirable to exchange air C2liaison personnel with multinational usersof the ACE and/or the MACCS. Theexchange of liaisons greatly facilitatescoordination and control of aircraft andmissiles within the MARFOR area ofoperations. Marine air traffic control (ATC)liaisons and the ANGLICO are examplesof liaisons typically used in joint andmultinational operations.

d. Joint Force Functional Capabilities.The Marine TACC, equipped with CTAPSequipment and having access to thecommunications systems necessary tocoordinate and distribute the joint ATO, iscapable of hosting JAOC functions. TheTACC’s ability to perform this function canbe described as an enabling or transitionalcapability. The TACC could host JAOCfunctions as the joint force’s first principal

air C2 system in theater with the intentionof passing JAOC functions to another airC2 agency as the tempo of air operationsincreases. The TACC could also serve as apass-through agency in situations whereJAOC functions are being passed fromafloat to ashore or vice versa. As is the casewith all JAOCs, service liaisons and subjectmatter expert representatives that reflectthe makeup of the joint force are necessaryto staff a TACC-hosted JAOC. Similarconsiderations should be applied to theTACC when performing ACA or AADCfunctions.

(1) A typical theater air defenseorganization includes an AADC whoseduties include—coordinating the employ-ment of theater air defense systems tooptimize joint force air defense capabilities;building a seamless air defensearchitecture; recommending ROE to theJFC on air defense matters; and developingthe joint force’s air defense plan. Thegeography of the JOA (including size andterrain); number of air defense resourcesand those resources’ capabilities; and tempoof joint air operations are some factors thatare often used to determine the need tosubdivide the joint force’s air defense areainto regions. If air defense regions areestablished, the AADC typically designatesregional air defense commanders (RADCs)to oversee the implementation andsupervise execution of the air defense plan.In turn, the regions may be furthersubdivided into sectors, with each sectorunder the supervision of a sector airdefense commander (SADC) responsible toRADC. Like the AADC, RADC and SADCfunctions are supervisory in nature. Theseindividuals exercise oversight anddirection of all air defense operationswithin their assigned region/sector andcoordinate air defense operations betweenregions and sectors to ensure seamless airdefense operations throughout the jointoperations area.

(2) Within the MACCS, theSAAWC and TAOC provide the JFC withthe capabilities to exercise RADC or SADC

V-16

functions. The TAOC provides the SAAWCwith the voice and data communicationsconnectivity required to effect thenecessary interfaces to coordinate andsupervise regional and sector air defenseactivities effectively. The considerationsfor joint/allied representatives and liaisonsaddressed for a Marine JAOC apply equallyto RADC and SADC functions.

6. Conclusion

a. MAGTF Aviation in Joint Opera-tions. In 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staffendorsed the Omnibus Agreement for theuse of MAGTF aviation during sustainedoperations ashore. The agreement stipu-lated that the MAGTF commander retainsOPCON of organic air assets and forMAGTF aviation normally to support theMAGTF mission. The intent is to meet theneeds of the JFC while maintaining thetactical and operational integrity of theservice organization. Since the originalagreement, the Omnibus Agreement hasbeen translated into Joint Publication 0-2,Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF),February 1995. Portions of this policy, asthey relate to TAGS operations, follow:

The Marine air-ground task force(MAGTF) commander will retainoperational control of organic air assets.The primary mission of the MAGTF aircombat element is the support of theMAGTF ground element. During jointoperations, the MAGTF air assets willnormally be in support of the MAGTFmission. The MAGTF commander willmake sorties available to the joint forcecommander (JFC), for tasking through thejoint force air component commander(JFACC), for air defense, long-rangeinterdiction, and long-range recon-naissance. Sorties in excess of MAGTFdirect-support requirements will beprovided to the JFC for tasking throughthe JFACC for the support of othercomponents of the joint force or the jointforce as a whole. Nothing herein shallinfringe on the authority of the geographiccombatant or JFC in the exercise ofoperational control, to assign missions,

redirect efforts (e.g., the reapportionmentand/or reallocation of any MAGTFTACAIR sorties when it has beendetermined by the JFC that they arerequired for higher priority missions), anddirect coordination among thesubordinate commanders to ensure unityof effort in accomplishment of the overallmission, or to maintain integrity of theforce. NOTE: Sorties provided for airdefense, long-range interdiction, and long-range reconnaissance are not “excess”sorties and will be covered in the airtasking order. These sorties provide adistinct contribution to the overall jointforce effort. The JFC must exercise inte-grated control of air defense, long-rangereconnaissance, and interdiction aspectsof the joint operation or theater campaign.Excess sorties are in addition to thesesorties.

b. Air C2 in Amphibious Operations.In situations where an AOA is established,a phased passage of air C2 functions fromafloat to ashore may occur. The phasing ofcontrol ashore process, where NavyTactical Air Control System (NTACS)functions are incrementally phased toMACCS agencies as they establish ashore,is discussed in detail in Appendix D.

c. Warfighting Doctrine. The MarineCorps’ warfighting doctrine is based onrapid, flexible, and opportunisticmaneuvers. Maneuver forces seek toshatter the enemy’s cohesion through aseries of rapid, violent, and unexpectedactions. Marine Corps aviation operationssupport MAGTF operations. The combinedarms concept integrates various combatarms to maximize combat power. Thispower presents the enemy with a no-winsituation. To reduce vulnerability to onearm of the combined power, the enemy mustbecome vulnerable to another. Theorganization employed to accomplish thisis the MAGTF, with C2 of air-ground taskssupplied by the MACCS and the firesupport coordination system. The MarineCorps’ unique organization allows forces tooperate as a TAGS within a TAGS.

VI-1

Chapter VI

SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMPONENT

1. Background

Special operations (SO) are conductedby specially organized, trained, andequipped military and paramilitary forcesto achieve military, political, economic, orpsychological objectives by unconventionalmilitary means in hostile, denied, orpolitically sensitive areas. These operationsare conducted during war and duringMOOTW, independently or in coordinationwith the operations of conventional, non-SO forces. Political-military considerationsfrequently shape SO requiring clandestine,covert, or low visibility techniques andoversight at the national level. SO differfrom conventional operations in degree ofphysical and political risk, operationaltechniques, mode of employment,independence from friendly support, anddependence on detailed operationalintelligence and indigenous assets. Theintegration of SO into the TAGS is acohesive process that includes speciallyequipped aircraft, uniquely trained groundforces, increased operational securitymeasures, and extensive liaison amongcomponents. Special operations forces(SOF) forces may provide their own airsupport, utilize air support of any servicecomponent, or provide air support for useby conventional forces.

2. Mission

SO consist of nine principal missions:unconventional warfare (UW), direct action(DA), special reconnaissance (SR), foreigninternal defense (FID), combating terrorism(CBT), counterproliferation, civil affairs,PSYOP, and IW. (SO missions may alsoinclude collateral activities andmultinational support.) While SOF areunique; versatile; flexible; and designedprimarily to meet these missions,conventional forces, including air power,

may be tasked for support depending onmission circumstances.

a. UW. UW is a broad spectrum ofmilitary and paramilitary operations,normally of long duration, predominantlyconducted by indigenous or surrogateforces who are organized, trained,equipped, supported, and directed invarying degrees by an external source. Itincludes guerrilla warfare and other directoffensive low-visibility, covert, orclandestine operations, as well as theindirect activities such as subversion,sabotage, intelligence activities, and escapeand evasion (E&E). It delays and disruptshostile military activities, interdicts linesof communications, denies unrestricted useof key areas, diverts attention andresources from the main battle area, andinterdicts warfighting capabilities.

b. DA. DA missions are short-duration strikes and other small-scaleoffensive actions by SOF to seize, destroy,capture, recover, or inflict damage ondesignated personnel or materiel. SOF mayemploy raid, ambush, or direct-assaulttactics; emplace mines and othermunitions; conduct standoff attacks by firefrom air, ground, or maritime platforms;provide terminal guidance for precision-guided munitions; conduct independentsabotage; and conduct antiship operations.

c. SR. SR and surveillance are actionstaken by SOF to obtain or verify, by visualobservation or other collection methods,information concerning the capabilities,methods, intentions, and activities of anactual or potential enemy or to secure dataconcerning the meteorological, hydro-graphic, or geographic characteristics of aparticular area. It includes targetacquisition, area assessment, and post-strike reconnaissance.

VI-2

d. FID. FID includes the activities bycivilian and military agencies in any of theaction programs taken to free and protectanother government from subversion,lawlessness, and insurgency. They arejoint, interagency, and multinational bynature. The language, cultural, andregional expertise required makesynchronization difficult but absolutelycritical.

e. CBT. CBT are the actions, includingantiterrorism (defensive measures taken toreduce vulnerability) and counterterrorism(offensive measure taken to prevent, deter,and respond to terrorism), taken to opposeterrorism throughout the entire threatspectrum.

f. Counterproliferation. Counter-proliferation refers to actions taken toseize, destroy, render safe, capture, orrecover weapons of mass destruction.

g. Civil Affairs. Civil affairs are theactivities of a commander that establish,maintain, influence, or exploit relationsbetween military forces and civilauthorities, both governmental andnongovernmental, and the civilianpopulation in a friendly, neutral, or hostilearea of operations in order to facilitatemilitary operations and consolidateoperational objectives. These activities mayoccur before or subsequent to other militaryactions.

h. PSYOP. PSYOP are planned opera-tions to convey selected information toforeign audiences to influence theiremotions, motives, objective reasoning, andultimately the behavior of foreigngovernments, organizations, groups, andindividuals. The purpose of PSYOP is toinduce or reinforce foreign attitudes andbehaviors favorable to the originator’sobjectives.

i. IW. IW are those actions taken toachieve information superiority byaffecting adversary information,information-based processes, information

systems, and computer-based networkswhile defending one’s own information,information-based processes, informationsystems, and computer-based networks.

j. Collateral Activities. Collateralactivities in which SOF, by virtue of theirinherent capabilities, may selectively betasked to participate include coalitionsupport, CSAR, counterdrug activities,countermine activities, security assistance,and humanitarian assistance. SOF canconduct these activities only at the expenseof their primary missions.

3. Component Operations

a. SO are marked by certaincharacteristics that cumulativelydistinguish them from conventionaloperations. They—

(1) Are principally offensive;usually of high physical and political risk,and directed at high-value, critical, andoften time-sensitive targets. They arefrequently clandestine in nature and offerthe potential for high returns but rarely asecond chance should a first attempt fail.SOF are employed when the use ofconventional forces is inappropriate orinfeasible for either military or politicalreasons.

(2) Rely on surprise, security,audacity, and frequently employ deceptionto achieve success. They often requireresponsive, joint C2 organization withdetailed intelligence preparation, as wellas thorough planning, decentralizedexecution, and rigorous detailed rehearsal.

(3) Are often conducted at greatdistances from operational basesemploying sophisticated communicationsystems and means of insertion, support,and extraction to penetrate and return fromhostile, denied, or politically sensitiveareas. SO frequently require discriminateand precise use of force.

VI-3

(4) May require patient, long-termcommitment in a given operational area toachieve national goals through securityassistance/nation-building activities orextended UW operations.

(5) Are inherently joint andfrequently require integration with otherUS agencies or combined forces. AlthoughSO may be conducted as single-serviceoperations, they routinely require detailedcoordination along functional rather thanservice lines. Even single-service SOrequire joint support and coordination.SOF, even at team and unit levels, areroutinely involved in planning for andconducting joint operations.

b. Organization.

(1) Army Special OperationsForces (ARSOF). ARSOF includes specialforces (SF), ranger, special operationsaviation (SOA), PSYOP, and civil affairs.SOA rotary-wing assets include A/MH-6(CAS/airlift), MH-60 (CAS/airlift), andMH-47 (airlift) aircraft.

(2) Naval Special Warfare Forces(NAVSOF). NAVSOF includes sea air land(SEAL) teams, SEAL delivery vehicleteams, special boat units, and patrol coastalships.

(3) Air Force Special OperationsForces (AFSOF). AFSOF includes fixed-and rotary-wing assets, special tacticsteams (STT), PSYOP, and FID units.AFSOF fixed-wing assets includeAC-130H/U Spectre/Spooky Gunships (CAS/interdiction/reconnaissance), EC-130HCommando Solo (PSYOP/EW), MC-130E/HCombat Talon (airlift/tanker), and MC-130PCombat Shadow (tanker/CSAR) aircraft.Rotary-wing assets include MH-53J PaveLow (airlift) and MH-60G Pave Hawk(airlift/CSAR) aircraft.

c. SOF Capabilities.

(1) SOF fixed-wing and vertical-liftaircraft are equipped for long-range,

adverse weather, deep penetration ofhostile areas and capable of air landing andair dropping personnel, equipment, andpsychological warfare materials, orextracting personnel by airborne pickupdevices or air landing. Vertical-lift aircraftare equipped for suppressive fire support,personnel recovery, and medicalevacuation. They are also able to operatein confined areas, employing hoist, ropeladder, fast rope, or repelling proceduresto infiltrate or exfiltrate SOF ground andmaritime personnel. SOF gunships arecapable of providing precision night CASas well as limited interdiction and armedreconnaissance missions in a permissivethreat environment.

(2) Terminal Guidance Operations(TGO) are electronic, mechanical, visual, orother assistance given to aircraft, missiles,ships, and artillery elements to facilitatetarget destruction by ground elements.They may be conducted independently orin conjunction with conventional forces.They make joint AI and SOF groundoperations complementary. Enemy mobilehigh-payoff targets that are difficult tolocate from the air are often visible toground SOF. Small ground SOF elementscan search for, verify the presence of, andprecisely report the location of high-payofftargets. Global positioning systems, laserdesignation systems, various beaconsystems, or combinations of the aboveprovide target locations. When small SOFground teams do not have the organiccombat power to engage enemy targetswithout compromising their positions,strike aircraft or other long-range systemsare designated to attack them. Ground SOFmay provide precise battle damageassessment of high-payoff targets thatotherwise may be obscured or hidden.These operations require extensivecoordination between the joint force specialoperations component commander(JFSOCC) and JFACC staffs. Planning forand conducting terminal guidanceoperations involve two distinct phases (seeFigures VI-1 and VI-2).

VI-4

Figure VI-2. TGO Execution Loop

JFACCJOINT FORCECOMMANDER

MISSIONPLANNING

AGENT(MPA)

GROUND ELEMENT

SOFDA/B/C/D

ABCCCAWACS

DEEP ATTACKSYSTEMS

FOB(KILLERS)

(HUNTERS)

CRITICAL DECISION

COORDINATION & PLANNING

JFSOC

JFSOC - Joint Force Special Operations Center

Figure VI-1. TGO Planning Loop

SOF DAGROUND ELEMENT(HUNTER)

AWACS

ABCCC

JOINT STARS

STRIKE A/C

Visual ID Target

MONITOR SITUATION

TYPICAL EXECUTION SEQUENCE

• HUNTER LOCATES ENEMY TARGET.• HUNTER CALLS ABCCC FOR KILLER.• ABCCC CONTACTS KILLER, GUIDES TO JSOA.• HUNTER PASSES CRITICAL DATA TO KILLER.• KILLER ATTACKS TARGET.• HUNTER PROVIDES BDA.

JFC

JFACC

TASKER

MPA

VI-5

4. Planning

Based on guidance from the JFC, theJFSOCC allocates forces against strategicor operational tasks and in support of othercomponent commanders. The JFC maytask the JFSOCC to conduct SO missionsor other activities, which can includecoordination of PSYOP, civil affairs, andcoalition support-related activities. TheJFSOCC anticipates theater requirementsthat SOF could address and recommendsto the JFC proactive operations to satisfythose requirements. SO must be coordi-nated and integrated with conventionaloperations to enhance mission accomplish-ment and prevent fratricide. Compre-hensive coordination and integration of SOthrough interface with the TAGS areessential. During war, SOF will normallyrequire support from conventional airassets and may provide support toconventional air operations. Support fromconventional assets may include extrarefueling during deployments or long-rangemissions, SEAD, diversion of enemy forces,increased airlift capability, or ensuring airand ground defenses for security of LZs orforward arming and refueling points. EWor SEAD, along with CAS, may be requiredfor SO infiltration or exfiltration missions.CAS is normally preplanned for operationsin the deep battle area. Detailed planningis required to have strike aircraftaccompany a SOF infiltration, to conductpreplanned CAS missions, or to be on-callduring actions at an objective area.Missions of this type are carefullycoordinated during the deploying SOFunit’s mission planning procedures.Regardless of command relationships,integrating conventional aviation assetsinto SO profiles requires advance planningand extensive coordination. SOF normallyoperate on extended planning time lines,normally 96 hours before execution, whichshould be fully considered duringcoordination. Long planning times arebased on the increased intelligence-gathering activities, detailed planning, andrehearsals that surround many SOmissions. Because of the longer lead times,

planning for and receiving support fromother components is relatively easy. It isfar more difficult, however, for othercomponents that operate on shorterplanning schedules to receive support fromSOF.

To provide clear guidance for planningand executing SO, the following set ofoperational mission criteria has evolved.All commanders should be familiar withthese criteria and apply them tooperational planning.

(1) Appropriate Mission. SOFshould be used against those key strategicor operational targets that require SOF’sunique skills and capabilities. If the targetsare not of operational or strategicimportance, then SOF should not beassigned. SOF should not be used as asubstitute for other forces.

(2) Support Campaign Plan. If themission does not support the JFC’scampaign plan, then there are probablymore appropriate missions available forSOF.

(3) Operationally Feasible. SOF arenot structured for attrition or force-on-forcewarfare and should not be assignedmissions that are beyond their capabilities.Planners must take into consideration thevulnerability of SOF units to larger, moreheavily armed or mobile forces, particularlyin hostile territory.

(4) Required Resources Available.Some SOF missions require support fromother forces for success. Support involvesaiding, protecting, complementing, andsustaining employed SOF. Support caninclude airlift, intelligence, commun-ications, and logistic support. Even thougha target may be vulnerable to SOF,deficiencies in supportability may affect thelikelihood for success or may entirelyinvalidate the feasibility of employing SOF.

(5) Outcome Justifies Risk. Com-manders should recognize the high value

VI-6

and limited resources of SOF and ensurethat the benefits of successful missionexecution are measurable and in balancewith the risks inherent in the mission.Assessment of risk should take into accountnot only the potential for loss of SOF unitsand equipment but also the risk of adverseeffects on US diplomatic and politicalinterest should the mission fail.

5. Command and Control

The CINC, United States SpecialOperations Command (USSOCOM),maintains combatant command (COCOM)authority over SOF based in the continentalUnited States. USSOCOM trains assignedforces in SO-unique subjects, develops andacquires SO-unique equipment andmateriel, and provides these forces to thetheater CINCs or JFCs as required. Incertain situations, the NCA may directUSSOCOM to plan and conduct SOautonomously or as the supportedcommander. To provide the necessaryunity of command, each geographiccombatant commander has established asubunified command to serve as thefunctional SO component for the theater.The theater SOC performs broadcontinuous missions uniquely suited to SOFcapabilities that are of strategic andoperational importance to the geographiccombatant commander. The theater SOCnormally exercises OPCON of all assignedSOF in theater. When the geographiccombatant commander designates a JFC,the theater SOC may be designated as theJFSOCC. The JFSOCC will controlassigned SOF as well as any conventionalassets provided by the JFC in support ofspecific missions. Tactical control of SOFair assets is normally exercised by the AirForce special operations component(AFSOC) commander, the Army SOAcommander, or the joint special operationsair component commander (JSOACC), whendesignated. The JFSOCC normallydesignates the SOF component commanderwith the preponderance of aviation assetsand the means to control those assets as

the JSOACC. Principal functions thatsupport coordination of CAS in the SOFcommand system are the SOLE, the specialoperations command and control element(SOCCE), and special operations terminalattack controller (SOTAC).

a. The function of the SOLE is tocoordinate, deconflict, and integrate SOFair and surface activities with the JFACC.Additionally, it is responsible for includingall SOF air activity on the ATO. The SOLEreconciles duplicative targeting, resolvesairspace conflicts, and prevents fratricide.The SOLE works directly for the JFSOCCbut is collocated with the JFACC. LNOsare placed throughout the JAOC. Underthe direction of the SOLE chief, theseliaison officers provide SOF air and surfaceexpertise throughout the JAOC. Becausethe JFSOCC and the JFACC share acommon environment (the deep battlefield),SOF aviation and surface assets must beintegrated into joint air planning andoperations.

b. The SOCCE is normally employedwhen SOF conduct operations in supportof a conventional force, such as an ArmyCorps or a MAGTF. It collocates with theCP of the supported commander andperforms C2 or liaison functions. TheSOCCE normally remains under theOPCON of the JFSOCC. The SOCCE canreceive operational intelligence and targetacquisition reports directly from deployedSOF elements and provide them to thesupported headquarters.

c. SO combat controllers assigned toSTTs are trained and certified to performterminal control responsibilities. SOTACCAS training emphasizes night infrared,laser, and beacon equipment. Additionally,SOF surface teams can perform theterminal guidance function. For remotelydeployed SOF units, requests for CAS willbe passed through the most expedient,direct, and available means ofcommunications. Requests will normallybe to an airborne platform such as an

VI-7

ABCCC or AWACS. To satisfy theserequests, the ABCCC or AWACS willcoordinate with the appropriate agencies.

d. SOF combat advisors coordinatecoalition support with US activities. SOF,which routinely work with multinationalforces, can be instrumental in ensuring thatUS air support is efficiently andappropriately provided in support of alliedforces. AFSOC maintains regionallyfocused liaison teams, specially trained tointegrate allies and coalition partners intothe TACS. They can assist their host nationcounterparts with planning, ATO

coordination, mission execution, as well asprovide training on US C3 systems/methods if needed.

6. Conclusion

SOF provide the JFC with uniquecapabilities to conduct operations in thedeep battle area. Because SOF share acommon environment with the joint airforces, their efforts must be closelycoordinated and integrated and liaisonefforts must be conducted to fully leverageSO capabilities and avoid fratricide.

VII-1

Chapter VII

THEATER AIR-GROUND SYSTEM OPERATIONS

1. Background

The preceding chapters describe howthe JFC may organize and control the jointforce and how the various componentscontribute to the TAGS. This chapterdescribes how the TAGS supports air-ground planning, targeting, tasking,execution, and CA. It concludes with adiscussion of TAGS air defense relatedoperations.

2. JFC Influence

The JFC influences the structure andthe direction of TAGS in several ways,including designating a JFACC, ACA, andAADC; assigning missions; and apportion-ing forces.

a. The duties and responsibilities ofthe JFACC, ACA, and AADC remain thesame regardless of whether the MARFOR,NAVFOR, or AFFOR perform the function.However as explained in previous chapters,the MARFOR’s or NAVFOR’s JAOCcapacity is limited. This has a directbearing on the size of liaison elements,although all of the elements depicted inFigure VII-1 will be represented. TableVII-1 indicates functional equivalency(equivalent capacity not implied) of TAGSagencies across the services. This, alongwith information in Chapters II through VI,can be helpful in understanding where andhow assets interfaces with various JFACCoptions.

b. The JFC directs the weight of thejoint air effort, by providing guidance andobjectives that identify targetingpriorities; joint target list (JTL)/JIPTL

planning guidance and procedures;appropriate command and movementcontrol; joint fire support coordinatingmeasures; ROE; and what definescomponent direct support sorties. Thisguidance will also include the JFC’sapportionment decision. Apportionment isthe determination and assignment of all airsorties in support of the joint air effort bypriority and/or percentage that should bedevoted to the various air operations (forexample, strategic attack, AI, counterair,maritime support, and CAS) and/orgeographic areas for a given period of time.Apportionment impacts all aspects of TAGSoperations. The JFACC, in consultationwith other component commanders, isresponsible for the apportionmentrecommendation to the JFC. Eachcomponent commander may be tasked tosupport other components and or to providesupport to the joint force as a whole. TheJFC’s guidance and objectives, withaccompanying apportionment decision, isdisseminated to all components.

3. Planning

Component C2 elements are combinedto form the TAGS, as depicted in FigureVII-1. Joint force components must worktogether in planning and executing joint airoperations that accomplish JFC-assignedobjectives, comply with JFC guidance, andsatisfy various component commanders’requirements. The challenge to personnelworking within TAGS is to operate asystem responsive to all components andsupported echelons to accomplish the JFC’scampaign objectives. The JFACC struc-tures the TAGS based on capabilitiesprovided by the various components.

VII-2

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VII-3

a. Planning. Figure VII-2 overlaysvarying targeting methodologies affectingthe TAGS and the conduct of joint airoperations. To be effective, the jointtargeting process and the joint ATO cyclesmust be synchronized.

(1) Targeting is the process ofselecting targets and matching theappropriate response to them. Theobjective of the joint targeting process is toensure an effective and efficient joint attackagainst the enemy with all available assetsmaximized to achieve the overall objective.Targeting is complicated by therequirement to deconflict duplicativetargeting by different forces or differentechelons within the same force and tosynchronize the attack of those targets withother components of the joint force. Thesix steps of the joint targeting process aredepicted in Figure VII-2.

(2) D3A is the targetingmethodology used by the Army and MarineCorps. D3A follows the same logic as thejoint targeting process but in four stepsinstead of six. The arrows surround thejoint targeting process in Figure VII-2represent D3A. (Chapter II gave a moredetailed discussion of this methodology.)

(3) The joint ATO cycle and jointtargeting process are not synonymous.The joint ATO cycle is used to provideefficient and effective employment of alljoint air assets for all air missions toinclude AI and CAS. Because AI and CASare inextricably tied to the joint targetingprocess, the ATO cycle and targetingprocesses must correlate. The six stepsof the joint ATO cycle are also shown inFigure VII-2. (Chapter III and JointPublication 3-56.1 discuss the ATOdevelopment cycle.)

Table VII-1. Functional Equivalents

N AV Y A R M Y A IR FO RC E M AR INE

TA C C

FA W C

A S CS

S A W C

C G /DD G

S A CC

H AW K E YE

TA C C

TA O C

TA C P

D AS C

E W /C

D AS C (A )

TA C (A )

TM D DE T

FS C C

FA C (A )

A O C

C RC

TA C P

A S OC

C RE

A BC C C

TA C (A )

A W A C S

FA C (A )

D O C C

A DA TOC

FIS T

A DA TA C

FO

A DA

FS E

FO

This ch art de p icts func tional equ iva le n t ag encies /e le m ents/cen ters in te rm s o f sim ila rit y o f ta sks a ccom plishe d . It does no t im p ly that e qu ivalenc y in term s o f s iz e, m anpow er, o rca pab il it ies.

G -3 A IR

VII-4

b. Each component is involved intargeting. Components determine supportrequirements and make sorties not neededby the service component available to theJFC for tasking by the JFACC. In additionto generating air support requirements, allcomponents participate in operationalplanning and mission execution. TheJFACC performs a key role in this processas the functional component commanderresponsible for planning, coordinating,deconflicting, and directing joint airoperations.

4. Component Considerations

The following considerations pertain tothe JFC’s determination of sorties availablefor joint tasking:

(1) Army Considerations. Rotary-wing aircraft have unique characteristicsthat often make it difficult to integrate theminto an ATO. They can conduct multipletakeoffs and landings in a single fuel load

and often shut down on the ground for aperiod of time before resuming theirmission. They are critical to the executionand success of the land commander’soperations and often provide the decisiveedge during fluid, volatile, and changingsituations. It is vital to integrate all Armyaviation missions into the TAGS and ATOprocesses in a way that promotes theireffectiveness without restricting orhindering the multifaceted contributionthey can make.

(2) Maritime Component Consider-ations for CVBG Air Support. Asdescribed in Chapter IV and Appendix D,when an AOA is established, the CATFmaintains overall authority for operationswithin the AOA and exercises commandauthority over the entire assault task force(ATF). The CATF will consolidate MarineCorps air requests within ATF resourcesand will internally obtain Navy air supportfrom the supporting CVBG. The CVBG will

C O M M A N D ER ’S O B JE C T IV E& G U ID A NC E

TA R G E TD E VE L O P M E NT

W E AP O NE E R IN GA S S ES S M E N T

FO RC E A P P LIC AT IO N

E X E CU T IO NP LA N NIN G /FO RC EE X E CU T IO N

C O M B A T A S S ES S M E N T

D E C ID E

D E T E C TD E L IV E R

A S S E S S

A RM Y /U SM C T A RG E T IN G M E T H O DO L O G Y

D 3 A

JFC /C OM P ON E N TC O O RD IN A TIO N

TA RG ETD EV EL O PM E N T

W EA PO N E ER IN G /A LL OC A TIO N

JOIN T AT OD EV EL O PM E N T

F OR C EE XE C UT IO N

C O M BA TA SSE SSM E N T

JO IN T T A R G E TIN G

PR O C ES SA T O

D E VE L O P M E N TC Y C L E

Figure VII-2. ATO Cycle Overlaid on Targeting Cycles

VII-5

inform the CATF if there is a problem insupporting the requirements. The CATFwill then submit the unfulfilled air supportrequirements to the joint ATO planningprocess. Once control is passed ashore, theMAGTF/commander will request airsupport in excess of the MAGTF’s directair support capabilities from the CVBG orJFACC, as required.

(3) Air Force Component Consider-ations. All Air Force component assets willnormally be available for JFC/JFACCtasking. Coordination of strategic airliftmissions involving forces not assigned/attached to the joint force (such as thoseaircraft remaining under OPCON/TACONof United States Transportation Command[USTRANSCOM]) remains an Air Forcecomponent responsibility and isaccomplished through the AME, normallylocated with the COMAFFOR’s AOC. TheAir Force AOC and AME will coordinateplanned airlift operations with the JFACC/ACA/AADC. Initial CSAR is currently aservice responsibility. The JFACC willcoordinate with the joint search and rescuecenter (JSRC) and component rescuecoordination centers as appropriate for theconduct of CSAR air operations.Appropriate assets may be diverted fromJFACC tasking for rescue missions ascoordinated with the JSRC.

(4) SOF Considerations. Normally,all SOF operations are planned, controlled,and executed by the JFSOCC. SOF will notnormally be tasked to conduct joint airoperations. However, because SOF operatedeep, planners must consider the ongoingand future operations of all components totake advantage of operational synergies.All sorties flown by SOF should appear onthe ATO for deconfliction and coordinationpurposes.

5. ATO Cycle

A joint ATO cycle is used to provide theeffective and efficient employment of thejoint air capabilities/forces made available.The cycle provides a repetitive process

for the planning, coordination, allocation,and tasking of joint air missions/sortieswithin the guidance of the JFC (see FigureVII-3). The cycle accommodates changingtactical situations or JFC guidance, as wellas requests for support from othercomponent commanders. The joint ATOcycle is an analytical, systematic processthat matches available capabilities/forceswith targets to achieve operationalobjectives. The joint ATO cycle begins withthe JFC’s guidance and objectives andculminates with the CA of previousmissions/sorties. While an ATO itselfcovers a specific period, the ATO planningprocess is continuous. At any given time,an AOC and liaison elements will beworking with three or more ATOs:executing the current days operation;planning for tomorrow’s operation; andforecasting, coordinating, and planning thefollow-on day’s operations. The long-rangeplanners, working on the third day andbeyond, develop apportionment and AItargeting recommendations to the JFC.Figure VII-3 depicts how the ATO cyclesoverlap. The fact that three or more ATOsmay be in different stages of developmentat any given time means communicationspertaining to the ATO must be precise. Thetiming of the JFC’s apportionment decisionand ATO cycle allows the supportedcomponent commander to informsubordinates of their respective prioritiesfor the air effort. The six phases of the jointATO cycle include—JFC/componentcoordination, target development,weaponeering/allocation, joint ATOdevelopment, force execution, and CA.

a. JFC/Component Coordination. TheJFC/component coordination phase startswith receipt of the JFC’s guidance andobjectives that is normally received 36-48hours before the beginning of the airtasking day. The JFC normally informs thecomponents of apportionment decisionthrough a guidance and intentions message.Based on this message, the units willrespond with allocation request(ALLOREQs) messages to tell the JFACCwhat they can support.

VII-6

Figure VII-3. Notional ATO Timeline

-72 H R S D AYA FT ERJT C BJT C B

A IRT AS KD AY

JT C B

-48 H R S -24 H R S

0 4 08 1 2 16 2 00 4 0 8 12 1 6 200 4 08 1 2 1 6 200 4 08 1 2 16 2 00 4 0 8 12 1 6 20

A TOC OM PLETEB EGI N A TO

EX EC U TION

JT C B

A TOC ON F(A TO /A CO

PU B LISH E D)

JT C B

A PP OR TI ON ME NTGU ID A N C E

A LLOR EQ(FR: C OM PON E NTS )(TO: JFA C C)

SO RTIE A LO T(A LLOTM EN T)(FR: J FAC C )(TO: CO MP )

A IR SU PR E Q(FR: R EQ C OMP )(TO: JFA C C)

EX C HA N GE OF LON G R A N GEIN TEN T/FOR EC A ST

J FA C C & OTH ER C OM PON E NTS

0 4 08 12 1 6 20

B EGI N A TOEX EC U TION

-72 H R S -48 H R S -24 H R S

0 4 08 1 2 16 2 00 4 0 8 1 2 16 2 00 4 08 12 1 6 20

A TOC ON F(A TO /A CO

PU B LISH E D)A PP OR TI ON ME NTGU ID A N C E

A LLOR EQ(FR: C OM PON E NTS )(TO: JFA C C)

SO RTIE A LO T(A LLOTM EN T)(FR: J FAC C )(TO: CO MP )A IR SU PR E Q

(FR: R EQ C OMP )(TO: JFA C C)

EX C HA N GE OF LON G R A N GEIN TEN T/FOR EC A ST

J FA C C & OTH ER C OM PON E NTS

-72 H R S

SO RTIE A LO T(A LLOTM EN T)(FR: J FAC C )(TO: CO MP )

-48 H R S -24 H R S

0 4 08 1 2 1 6 200 4 0 8 1 2 1 6 200 4 0 8 12 1 6 20

A TOC ON F(A TO /A CO

PU B LISH E D)A PP OR TI ON ME NTGU ID A N C E

A LLOR EQ(FR: C OM PON E NTS )(TO: JFA C C)

A IR SU PR E Q(FR: R EQ C OMP )(TO: JFA C C)

EX C HA N GE OF LON G R A N GEIN TEN T/FOR EC A ST

J FA C C & OTH ER C OM PON E NTS

A IRT AS KD AY

A IRT ASD A

D AY 1

D AY 2

D AY 3

T HIS F IG UR E IL L US TR A TES A T O CYC L E OVER L AP B AS E O N A N OT ION AL 0600 A TO S TA R T T IM E.

VII-7

b. Target Development. Target Devel-opment produces a prioritized list oftargets—the JIPTL—that supports theobjectives and conforms to guidance. Theculmination of this phase occurs whenspecific targets are approved and includedin the joint ATO and assigned to forcesmade available for joint air operations.Components use the Target InformationReport (TGTINFOREP) to nominatetargets, submit post strike assessmentinformation, and report data changes toexisting targets. Components also use thismessage to recommend no-strike targetsand to cancel or renew targets. Normally,components submit target nominations tothe JFACC no later than 26 hours beforethe start of the joint air tasking day.

c. Weaponeering/Allocation. Weap-oneering/allocation involves quantifyingthe expected results of lethal and nonlethalweapons employment against targets onthe JIPTL. This means detailing on“weaponeering” worksheets recommendedaim points or desired mean point of impact(DMPI), recommended number/type air-craft and weapons, fusing, targetidentification and description, target attackobjectives, target area threats, and pro-bability of destruction. The final prioritizedtargets are then included into the MAAP.The resulting MAAP is the plan of employ-ment that forms the foundation of the jointATO. Supported components of the jointforce prepare preplanned target requestsfor the next air tasking day with the airsupport request (AIRSUPREQ) message.These are transmitted to the AOC not laterthan 24 hours before the air tasking day(0600 local [L]) or earlier, as prescribed bytheater OPLAN or as directed by the JFC.As additional information regarding therequested target becomes available, therequesting component will forward theinformation to the tasked component usinga AIRSUPREQ message.

(1) Requesters must be able todifferentiate between the terms"preplanned and immediate" and"scheduled and on-call."

(a) Preplanned and immediate referto the requests themselves. Preplannedrequests are those submitted in time to beincluded in the published joint ATO.Immediate requests fulfill operationalrequirements that are too late to bepublished in the daily joint ATO.

(b) Scheduled missions refer to thosemissions in the ATO with specific settargets, time-on-target (TOT), or missiontimes, target descriptions, targetcoordinates, and weapons standardconventional load (SCL) identifiers. On-call missions are those that require theexact time and place to be coordinated asthe battle develops. On-call CAS allows therequesting commander to indicate a timeframe, probable target type, and placewhere the need for CAS is most likely. Theyinvolve aircraft placed on an appropriatealert status (on the ground or airborne) andthen employed when requested by thesupported unit. Aircraft used to fillimmediate requests normally come fromon-call missions established for thispurpose. Supported commanders areadvised to submit preplanned requests foron-call missions to ensure availability ofsufficient sorties with appropriateordnance to respond to subordinate units’immediate requests.

(2) The allocation portion occursfollowing the JFC’s air apportionmentdecision. The JFACC translates thatdecision into total numbers of sorties byaircraft or weapon type available for eachoperation/task they support. The allocationprocess is accomplished through exchangeof ALLOREQ messages between compo-nents. These messages address three areas:

(a) On the basis of the JFC’s airapportionment decision; internal require-ments; and AIRSUPREQ messages, each aircapable component prepares an allocationrequest (ALLOREQ) message fortransmission to the JFACC/JFC staff(normally not less than 24 hours before theair tasking day). ALLOREQ messagesreport the number of sorties to be flown

VII-8

during the air tasking day and is reportedby assigned mission and type of aircraft.

(b) Sorties not needed by theservice component and available to the JFCfor tasking by the JFACC.

(c) Requests for additional airsupport beyond the capability of the aircapable components.

(3) The JFACC reviews eachservice component’s ALLOREQ messageand transmits a sortie allotment(SORTIEALOT) message for transmission12-18 hours before the air tasking day(1200L) or as prescribed by theater plans.This message informs all commands whichmission requests will be fulfilled and whichwill be delayed during this cycle. TheSORTIEALOT message addresses threeissues:

(a) Revisions to a servicecomponent’s planned allocation of sortiesdue to unforeseen joint force requirements.

(b) Approval/disapproval ofcomponent requests and allotment of othercomponent’s excess sorties to fill theapproved air support requests or otherrequirements for the joint force. Note: Thesorties provided to the JFACC for taskingare considered returned to the parentservice component if the JFACC does notallot them in a SORTIEALOT message.

(c) Revisions to mission data forcomponent requests, such as a changedmission priority or TOT, usually the resultfrom coordination between the componentsand the JAOC staff.

(4) CAS Sortie Distribution. TheJFACC allocates total numbers of sortiesto a given mission based on the JFC’sapportionment decision. Sorties assignedas CAS missions are then provided to theLCC who makes the distribution decision.This is a further subdivision of theallocation process in which sortiesallocated to CAS are distributed among thevarious ground combat units. Distribution

should be determined by the needs ofvarious operations not necessarily auniform distribution among units.

d. Joint ATO Development. Joint ATOdevelopment is a complex process in whichJFC and JFACC guidance, targetworksheets, MAAP, and componentrequirements are used to finalize the ATO,SPINS, and the ACO provided by the ACA(see Appendix B for how to “breakout” anATO and Joint Publication 3-56.1 for moreinformation on ATO development). Twelvehours before the air tasking day begins(1800L) the JFACC transmits the entireplan for the tasked day’s operation. Thismay be accomplished using either anATO/confirmation (ATOCONF) message orthe request confirmation message(REQCONF). The ACO, discussed later inthis chapter, is often transmitted with anATO. The joint ATO conveys C2 instruct-ions, coordination guidance, deconflictioninstructions, and specific missioninformation. Mission information includesprimary and backup targets, TOT or alertwindows, refueling data, radio frequencies,and weapons load guidelines. Operationspersonnel in the AOC, CRCs, AWACS,Joint STARS, ABCCC, ASOC, DASC, andother C2 facilities use the joint ATO tomonitor and assist in the execution ofmissions, monitor supporting missions andactivities, manage unforeseen problemscaused by the fog of war, and respond toapproved immediate support requests. Thejoint ATO helps to focus the intelligencecollection management process for national,theater, and component intelligence assets.It is valid for a specified effective period—normally a 24-hour period, (for example,0600L hours to 0600L hours).

e. Force Execution. The JFACC directsthe execution and/or deconflicts allcapabilities/forces made available for agiven joint ATO. The JAOC must beresponsive to required changes during theexecution of the joint ATO. In-flightreports and initial BDA may cause aredirecting of joint air capabilities/forcesbefore launch or a redirection once

VII-9

airborne. During execution, the JAOC isthe central agency for revising the taskingof joint air capabilities/forces andcoordinating and deconflicting thosechanges with the appropriate controlagencies or components. When a needarises that cannot be met with assigned on-call missions, supported commanders maymake an immediate request. The JFACCwill evaluate the request against the JFC’scampaign plan and overall concept ofoperations. If the request is of sufficientpriority, the mission is filled by retaskingscheduled or alert assets. The JFACC willnotify the affected component commanders,as appropriate, in the event changes aremade to the planned joint air operationsduring execution.

f. CA. CA is accomplished at all levels.The JFACC or JFC staff continuouslyevaluates the results of joint air operationsand provides these to the JFC forconsolidation and overall evaluation of thecampaign. Normally, the JTF’s J-2 directsthe actual dissemination guidelines for allreports. Whenever feasible, reports shouldbe provided directly to the JFACC, JFC,and the initial requester to assist in airoperations planning. CA collectionrequirements must be determined duringtarget prioritization. Component com-manders should recommend priorities forthe CA efforts and/or areas for which theyhave responsibility. The CA effort shouldbe a joint program designed to determineif the required target effects are beingachieved consistent with the JFCs overallconcept. Mission results obtained throughthe multitude of CA sources are analyzedand provide the JFC, JFACC, and othersenior commanders feedback on the successof the JFC’s campaign. These resultsprovide the inputs for CA reinitiationthrough updated guidance from theJFC and JFACC, subsequent targetdevelopment, weaponeering/allocation,force execution, and CA until the desiredend state is achieved. Note: The introduc-tion of reconnaissance pod systems intothe service component inventories and theretirement of dedicated reconnaissance

aircraft will produce competition for thesame airframes for CA missions or for thedelivery of ordnance. Changes to the jointATO must be closely coordinated withintelligence data collection to ensurechanges to targets and TOTs areincorporated into the CA plan.

6. Interdiction

Interdiction is an action to divert,disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy'spotential before it can be used effectivelyagainst friendly forces. Appropriateinterdiction targets may include but are notlimited to surface forces; C4I systems;installations and facilities; transportationand supply systems; lines of communi-cations (LOC); and other vital resourcesand infrastructure. The desired objectivesof interdiction are diversion, disruption,delay, and destruction of enemy surfacemilitary potential by either lethal ornonlethal means.

AI operations are defined as airoperations conducted to destroy,neutralize, or delay the enemy’s militarypotential before it can be brought to beareffectively against friendly forces. AIgenerally occurs at such a distance fromfriendly forces that detailed integration ofeach air mission with the fire andmovement of those forces is not required.

The JFC ultimately approves theintegration of joint interdiction operationswith execution of other joint forceoperations. To ensure unity of commandand effort throughout a theater and/or JOA,the JFC normally delegates the planningand execution of theater- and/or JOA-wideinterdiction operations to the componentcommander with the preponderance ofinterdiction assets within range and withthe ability to control them. In most cases,this is the JFACC who then becomes thesupported commander for the JFC’s overallAI effort. For a more detailed discussionon interdiction operations see JointPublication 3-03, Doctrine for JointInterdiction Operations.

VII-10

7. Defensive Counterair

a. Air defense includes all defensivemeasures designed to destroy attackingenemy aircraft or missiles in the earth’senvelope of atmosphere or to nullify orreduce the effects of such attack. Thedesired end state of an effective air defenseeffort is to allow friendly forces freedom ofaction by gaining air superiority at thedesired time and place of the commander’schoosing. An effective theater air defensesystem includes those resources andprocedures necessary to provide the JFCwith the ability to detect, identify, anddestroy enemy air threats, whether bymanned or unmanned aircraft or by theatermissiles. Unity of effort and the tenet ofcentralized control and decentralizedexecution are necessary to meeting this end.Air defense can be either passive or activein nature.

(1) Passive. Passive air defenseprovides individual and collective pro-tection for friendly forces and criticalassets. Passive air defense is the respons-ibility of every commander in the jointforce. Elements of passive air defenseinclude—early warning; camouflage,concealment, and deception; hardening;reconstitution; and redundancy. Passive airdefense measures do not involve theemployment of lethal weapons but doimprove survivability.

(2) Active. Active air defense isdirect defensive action taken to destroy,nullify, or reduce the effectiveness ofhostile air and missile threats againstfriendly forces and assets. Integratedemployment of air-to-air and surface-to-airweapon systems through coordinateddetection, identification, assessment,interception, and engagement of air andmissile threats is necessary to counterenemy attacks. A rapid, reliable, andsecure means of identification within theairspace control area is necessary to thesurvival of friendly forces.

b. Command Relationships. The JFCuses air defense operations to protect

friendly forces from attack by manned/unmanned aircraft and missiles. The JFCwill provide guidance and objectives,including apportionment decisions,establish ROE, and designate air defensepriorities for the joint force.

(1) JFC Staff. Within the functionof AAD, (in coordination with the AADC, ifdesignated) the joint force staff will assistthe JFC by conducting command, control,communications, computers and intel-ligence (C4I) systems; planning for theacquisition and dissemination of defensewarning information; deconflicting AADwith other operations; providing logisticalsupport for AAD; and preparing long rangeplans for AAD.

(2) AADC. The JFC normallyassigns overall responsibility for joint airdefense to a single commander designatedthe AADC. Normally, the AADC is thecomponent commander with thepreponderance of air defense capability andthe C4I capability to plan, coordinate, andexecute integrated air defense operations.Because of the integrated relationshipbetween airspace control measures and airdefense operations, ACA and AADC dutiesnormally should be performed by the sameperson, who may also be the JFACC. TheJFC will define the support relationshipbetween the AADC and supportingcommanders. Components will providerepresentatives, as appropriate, to theAADC’s headquarters to provide specificweapons system expertise as well asbroader mission expertise.

(3) Component Commanders. Com-ponent commanders provide the AADCwith surface, air, and sea-based active airdefense capabilities and forces toimplement the air defense plan. Com-ponent commanders generally retainOPCON of their forces and capabilities andwill employ them in accordance with theair defense plan and the weapons controlprocedures and measures established bythe AADC.

c. Air Defense Plan. The AADC, withthe support and coordination of the service

VII-11

and functional commanders, develops;integrates; and distributes a JFC approvedjoint air defense plan. The air defense planintegrates the active air defensecapabilities of the joint force’s componentsto provide a responsive air defense systemthat will achieve operational and tacticalobjectives. The air defense plan reflects thepriorities established by the JFC. Becauseair defense and airspace control andmanagement are inherently related areas,the air defense plan, ACP, and airoperations plan should be developed inconcert to avoid conflicts. The air defenseplan addresses (this list is notexhaustive)—

(1) Sensor employment.

(2) Identification procedures.

(3) Engagement procedures.

(4) Airspace control measures.

(5) Weapons control procedures.

(6) Weapons system employment.

(7) Tactical interface (for example,TADIL) design.

(8) Dissemination of early warning.

d. Area Air Defense Operations. Thedepth and breadth of AAD and the inherentability for air defense targets to crosscomponent areas of operations make airdefense operations a joint endeavor. TheAADC, in coordination with componentcommanders, recommends establishmentof air defense regions to the JFC. Thenumber of regions and RADCs may varydepending upon geographical, political, andoperational factors such as—friendlyforces, geography, threat, and the conceptof operations. For example, the AADC mayrecommend that an Aegis crusier performRADC duties for the maritime region of theJOA. Air defense regions may be furthersubdivided into sectors, with sector airdefense commanders (SADCs) coordinatingactivities within their sector (see FigureVII-4 for an example of region and sectorair defense assignments).

CRE

CRC

XX

ADABDE

X

JAOC

AADCAADCRADCRADC

SADCSADC

SADCSADC

PORT

SAAWC(TAOC)

TAOC

SADCSADC

RADCRADC

ARFOR

MARFOR

RADCRADC

FAWC

Figure VII-4. Notional AAD Organization

VII-12

(1) Tactical Operational Data. Inconjunction with the air defense plan, theAADC periodically publishes a tacticaloperational data (TACOPDAT) message toestablish air defense responsibilities in atactical area or to provide supplementaryair defense orders to an area ofresponsibility, to include air defenseprocedures. Among the informationincluded in the TACOPDAT are unitdesignations for RADCs and SADCs;methods of control; identificationprocedures and the identification authority;and updates to fighter, missile, and/or jointengagement zones. The latter proceduresshould be coordinated with the ACA andincluded in the ACO and SPINS portionsof the ATO.

(2) Execution.

(a) The AADC, RADC, andSADC have the ability to coordinate activeair defense operations at the lowest levelnecessary. This concept of centralizedcontrol (AADC) and decentralizedexecution (RADC/SADC) promotescoordinated operations and economy offorce while allowing decisions to be madeat the lowest level possible, therebyreducing the reaction time to threats andthe likelihood of friendly losses.

(b) Based on the JFC’s airdefense priorities and other factorsincluding available resources, the AADCbuilds an air defense plan designed tooptimize the joint force’s air defensecapabilities against enemy air attack.When employing the various resources, theAADC considers factors such as mutualsupport—support units provide each otheragainst the threat—and destruction indepth (that is, that ability to engage theenemy as far from its target as possible andto continue to engage the enemy threat withvarious weapons until the target isdestroyed).

(c) The JFACC allocates apercentage of aircraft to perform DCAmissions based on the JFC’s apportionmentdecision. The AADC typically allocates

missions to each RADC to perform DCAfunctions. RADCs in turn distributesmissions to subordinate SADCs, dependingon expected threat actions within theirsector. SADCs may further distribute DCAmissions to air defense control agencieswithin their sector. It is the responsibilityof the controlling agency to execute the airdefense mission through the coordination,control, and integration of aircraft andsurface-to-air weapon systems under theirdirection.

(d) RADCs and SADCs coordi-nate air defense actions between regionsand sectors, by evaluating the results ofengagements within their sector or regionand forward observations and results ofengagements to the AADC; requesting fromthe AADC or direct (when authorized)changes to air defense alert and weaponsrelease conditions commensurate to thethreat; and when required, requestingadditional air defense assets from theAADC. In turn, the AADC provides RADCswith guidance and direction for air defensewarning conditions and weapons releaseconditions; changes to the ROE; allocatesadditional resources (as necessary). TheAADC also requests additional airborne airdefense coverage from the JFACC asneeded.

(3) COP. Air defense actions,although designed to prevent attack offriendly forces by enemy air attacks, shouldalso prevent fratricide. Many positive andprocedural methods exist to minimize thechances of friend on friend engagementsincluding: airspace control measures;identification, friend or foe (IFF); andpositive hostile identification devices. Acommon frame of reference is an absolutenecessity for air defense units to integrateactions and minimize the chances offratricide. The common frame of referenceis provided through two media: the ATOand the COP. The ATO provides all userswith a plan for air operations, delineatingIFF modes and codes, routes of flight, andmission/target areas. The COP combinesinformation from various sensors and

VII-13

reporting devices to build a comprehensiveair, ground, and sea picture of thebattlespace. Air defense units contributeto the COP through the theater’s data linkarchitecture.

A coordinated, comprehensive data linkpicture is a necessity to minimize chancesof fratricide while enhancing early warningand engagement control and coordination.The AADC periodically publishes theOperational Tasking Data Links(OPTASKLINK) message to establishrelationships, configurations, coordinationprocedures, and other informationnecessary to conduct data link operations.

8. Conclusion

The preceding chapters and paragraphshave described the joint force, service

component, and functional componentprocedures and systems for air-groundoperations. The TAGS is not a formalsystem in itself but the actual sum ofvarious component air-ground systems.The TAGS enables the delivery of themaximum amount of combat power to thedesired place at the right time. Toaccomplish this, everyone working withinthe TAGS must understand eachcomponent’s capabilities, limitations, andcontributions to the overall system as wellas competing and overlapping missionrequirements. Everyone must strive tomake the TAGS work by knowing systemand coordination requirements, what isrequired to make the system work, and whoto contact when coordination is required.This document should assist TAGSpractitioners in this process.

A-1

Appendix A

PROCEDURAL CONTROL MEASURES

1. Airspace Control Measures

a. Coordinating Altitude. A proceduralmethod to separate fixed- and rotary-wingaircraft by determining an altitude belowwhich fixed-wing aircraft normally will notfly and above which rotary-wing aircraftnormally will not fly. It may include a bufferzone for small altitude deviations andextends from the forward edge of thecommunications zone to the forward line ofown troops (FLOT). Fixed- or rotary-wingaircraft planning extended penetration ofthis altitude will notify the appropriateairspace control facility. However, approvalacknowledgment is not required beforefixed-wing aircraft may operate below thecoordinating altitude or rotary-wing aircraftmay operate above the coordinating altitude(see Figure A-1).

b. High Density Airspace Control Zone(HIDACZ). HIDACZ is defined area of

airspace in which there is a concentratedemployment of weapons and airspace users.The zone has defined dimensions thatusually coincide with geographical features/navigational aids. Access to an air defenseweapon control status within a HIDACZ isnormally controlled by the requestingauthority (see Figure A-2).

c. Restricted Operations Area (ROA)/Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ). ROAsand ROZs are synonymous terms fordefining a volume of airspace set aside for aspecific operational mission or requirement.This procedure restricts some or all airspaceusers from this area until termination of themission. It is normally used for drop orlanding zone activity, search and rescueoperations, SEMA, etc. Controllingauthority requirements for the ROA/ROZare similar to those required for a HIDACZ(see Figure A-1).

Figure A-1. Coordinating Altitude, ROA, and ROZ

ROA

AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA

COORDINATING ALTITUDE

ROZ

A-2

d. Standard Use Army Aircraft FlightRoutes (SAAFRs). SAAFRs are routesestablished below the coordinating altitudeto allow the Army commanders to safelyroute movement of their aviation assetsperforming combat support and combatservice support missions. Although jointlyrecognized, these routes do not needairspace control authority approval.SAAFRs normally are located in the corpsthrough brigade rear areas but may beextended to support logistics missions (seeFigure A-2).

Figure A-3. Minimum Risk Routes

Figure A-2. SAAFR and HIDACZ

e. Minimum Risk Routes (MRRs).MRRs are temporary corridors of defineddimensions recommended for use by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that presents theminimum known hazards to low flyingaircraft transiting the theater airspace.MRRs normally extend from the corps rearboundary to the FSCL. Low level transitroutes (LLTRs) are employed in a similarfashion in NATO (see Figure A-3).

FLO T FLO T

FS C L FS C L

XX

M R R

XX

C oo rd ina ting A ltitude

SAAFR

FLOT

XXXX

XX

HIDACZ

A-3

2. Army Standard Operational Procedures

a. Air Corridor (AC). AC is restrictedair route of travel specified for use byfriendly Army aircraft and established toprevent friendly forces from firing onfriendly aircraft.

b. Air Axis. Air axis is similar to aground axis of advance, assigned forpurposes of control, which graphicallydepicts a commander’s intentions.

c. Air Control Point/Aerial Check Point.Air control point/aerial check point is apredetermined point on the ground used asa means of coordinating or controllingfriendly Army aircraft movement.

d. Initial Point (IP)/Release Point (RP).IP/RP are predetermined points on theground used to initiate a control procedure(IP) or terminate the conduct of a controlprocedure (RP).

e. Battle Position (BP). BP is adefensive location oriented on the mostlikely enemy avenue of approach from whicha unit may defend or attack. A unit assigneda BP is located within the general outline ofthe BP.

f. Engagement Area (EA). EA is anarea in which the commander intends totrap and destroy an enemy force withmassed fires of all available weapons. EAsand sectors of fire are not intended torestrict fires but are used as a tool toconcentrate fires and to optimize theirefforts.

3. Navy Procedural Measures

a. Positive Identification and RadarAdvisory Zone (PIRAZ). PIRAZ is thecapability to positively identify and trackfriendly aircraft in defended airspace beforethey pose a threat to the vital area. PIRAZcontrol is normally assigned to a Navy

Tactical Data System (NTDS) cruiser in thesurveillance area.

b. Return-to-Force (RTF) Profile. RTFprofile is specific maneuvers/tracks friendlyaircraft will fly returning to the fleet in orderto reduce the possibility of being engagedby friendly surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) orfighters in the fleet air defense network.Instructions (altitudes, course, speed,ingress points, safety corridors, andapproach sectors) are defined in operationsmessages generated by the AWC.

c. Joining Procedures. Similar to RTFprocedures, these instructions are followedby friendly, nonorganic aircraft in order toensure safe passage through the fleetsurveillance area en route to support fleetoperations.

d. Amphibious Objective Area (AOA).An AOA is a geographical area delineatedin the initiating directive for purposes of C2.The objectives of the amphibious task force(ATF) are located within this area. The AOAmust be of sufficient size to ensureaccomplishment of the ATF’s mission andmust provide sufficient area for conductingsea, land, and air operations. The airspaceabove is an integral part of the AOA. Whendisestablished, airspace control reverts tothe ACA.

4. Special Purpose Airspace

a. Base Defense Zone. This air defensezone is established around an air base andlimited to the engagement envelope ofSHORAD weapon systems defending thatbase. Base defense zones have establishedentry, exit, and IFF procedures. Similar toa ROZ in purpose.

b. CAP/Orbit Areas/Tracks. Theseareas are basically ROZs designated for useby specialized aircraft (DCA CAP, AWACS,and other special asset orbits, etc.). Limitsare defined vertically and horizontally alongwith times for initiation and completion.

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5. Fire Support/Airspace CoordinationMeasures

a. Formal Fire Support/AirspaceCoordination. Fire support/airspacecoordination is established by theFSCOORD with inputs from the ALO at theappropriate level of command and control.Formal measures are included in the firesupport plan and passed to the BCD whothen coordinates with the AOC for inclusionin the ACO. Coordination is achieved usingboundaries and permissive or restrictivemeasures.

(1) Boundary. Boundary is a line bywhich areas of responsibility betweenadjacent units/formations are defined.

(2) Permissive Measures.

(a) Coordinated Fire Line(CFL). CFL is a line beyond whichconventional or improved conventionalindirect fire means (that is, mortars, fieldartillery, and naval gunfire) may fire at anytime within the zone of the establishingheadquarters without additionalcoordination.

(b) FSCL. FSCLs are permis-sive fire support coordinating measures.They are established and adjusted byappropriate land or amphibious forcecommanders within their boundaries inconsultation with superior, subordinate,supporting, and affected commanders.Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCLmust inform all affected commanders insufficient time to allow necessary reactionto avoid fratricide, in the air and on theground. FSCLs facilitate the expeditiousattack of targets of opportunity beyond thecoordinating measure. Supportingelements may attack targets beyond theFSCL provided the attack will not produceadverse effects on, or to the rear of, the line.The FSCL is not a boundary—thesynchronization of operations on either sideof the FSCL is the responsibility of theestablishing commander out to the limits

of the land or amphibious force boundary.Placement of the FSCL is based on the typeof mission, threat, terrain, and concept ofthe operation, as well as organic weaponscapabilities, location of friendly and enemyforces, anticipated rates of movement, andtempo of operations. Careful considerationand judicious placement should be exercisedin determining its placement.

(c) Free Fire Area (FFA). FFAis a designated area in which any weaponsystem can fire conventional or improvedmunitions without additional coordinationand is normally established on identifiableterrain.

(3) Restrictive Measures.

(a) No-Fire Area (NFA). NFAis an area where no fires or the effects offires are allowed without prior clearancefrom the establishing headquarters, exceptif the force must defend itself against anenemy force within the NFA.

(b) Restrictive Fire Area (RFA).RFA is an area where specific restrictionsare imposed and into which fires that exceedthose restrictions are prohibited withoutprior coordination from the establishingheadquarters.

(c) Restrictive Fire Line (RFL).RFL is a line established betweenconverging forces that prohibits fires or theeffects of fires across the line withoutcoordination from the establishingheadquarters.

(d) Airspace Coordination Area.Airspace coordination area is a three-dimensional block of airspace where friendlyaircraft are reasonably safe from friendlysurface fires.

b. Informal Fire Support/AirspaceCoordination. Informal fire support/airspace coordination consists of proceduresto deconflict aircraft from other fire supportassets, primarily artillery. Informal

A-5

measures are established by the terminalattack controller (FAC, ALO, ETAC) inresponse to the FSCOORD’s fire supportplan and are implemented for a short periodof time to permit CAS operations. Informalmeasures are heavily dependent upon goodFSCOORD-ALO interface.

(1) Heading Offset. Terminal attackcontroller selects an IP and specifies thelateral offset from the IP to the target"run-in" to deconflict fighters from othersupporting aircraft.

(2) Heading Direct. Terminal attackcontroller selects an IP so that the IP to thetarget "run-in" is deconflicted from othersupporting fires by at least two nauticalmiles either side of the centerline. The useof the word “direct” after giving themagnetic heading denotes the heading is arestriction.

(3) Informal Airspace CoordinationArea. Terminal attack controller establishesa three-dimensional area for a specific timeperiod where fighters can operatereasonably safe from friendly surface fires.While it should be established along easilyidentifiable terrain features, it can beestablished using grid lines.

(4) Maximum or Minimum Ordinate(MAX or MIN ORD). Terminal attackcontroller obtains the MAX or MIN ORD ofsupporting fires. MAX ORD will be used tofly above low angle artillery and MIN ORDwill be used to fly under high angle artillery.Summit is used instead of ORD whenoperating with NSFS.

(5) Target-to-Gun Line (TGL).Terminal attack controllers provide thefighters with the artillery impact area andthe TGL for the fighter to avoid.

(6) Gun-to-Target Line (GTL).Terminal attack controllers provide thefighters with the artillery location and theGTL for the fighter to avoid.

(7) Shift/Check Fire. Terminalattack controllers work with the FSCOORD

to shift supporting fires to another area fora short time or "hold," so CAS operationscan occur reasonably safe from friendly fires.While uncommon, supporting fires can alsobe checked in order to permit cyclicaloperations between artillery and CAS assets.

6. Air Defense Measures

a. Air Defense Action Area. Air defenseaction area is airspace where friendlyaircraft or surface-to-air weapons arenormally given preference in operationsexcept under specific conditions.

b. Air Defense Area. Air defense areais a specifically defined airspace that airdefense is planned for and provided.

c. Air Defense Identification Zone(ADIZ). ADIZ is airspace of defineddimensions where the ready identification,location, and control of airborne vehicles andaircraft is required. This zone is normallythe transition between procedural control(outside) and positive control (inside) in anarea of operations.

d. Air Defense Operations Area. Airdefense operations area is airspace whereprocedures are established to minimizemutual interference between air defenseand other operations. It may includedesignation of one or more of the following:air defense action area, ADIZ, and/orfirepower umbrella.

e. Weapons Engagement Zone (WEZ).WEZ is airspace of defined dimensionswhere the responsibility for engagementnormally rests with a particular weaponsystem. Some examples of WEZs are—

(1) Fighter Engagement Zone (FEZ).FEZ is airspace of defined dimensions wherethe responsibility for engagement normallyrests with fighter aircraft.

(2) HIMEZ. HIMEZ is airspace ofdefined dimensions where responsibility forengagement normally rests with highaltitude air defense SAMs.

A-6

(3) Joint Engagement Zone (JEZ).JEZ is airspace of specific dimensions wherefriendly SAMs and fighters aresimultaneously employed.

(4) Low Altitude Missile Engage-ment Zone (LOMEZ). LOMEZ is thatairspace of defined dimensions where theresponsibility for engagement normally restswith low to medium SAMs.

(5) Short Range Air DefenseEngagement Zone (SHORADEZ).

SHORADEZ is that airspace of defineddimensions where the responsibility forengagement normally rests with short rangeair defense weapons. It may be establishedwithin a LOMEZ or a HIMEZ.

f. Weapons Free Zone (WFZ). WFZ isan air defense zone established for theprotection of key assets where weaponssystems may be fired at any target notpositively identified as friendly.

B-1

Appendix B

ATO, SPINS, AND ACO BREAKOUT

1. Breaking the ATO

ATOs vary in length from a few pagesto DESSERT STORM-type ATO thatexceeded 900 pages. The sample ATO/UNCLASSIFIED message and exertsdisplayed in Figures B-1 through B-3contain examples of completed ATOs.

As a universal document applicableto a wide variety of mission types, the ATOcontains information that is not used by allunits. For instance, a C2 unit responsiblefor OCA missions would not require ATOinformation addressing airlift operations.Therefore the process of “breaking” theATO, refers to actions involving theextraction of pertinent informationapplicable to specific unit tasking.

2. Message Content

Figure B-1 shows a sample ATO/UNCLASSIFIED message containinginformation sets and fields. Table B-1 showscommon headers and initial sets used todesignate blocks of information that areinserted at various locations within theATO. Each ATO contains mandatory,optional, and conditional entries that areused as required by the rules of messageconstruction contained in the Joint UsersHandbook for Message Text Formats (JUH-MTF). Overall, the ATO is divided intothree sections: (I) Mission—normallysupport tactical air operations, (II)Execution—assigns specific missions toindividual units, and (III) SPINS—amplifies, explains, modifies and changeseverything in (I) and (II).

a. ATO Remarks (RMKS) and Nar-ratives. The ATO remarks section is usedto explain or clarify existing data sets/fields. Message remarks are particularlybeneficial because of the provision to allowthe use of plain text entries. The remarksfield begins with the designator RMKS anduses slashes (/) to separate other data fields.

(1) Amplification Fields (AMPN).AMPN field designator is normally insertedafter the air tasking (AIRTASK) messageset. In terms of ATO interpretation, theAMPN field is an important part of themessage. Each AMPN denotes additionalinformation pertaining to specific messagefields. Among the more important fieldsare the “Unit Remarks” free text sectionthat denotes actions or commentsapplicable to higher headquarters tasking.Operators who are not completely familiarwith the ATO format normally search thedocument for each AIRTASK field to locatethe free text entries.

(2) Narrative (NARR) Fields.Narrative fields are free text entriesdesignated by the NARR field descriptor.One of the more common uses of the NARRfield is to denote a “combined or generalunit remarks” section at the end of theATO. Unlike the “unit remarks” sectionthat applies to specific units, the “combinedunits remarks” section contains infor-mation applicable to all units (see FigureB-2). “Combined unit remarks” pertain tosubjects that are applicable to many of thetasked units and are used to streamlineATO content. “Combined unit remarks”include such items as—

(a) Air refueling data/procedures—initial point data.

(b) Strike package data/proce-dures—contact point data.

(c) MMR data.

(d) LLTR data.

(e) Drop/landing/extraction zonedata.

(f) CAP data.

(g) SPINS.

B-2

F M 4 14 C T S N E LL IS AF B N V / /D O // 1 . TO ZEN /31F W (DE P)N ELLIS AF B NV

Z E N /38 8F W (D EP )N EL L IS A F B NVZ EN /35 4F W (D EP )N E L L IS NVZ E N /15 0F G (D EP )N EL L IS NVZ EN /3 5F W (D EP )N E L L IS NVZ EN /1 17R W (D EP )N E L L IS NVZ EN /3 3F W (D EP )N E L L IS NVZ EN /4 63 A W (D EP )N EL L IS NVZ E N /55 2A C W (D EP )N E L L IS NVZ E N /7 4A CC S (D EP )N EL L IS NVZ EN /4 1EC S (D EP )N EL L IS NVZ EN /36 6F W (D EP )N E L L IS NV

2 . RHW UDDA/9RW B EAL E AF B C A/DOJ /DOT TU//RB UX AB B/4 74 F W H IL L A FB U T /D O O /D O //RU W U S R O / 27F W CA N NO N AF B N M /D O //R B W T E AA /38 4B W G RA N D F O RK S A F B N D /D O //R B W X X Y V /7B W C A RS W EL L A F B T X /D O //R H F IAA A/2 2A RW M A RC H A F B C A /RF T T F /BTU N CL A S

3. EX ER/RED F LAG /93-X // 4 M SG ID/AT OC ONF/414 CT S DO/14290 01/OCT // 5. PERID/291400Z /T O:292300Z//A SO F:280100Z 6. A IRTA SK/U NIT TASKIN G/RF 9 3-X AFFOR ATO, 29 OCT

7. T AS KUNIT/552AC W/KLS V (D EP)// A M P N /U NIT R E M A R K (S): N O N E // 8. MS NDAT /A29111 /F2B/DE CK 10 /1E-3/AEW/-/-/-35 410// 9. MSNLOC/291510Z/29173 0Z/AS C OORDINATE D//

T A SK UN IT /2 7F W /K CV S(D E P )// M SN D A T /A 2 993 31 /F 2 B/B L EE D 4 4 /4 FB -111 /IN T /-/T 410 6/ /3 5 444 /3 54 45/3 544 6/35 447 // AM P N /U N IT R E M AR K (S): N O T E(S ) E //10. T GT LOC /291640Z /291645 Z/76-1 /INC PX/NM0920839012/-/VE HICLE PRODUCT IO N//11. AMP N/CE NTE R O F M AS S 37.24.324N 116.54.126W //

T A SK UN IT /6 7RW /K L V S(D E P )// M SN D A T /29 181/ F 2B/K O D A C 0 5/1R F -4C /R E C/-/- /- /36 407 // AM P N /U N IT R E M AR K (S): N O T E(S ) K //12. RECD AT/1 8AA0 01/PRY:1 /291510Z/-/P HO TO/ROU TE/-/-/-/T GTC OD:R- 8 407 //13 . REFUEL /ANKER 36 /A29121 /3743N 11445W/245/2 91530Z/5 /295 .4/319.5 //

Figure B-1. ATO

B-3

b. SPINS. SPINS are free text formatsnormally included as part of the “combined/general unit remarks.” The SPINS sectionis often several pages in length and isconsidered essential reading for all actionaddressees. SPINS highlight, modify, orsupplement mission data contained inother portions of the ATO. SPINS includemany types of information that do not fitinto other mission formats. As a generalrule, SPINS are valid until they arerescinded or superseded. Sometimes,SPINS include specific date-time groups(DTGs) that are no longer valid. SPINS alsocontain data that modify, change, or replaceinformation contained in local OPORDs. Insome theaters, SPINS are published as anentirely separate message due to theirexcessive length.

(1) Figure B-3 shows a typicalabbreviated version of an ATO SPINSsection. It is formatted using basic UnitedStates Message Text Format (USMTF)procedures and organized using

alphanumeric section designators.Although SPINS are formatted usingstandardized procedures, their appearancevaries according to the theaterrequirements and command directives.The SPINS depicted in Figure B-3 beginwith an index of the contents. Each sectionis numbered similar to paragraphs in aregulation. Entries are presented in bothcolumnar and sentence formats. In theexample, the SPINS cover a wide varietyof mission planning considerations toinclude—

(a) Airspace.

(b) Range times.

(c) Frequencies.

(d) Control agencies.

(e) IFF/SIF assignments.

(f) Mission event numbers.

Table B-1. Message Headers and Initial Sets

LINE DESIGNATOR TITLE CONTENTS1 and 2 ZEN/31FW OR

RHWUDDA/9RWADDRESSEE NORMALLY ADDRESSED TO ALL

PARTICIPATING UNITS3 EXER OR OPER EXERCISE OR

OPERATION NAMEIDs SPECIFIC CODE NAME OFTHE OPERAITON

4 MSGID/ATOCONF MESSAGEIDENTIFICATION

NORMALLY IDs THE DATE/TIMEGROUP (DTG)

5 PERID/291400Z/TO:292300Z//ASOF:280100Z

EFFECTIVE PERIOD IDs THE VALID TIME OREFFECTIVE DATES

6 AIRTASK/UNITASKING/RF93-X AFFOR ATO, 29OCT

ADDRESSEE MESSAGEIDENTIFIER

COMMENTS ABOUT OPS TITLEAND ATO DATE

7 TASKUNIT/552ACW/KLSV(DEP)

EXERCISE OROPERATION NAME

SPECIFIC CODE NAME OFOPERATION

8 MSNDAT MISSION DATA CALL SIGNS/AIRCRAFTTYPE/MSN/ETC…

9 MSNLOC MISSION LOCATION ORBIT AREAS/STATIONTIMES/ETC…

10 TGTLOC TARGET LOCATION LISTING OF TARGETLOCATION(S)

11 AMPN AMPLIFICATION AMPLIFIES EXISTING FIELDS12 RECDAT RECONNAISSANCE DATA RECONNAISSANCE DATA13 REFUEL/ANCHOR REFUELING ANCHOR MSN A/C REFUELING INFO–

OPTIONAL FIELD

B-4

Figure B-2. ATO Narrative - Combined and General Remarks

9. NARR/CO MBINED UNIT REM ARK S: ALL UNITSA . N O NEB . N O NEC . N O NED. CO OR DIN A T ES W IT H M ISS IO N /P A CK AG E C O M M AN D ER F O R R EFIN E D T O T ’S.E . C OO RD IN AT E S L IST E D A RE F O R C EN T E R O F M ASS . M EN SU R AT E O W N C O O RD IN AT E S F O R D M PI L IST ED .F . W IL D W E AS EL NO T ES : AL L S IMU L A T ED W E AS EL L O AD S IN CL U D E 2 AIM -7G. MI SS IO N/ P AC K A GE CO M M A N DE R I NF O RM A TI O N :

(1) AL L P A CK AG E CO MM A ND E RS S H O U L D RE F ER T O TH E R ED F LA G SP IN ST O ASS IST A ND G UID E MIS SION P LA N NI NG .(2) G AP T IM E S:

IN (N ET ) O U T (NL T )A M : - -P M: 151 5 174 5

H . AM C N OT E S:R ES U P P L Y U S SP EC IAL F O RC ES AT K E NO A ND P O KE R D Z.I. BO MB E R N O TE S: OF F S T A T IO N M ISS ION S: O N E GR ESS EX IT EC S O U T H A BO VE 16KJ. O C A K IL L R EM OV A L “S H OW T IME ” F RE QU E NC IE S:

3 12.8 (P RI)347. 4 (SE C)“DE AD MA N” M O D E 1 P R OC ED U RE S: IF “S H OW TI ME ” CA L L S

KIL L O N YOU R AIR CR AF T , RO TA T E MO D E 1 TO “00” U N T IL R EG EN E RA T IO N , T HE N , R ET U RN T O C OR RE CT M O DE 1 R EA DI NG F O R TH E C U RR EN T T IM E ...K . R E CC N OT E S: AM M ISSI O N : N O NE P M M ISSI O N : M ISS ION T A RG ET

A2 918 1 76 -1 0 B unke rA2 938 1 7 4-9 SSM

L . IN T E RD ICT IO N N OT E S: M ISSI O N : BA CK U P T AR GE T S: A2 933 4 7 6-3 A2 933 5 75 -2 0

B-5

Figure B-3. ATO SPINS

SPINS INDEX:1. RANGE TIMES/MODE 3.2. PACKAGE COMMANDERS.3. LIVE ORDNANCE.4. IFF/SIF.5. COMMUNICATIONS PLAN.6. GENERAL.7. OPERATIONAL RESTRICTIONS.8. AIRSPACE CONTROL ORDER.

1. RANGE TIMES/MODE 3:RANGE RESTRICTIONS: ALL TIMES ARE ZULU MODE 3:CHARACTERS THREE AND FOUR (XX) ARE YOUR CALL SIGNNUMBER.A. CAL: 1445-1800B. RNG 71 OPEN: 1500-1800C. RNG 76 OPEN: 1510-1800ETC...

2. MISSION COMMANDERS:MISSION MSNUNIT RM PHONEA29131 INT 31FW 56 22104A29242 CAS 354FW 51 22103A29151 OCA 33FW 45 27094ETC...

3. LIVE ORDNANCE/AIRLIFT SCHEDULE:MSN A/C TARGET TOT ORDBACKUP TOTA29391 C-130 POKER DZ 1645-1730 T-BUNDLESTBDA29341 A-10 75-8 1642-1647 L8817TBD

4. IFF/SIF: ALL AIRCRAFT WILL SQUAWK ROTATING MODE 1 FORFRIENDLY ID. CODESWILL BE CHANGED EVERY TWO HOURS PLUS/MINUS ONEMINUTE. ALL AIRCRAFT WILL SQUAWK THE SAME MODE 2 AS THEASSIGNED MODE 3 IF CAPABLE.1500 321700

5. COMMUNICATION PLAN:REFER TO AIRCREW AID: DAY 03BLACKJACK: 377.8SHOWTIME: 312.8AAR RENDEZVOUS: 276.4GCI SAFETY: 308.6JRCC: 288.0

C-1

Appendix C

CARRIER BATTLE GROUP PLANNING ANDEXECUTION FOR AIR OPERATIONS

1. Background

A US Navy Carrier Battle Group(CVBG) can serve as an independent, self-contained task force or as a contributingmember of a larger joint or combined taskforce. The CVBG could also be assigned asa transitional JFACC. Additionally, acarrier (CV) or nuclear carrier (CVN) couldhost a JFACC for the conduct of airoperations. The command organization,relationships, and procedures outlined inthe command warfare organization sectionbelow are designed to clarify and streamlinethe planning, coordinating, and executionof operations in all CVBG warfare areas.They do not remove the responsibilities ofeach battle group warfare commander norreplace established procedures of thecomposite warfare commander (CWC)concept. The end goal is eliminatingduplication of effort and promotingstandardization of operational planning andexecution with in the task force.

2. Command Warfare Organization

a. The CVBG command warfareorganization will be comprised ofrepresentatives from the CVBG warfarecommanders SUWC, USWC, STWC, airwar sector (AWC), and C2WC with AREC,helicopter employment coordinator (HEC),SOF, commander, amphibious task force/commander, landing force (CATF/CLF),CVBG logistic coordinator (CVBGLC), andfrom the CVBG staff. Their functions areto report to the CVBG commander in allareas pertaining to planning, allocation,and tasking of assigned forces; theexecution and support of all warfaremissions; and coordination/integration ofCVBG forces into joint/combinedoperations, when directed. The organi-zation will perform the following functions:

(1) During independent operationsusing guidance from the CVBG commander,develop operational plans; schedule ofevents (SOE); ATOs; SPINS; and ROE tobest support and execute CVBG training/warfighting objectives. These plans willinclude—

(a) Operational plans thatembody a series of related operations aimedat accomplishing an assigned objective.These plans represent the commander’svision for conducting operations, define theobjectives, and serve as the basis for allother planning.

(b) ATO shells for 24 and 48hours—allocation and tasking of all sortiesthat fly in the CVBG area of operations inall warfare mission areas. ATO shells are ameans of providing an initial look at plansfor air operations and forms the basis forATO development.

(c) ATO for next day’soperations to be transmitted anddisseminated throughout the CVBG at1500 local each day. Execution time (T) ofthe ATO shall be normally 0600 local andend at 0559 local the following day unlessotherwise specified for SO.

(d) ACP for current theater ofoperations—listing instructions/guidancefrom higher authority and/or CVBGcommander, to be promulgated as monthlyand weekly ACO and daily as part of theATO SPINS.

(2) During joint operations, whendirected by CVBG commander, providecentralized direction for the allocation andtasking of CVBG forces that are assignedTACON to theater commands in support ofjoint/combined operations to include—

C-2

(a) Liaison with theatercommands to coordinate allocation/incorporation (common use) of CVBG forcesinto joint/combined ATOs and warfightingplans.

(b) Coordinate allocation/deconfliction of available joint/combinedand CVBG forces (other than those TACONfor joint/combined operations) for execution(direct support) of all CVBG warfaremission areas.

(c) Continue development/dissemination of plans, 60-day SOE, SPINS,ROE, ATO shells, and current ATO asoutlined above.

(3) When directed, perform thefunctions of a sea-based JFACC, duringtransition to embarkation of a “flyaway”JFACC staff or as permanent members ifassigned.

(4) In all cases, continually evaluateand brief CVBG commander on alloperations to include plans, ATO/SPINS,ROE, CA, and mission results.

(5) In all cases, direct execution ofall CVBG operations and make recom-mendations/adjustments based on CA, toinclude changes in targeting, tasking,allocation, and apportionment of CVBGforces.

b. The command warfare organizationcomposition will consist of the followingorganizations, whose primary functionsinclude planning, scheduling, andexecution of CVBG commander and/orhigher headquarters warfightingdirectives.

(1) Warfare Commanders Board(WCB). WCB serves as the governing andapproval authority/organization for CVBGoperational planning and execution. Itestablishes the operational tempo anddirection for conducting militaryoperations, utilizing envisioned/directedwarfighting objectives and guidance fromCVBG commander. Key tenants (while notall inclusive) are—

(a) Provides guidance fordevelopment of maritime concept/operations plans and serves as finalapproving authority for same.

(b) Provides warfighting guid-ance and apportionment (prioritization ofeffort) that will direct combat plans in theallocation of resources.

(c) Conveys the commander’svision and intent (philosophy). Clearlydefines mission objectives and whatconstitutes mission success.

(d) Provides an orderly (sys-tematic) scheme of military operations.

(e) Orients forces on theenemy’s centers of gravity (for example,leadership, infrastructure, military).

(f) Phases/sequences/priori-tizes operations encompassing all warfareareas, independently or simultaneouslywith joint/combined forces, economy,preservation, and survivability of forces inmind.

(g) Synchronizes air, land, andsea efforts into a cohesive and synergisticwhole.

(h) Provides guidance fordevelopment of peacetime exercise andtraining plans and serves as final approvingauthority for same.

(i) Makes any revisions tocombat campaign and contingency plansbased on CA of the situation.

(j) Serves as approving author-ity for CVBG prioritized target list duringindependent operations and approvestarget nominations for incorporation intothe JIPTL during JFACC air operations.

(k) Serves as approvingauthority for CVBG commander initiatedSPINS and ROE.

(l) Serves as approvingauthority for the apportionment—CVBGATO shells and current CVBG ATO.

C-3

(m) ATO shells for 24 and 48hours are briefed and approved at the dailyCVBG commander morning meeting,during which all WCB members will bepresent or represented.

(2) Combat Plans. Combat Plans isdivided into three cells (air defense plans;long range plans [LRP]; and guidance,apportionment, targeting [GAT]/ATOproduction). Combat plans is responsiblefor current and long range detailedplanning in accordance with CVBGcommander objectives, guidance, andapportionment of forces.

(a) Air Defense Plans Cell. TheACA and AADC (Chapter I) are responsiblefor coordinating and integrating use of theairspace control area and coordinating andintegrating all air defense operations,respectively. As these responsibilities areinterrelated with air warfare, the AWC inthe CWC concept will be delegated ACAand AADC when the CVBG commander isdesignated as JFC or JFACC.

(b) LRP. LRP is the oversightand operational decision-making body ofcombat plans. Functions include—

•Developing operational andcontingency combat plans.

•Functioning as CVBG com-mander's primary point of contact and LNOfor joint/combined operational planning.

•Developing ACOs whenrequired.

•Developing ROE and SPINS forapproval by the CVBG commander andreviews existing ROE and SPINS forcurrent theater of operations.

•Consolidating and submittingindependent CVBG and JIPTL (asapplicable) target nominations to WCB forapproval.

•Deconflicting apportionment/assignment of CVBG air/sea/land forces indevelopment of the MAAP that is the basisfor conducting offensive/defensive air

operations. Provides air forces sourcing,allocation, and sequencing necessary forproducing the ATO utilizing theAIRSUPREQ and ALLOREQ processes andCVBG commander guidance.

(c) GAT/ATO Production Cell.GAT/ATO Production Cell uses the MAAPfor production of the ATO and reports toLRP for ATO development, production andtransmission. Its functions include—

•Consolidating, allocating, andscheduling CVBG assigned air forces inexecution of the MAAP.

•Developing ATO shells andcurrent ATO.

•Publishing ATOs within thedirected timelines (Table C-2 or ChapterVII).

•Publishing monthly/weekly/daily SPINS and ROE.

•Developing and publishingordnance load plans.

•Scheduling peacetime exer-cise/training areas (warning/restrictedareas).

(3) Combat (Current) Operations.Combat operations is maintained in CV/CVN CDC and reports directly to tacticalflag command center (TFCC). It serves asdirect representatives for and reportdirectly to the CVBG commander in themonitoring, coordinating, controlling andexecuting CVBG flight operations. TheTFCC director, the battle watch captain(BWC), serves as final approving authorityfor all combat operations functions. Combatoperations functions include—

(a) Serving as CVBG com-mander primary point of contact andcoordinating authority for conductingcurrent day joint air operations in supportof higher headquarters’ (CJTF/JFACC)taskings.

(b) Providing immediate reac-tion to changes in the enemy situation toensure warfare mission objectives are met.

C-4

(c) Executing the ATO.

(d) Providing centralized con-trol for all CVBG operations.

(e) Coordinating managementof CVBG air forces—to include real-timedecision making involving aircraft launch,change in mission/targeting, and missionabort.

(f) Monitoring aircraft missionalert status and making adjustments asrequired.

(g) Serving as approvingauthority for making changes to the currentATO.

(h) Allocating/coordinatingemergent aircraft requirements. Negatinga requested launch of designated alertaircraft by a warfare commander if deemedappropriate.

Combat operations performs itsassigned functions in accordance withestablished CWC TFCC and CVBG AREC/HEC OPTASKs and standard procedures.The AREC provides centralized controlthat allows CVBG warfare commanders tocoordinate and execute their respectivescheduled missions (decentralizedexecution). The AREC and HEC provideaircraft sourcing in execution of the ATO.In cases of emergent aircraft requirementsor changes to the current ATO, the ARECand HEC work in conjunction with CVW(as an asset provider), to reach resolution.Emergent (unscheduled) requirementsfrom higher authority (CJTF/JFACC) areprocessed by AREC, in coordination withthe CVW and appropriate ship agencies. Allchanges to the ATO, once resolved byAREC, must be approved by the TFCCBWC before execution. If the BWC isunable to execute the change, the CVBGcommander provides guidance.

(4) Carrier Battle Group Intel-ligence Center (BGIC). The BGIC reportsto WCB and is responsible for coordinatingthe overall intelligence effort that supportsplanning, execution, and assessment of

CVBG operations and provides forcentralized coordination of intelligencesupport in response to CVBG commanderand/or higher headquarters missionobjectives/directives. The BGICs functionsinclude—

(a) Collecting/assessing andproviding intelligence support foroperations in all warfare mission areas.

(b) Providing intelligence sup-port for and playing a key role in thereview/development of the prioritizedtarget list.

(c) Collecting and reportingBDA and CA.

(d) Requesting and managingall reconnaissance data gathered fromnational sources.

(e) Managing the rapid appli-cation of airpower (RAAP) database inCTAPS.

3. Command Operating Procedures

a. If necessary, the CVBG commandercan serve as the sea-based JFACC until aflyaway JFACC team arrives to establish aLevel-II sea-based JFACC: The com-mander, carrier air wing (COMCVW) willserve as deputy JFACC.

b. Table C-1 depicts the Navy’s“targeting cycle” phases, commencing withthe initial CVBG commander guidancephase through the final ATO productionand execution phases, by which campaign,training, and warfighting plans will bedeveloped and executed.

c. Table C-2 depicts a NAVFOR ATO72-hour timeline process, commencing withinitial guidance phase through the finalphase of ATO production and execution.The timeline may be adjusted to coincidewith scheduled CVBG meetings, LRPmeetings, etc., to reduce number ofmeetings and duplicity of effort.

C-5

Table C-1. Navy's Targeting CyclePhase Organization Action

Guidance WCB Develops guidance/direction predicated on OTC/CWCand/or higher headquarters.

Plans LRP Develops plans predicated on WCB guidance/direction,to include target nomination/prioritization lists,SPINS/ROE development, mission specific plans, andapportionment/allocation of forces.

ATO GAT Develops, produces, and transmits the ATO, usingdevelopment guidance, apportionment, and missionspecific plans. Production provided by the LRP andWCB transmission.

ATOExecution

TFCC/AREC/HEC Executes the ATO and makes real-time decisions/adjustments, based on combat assessment/situationawareness.

Assessment BGIC/WCB Predicated on BDA and other intelligence; assesses thesituation; and develops/recommends/directs additionalor revised guidance and plans for restrikes and/orretargeting.

Time Organization ActionAs scheduled LRP Develop maritime concept/operations for review by WCB.T-72 WCB Approve and promulgate guidance/intentions for

accomplishment of mission objectives as submitted byLRP.

T-63 (1900L)(WhenRequired)

LRP Develop SOE/plans, target nomination/prioritized lists,strike/mission plans, and apportion/allocate forces fordirect support and common use.

T-48-42(1000L-1600L)

GAT Build 24-hour (current) ATO and 48/72-hour ATO shellspredicated on LRP (MAAP) guidance.

T-39 (1900L)(WhenRequired)

GAT Director Brief LRP on 24-hour (current) ATO and 48/72-hourshells.

T-36 (2200L) SubordinateCommands

AIRSUPREQS due to CVBG GAT/ATO production cell.

T-21 (0900L) GAT Director Brief WCB and receive approval for current ATO and 48-hour ATO shell.

T-20 (1000L) GAT Produce the ATOT-17 (1500L) GAT Transmit ATO. Ensure ATO is received by subordinate

commands.T (0600L) CVBG/Task

ForceExecute current ATO, AREC/TFCC assumes ATOexecution responsibility.

Table C-2. NAVFOR ATO 72-Hour Timeline Process

C-6

d. ATO dissemination plan. Timelytransmission and receipt of the ATO,ALLOREQs and AIRSUPREQs areessential to battlespace management.CTAPS provides an excellent source forproduction of the ATO and subsequenttransmission of the document to CTAPS-equipped commands. However the carrieror ARG flagship is often the only CVBGplatform with CTAPS. Acknowledgment ofATO receipt is required to verify that theprimary method of dissemination issuccessful. CVBG commander employs thefollowing methods to ensure timely receiptof the ATO:

(1) Secure computer bulletin boardsystem (BBS).

(2) Advance narrow digital voiceterminal (ANDVT) data transfer.

(3) Joint meteorological andoceanographic (METOC) data systembulletin board.

(4) Personal computer (PC)-to-PCtransfer.

(5) Carrier battle group orestes(BGO).

e. CTAPS Data Base Management. CV/CVN strike operations (strike ops) anddesignated personnel are responsible formaintaining the CTAPS systemadministration and database management.The CVW provides personnel to CV/CVNstrike operations to assist in CTAPS dataentry and maintenance, and it trainssufficient officers proficient in CTAPS andthe automated planning system function.The assistant strike officer functions as theCTAPS communications officer responsiblefor ensuing timely transmission and receiptof the ATO to CVBG commands and otherdesignated units.

f. Emergent tasking/ATO Changes. Allefforts are made to prepare alertcontingencies for anticipated OPTASK.However changes to the ATO aftertransmission at 1500L but before executionat 0600L are resolved by CV/CVN strikeoperations and approved by TFCC.Approval of any requested changes takesplace following coordination between CVNoperations, CVW operations and CVBGN32. Changes to the ATO are indicated asATO “A” Change 1 and transmitted via themethods described above. CVN CDC issuesMode 3 IFF squawks to approved emergenttasking. TFCC also contacts all CVBG unitsto pass approved changes and squawks.

D-1

Appendix D

AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS AND PASSAGE OF CONTROL ASHORE

1. Background

The CATF has overall responsibility forcontrol and coordination of supportingarms in an amphibious operation. Becauseof the nature of amphibious operations,supporting arms control and coordinationmay be passed from command to commandwithin the ATF. A specific command mustalways be responsible for these functionsand the passage of responsibility from onecommand to the next must occur smoothlyand expeditiously. Planners must providefor this passage of responsibility todesignated commands—

(1) During advanced forceoperations.

(2) When the landing force (LF) iswithdrawn.

(3) For the passage of control andcoordination to the LF for subsequentoperations ashore.

(4) In the event the flagship orother coordination center becomes disabled.

(5) In the event the FSCC ashorebecomes disabled.

2. Organization for AmphibiousOperations

When an amphibious operation isplanned, the air-ground system changes to

accommodate the transition of the Marinecomponent ashore. The JFC will establishan AOA and the NAVFOR or JFMCC willdesignate a CATF. The two key systemssupporting the CATF are the Navy TacticalAir Control System (NTACS) for control ofair operations and the SACC for control ofsupporting arms. For amphibiousoperations, the MAGTF commander isdesignated the CLF. The MACCS and theFSCCs are the CLF’s NTACS and SACCequivalents, respectively. Through thesesystems, the CATF and CLF are able tocontrol air operations and supporting armssupport, and pass control of thesesfunctions ashore once the CLF isestablished. When the NTACS is used inconjunction with the MACCS, it forms theAmphibious Tactical Air Control System(ATACS). (See Figure D-1 for graphicaldepiction.) Once the Marine component isfully established ashore, the AOA can bedissolved and NTACS stood down.

a. NTACS is the organizationalstructure by which the CATF executes airoperations. A Navy TACRON makesNTACS functional by filling specifiedspaces/billets aboard the variousamphibious control ships where centralizedcommunications and display equipmentpermit control and coordination of aircraft.The various elements of this system areactivated based upon—forces assigned, theCATF’s needs for C2 of the force, andphysical space limitations. Two keycomponents of NTACS manned by theTACRON are the TACC/TADC.

D-2

AMPHIBIOUSOBJECTIVE

AREACWC

CONCEPT

XX

XX

A M P H IB IO U S T A C T ICA L A IR C O N T RO L S YS T E M

( AT AC S )

(1) TACC/TADC. The Navy TACC(afloat) is the primary air control agencyfor controlling air operations in support ofthe amphibious operation. It is generallyestablished aboard the CATF’s flagship andmay be collocated with the CDC or locatedin a separate facility. The Navy TACCcontrols air support and air warfare forcesin the AOA until control of these operationspass to the CLF. If the need arises foranother air control agency in the battlearea, a TADC is created as a backup to theTACC and is assigned specific areas of oper-ation in the battle area. The tactical airofficer is responsible for overall operationof the TACC. The TACC is divided into fivesections: air traffic control, air supportcontrol, helicopter coordination, airwarfare, and plans and support.

(a) Air Traffic Control Section(ATCS). The ATCS exercises control andcoordination of all air traffic entering,operating within, or traversing the AOA,and it coordinates search and rescueoperations.

(b) Air Support Control Section(ASCS). The ASCS exercises OPCON andcoordination of all rotary- and fixed-wingaircraft (offensive air) assigned to strikewarfare or troop support missions. The airsupport coordinator advises the SACC ofweapons loads, fuel status, and other datathat will aid in mission assignment orcoordination. During amphibiousoperations the ASCS serves as a DASCuntil the DASC is established ashore.

Figure D-1. Naval Littoral Operations

D-3

(c) Helicopter CoordinationSection. Transport helicopter operationsare controlled by the helicopter directioncenters located aboard aviation-capableamphibious ships. The helicopter coordina-tion section provides oversight of allhelicopter direction centers in theamphibious force, coordinates all transporthelicopter operations, ensures requests forhelicopter support are met, and controlsspecific helicopter missions as required.

(d) AWS. The AWS coordi-nates all air warfare (AW) operationsincluding assigned aircraft, antiaircraftartillery (AAA), SAM, and air warningsystems in the designated area ofresponsibility. The AWS acts as aninterface between the CATF and the AWC.Actual control of AW assets usuallyremains with the AWC.

(e) Plans and Support Section(PSS). The PSS conducts current and futureplanning, assembles and distributes thedaily air plan or ATO, assembles reports,and provides all communications support.Since the CATF is not the JFACC, the PSSpasses request for support up the chain ofcommand for inclusion in the JFACC'sATO.

(2) Terminal Control Agencies.NTACS also includes several terminalcontrol agencies that perform air controlfunctions by managing final delivery ofordnance, cargo, or personnel, andaccomplish other specialized tasks notperformed by other air controllers.Besides TACPs, TAC(A)s, and FAC(A)sdiscussed in Chapter V, an additionalterminal control agency is the NavalAviation Observer (NAO). The NAO is anaircrew member trained in collectingintelligence information and calling for,adjusting, coordinating, and reporting theresults of artillery, naval surface firesupport (NSFS), and CAS. NAOs are alsotrained to select helicopter landing zones,deliver sensors, and conduct aerialreconnaissance.

b. SACC. A SACC is located aboard anamphibious command ship in which all

communications facilities centrally exist forcoordinating of artillery, air, and NSFS.The SACC is the naval counterpart to thelanding force’s FSCC. The Navy TACC andthe SACC function as separateorganizations but work closely in planning,controlling, and coordinating offensive airand assault support. The TACC supportsthe SACC by providing information on airoperations, while the SACC supports theTACC by exercising overall responsibilityfor coordination of supporting fires. Theair support controller (ASC) provides theinterface between the TACC and the SACC.ATF personnel in the SACC include thesupporting arms coordinator (SAC), ASC,landing force personnel, and other ATFpersonnel.

(1) SAC. The SAC is a naval officerwho, as the CATF’s representative in theSACC, is responsible for supervising orplanning and exercising overallcoordination of the delivery of supportingfires.

(2) ASC. The ASC is a naval aviatorprovided by the tactical air control groupor tactical air control squadron to theCATF. The air support controllersupervises the ASCS. The ASCS and DASCmay be considered the functionalequivalents of an Air Force ASOC in theTAGS.

(3) Landing Force Personnel.Landing force personnel in the SACCrepresenting the CLF include a landingforce fire support coordinator (LFFSC), alanding force air officer, an artillery officer,a landing force naval gunfire officer, a low-altitude air defense representative, anelectronic warfare officer, and an ACELNO.

(4) Other ATF Personnel. Other keyATF personnel include the naval gunfirecontrol officer, the gunfire support officer,and the target intelligence officer.

c. MACCS and FSCCs were discussedin detail in Chapter V.

D-4

3. Fire Support Coordination inAmphibious Operations

Amphibious operations are complexmilitary operations that require a commonunderstanding of standard fire supportcoordination procedures between Navy andMarine Corps forces. The amphibiousassault is an offensive operation; therefore,the principles of offensive fire supportapply. As the buildup of combat powerashore begins from a base of zero, the FSCmust plan to increase supporting armssupport ashore gradually throughout theassault. The difficulty of placing artilleryashore in the first hours of the assaultplaces an even heavier than usual burdenon mortars, NSFS, and OAS. The CLFcontrols artillery ashore through thecommander of the GCE.

During amphibious operations, theCATF will initially retain control andcoordination of NSFS and air operations.Once control of air operations has beenpassed to the CLF, the ACE will assumecontrol of coordinating air operations in theobjective area, including air warfare, butexcluding antisubmarine warfare, seamining, and mine countermeasuresoperations. The ACE and FSCC providerepresentation to the SACC throughout theassault.

a. Fire Support Planning. Fire supportplanning in amphibious operations involvesmaking detailed, simple, and executablefire plans that provide the assaultbattalions flexibility. Planning shouldfacilitate speed in execution whilemaintaining uninterrupted support. Firesupport coordination measures allow theCATF to attack deep targets whileproviding close support to the landing force.

b. Fire Support Tasks. Preassault firesupport tasks include assisting in gainingair superiority, destroying or neutralizingthose targets that can prevent the executionof the landing, and providing fire supportas part of the deception effort. D-day fire

support focuses on providing immediatelyresponsive close fires to the assaultelements, suppressing hostile shoredefenses, and isolating the landing area.Post H-hour support encompassesprotecting friendly units during initialadvance inland and consolidation, breakingcounterattacks, and conducting aggressivecounterfire.

c. Control and Coordination.Generally, the most critical task inamphibious operations is the earlyestablishment of FSCCs ashore. Thenecessary facility for control of NSFS fromashore is the LF/MAGTF FSCC. Once theLF and subordinate FSCCs are ashore andoperating effectively, control andcoordination of supporting arms can bepassed from the CATF to the CLF and fromthe SACC to the LF’s FSCC.

4. Passage of Control Ashore

The nature of amphibious operationsrequires a formal system of passage ofcontrol to ensure that continuous firesupport is provided to the landing force.When the GCE commander is confidentthat the necessary facilities, communica-tions, and information are available tocoordinate fires effectively within the GCEarea of influence, the GCE informs the CLFby message. The ACE commander doeslikewise for air operations. Becausevarious aviation functions may be phasedashore incrementally, the ACE specifiesthose aviation functions that can beperformed as those capabilities becomeavailable.

a. Air control is normally phasedashore as MACCS facilities becomefunctional. The DASC is normally the firstmajor MACCS agency established ashore.Frequently, the CATF will initially transfercontrol of OAS and retain control of otheraviation functions. When this occurs, theCATF will apportion and allocate betweenthe various mission requirements, just asthe CLF/MAGTF commander will do once

D-5

he controls all air support. The CLF willdistribute sorties allocated for OAS tosubordinate commanders. This process isusually repeated every 24 hours. TheLFFSC in the SACC must ensure that theCATF’s staff is aware of the landing force’sprojected requirements for the next 24hours before the CATF makes theapportionment decision.

b. Once the GCE and the ACE C2elements are semiestablished ashore andas the tactical situation permits, the LF/MAGTF CE begins establishing the LF/MAGTF command operations centerashore. Some LF/MAGTF FSCC personnelmove ashore and establish the LF/MAGTFFSCC. Remaining LF/MAGTF personnelcontinue to man spaces in the SACC toassist the SAC in fire support coordination.

When the LF/MAGTF CE, GCE, and ACEC2 facilities are ashore and functional, theCLF submits a request to the CATF toassume responsibility for air operationsand supporting arms coordination. TheCATF will indicate approval of the transferof control and coordination by formalmessage. Upon approval of the passage ofcontrol and overall responsibility ofsupporting arms, the CLF will complete thesequence by notifying the GCE and ACE ofthe date and time specified for the passageto occur. At the specified time, the ACETACC and LF/MAGTF FSCC assumetactical control and the Navy TACC (now aTADC) and SACC become backups to theMACCS and FSCC, respectively. Once thetransfer of control ashore is complete theJFMCC will dissolve the AOA and itsassociated ATACS.

E-1

Appendix E

TRANSITION SEA- AND LAND-BASED JFACC

1. Background

In the course of conducting exercise orcontingency air operations, it may becomenecessary to transfer JFACC responsibilityfor planning and executing the ATO. Thisdocument details the basic requirements forconducting that transfer. Specifically, itidentifies the different scenarios underwhich a transfer would occur, the datarequired to ensure the new JFACC canimmediately assume planning activities,the methods and timeline in which toconduct the transfer, and specialconsiderations affecting the transfer. Thetheater CINCs and their respectiveCONOPS should specify theater specificJFACC transfer procedures. Theprocedures described in this appendix arepossible methods for conducting JFACCtransition and assumes reader familiaritywith CTAPS terminology.

2. Scenarios

Since we cannot dictate the conditionsfor all contingency operations, it isimpossible to predict which service mayinitially assume JFACC responsibility in agiven situation. Once the operation isunderway, conditions/objectives mayrequire a transfer of JFACC responsibilityfrom the initial unit/service. A transfer ofJFACC responsibilities from one service orcommand center to another may berequired in any theater of operations at anytime. Operationally, seven transferscenarios are possible: (1) USAF to USN,(2) USN to USAF, (3) USAF to USMC,(4) USMC to USAF, (5) USN to USMC,(6) USMC to USN, and (7) Same servicetransfer. From a technical standpoint,these scenarios reduce to four, dependenton the intelligence system used by theunits/services (USAF: Combat Intelligence

System [CIS], USN: Naval IntelligenceProcessing System [NIPS]/Joint MaritimeCommand Information Strategy [JMCIS])involved in the transfer: (1) CIS to NIPS,(2) NIPS to CIS, (3) CIS to CIS, and(4) NIPS to NIPS.

3. Data Requirements

All JAOCs should use this informationto plan for such transfer operations andtailor the procedures as the environmentchanges. This will ensure the gainingJFACC will be able to assume responsibilityfor ATO production and execution withminimum disruption to air operations.Timing of file transfers is situationdependent but where possible should followthe ATO planning cycle. These proceduresassume that the gaining JFACC willalready have a mature intelligencedatabase for the theater and that theJFACC will manually synchronize thedatabase with the intelligence datatransferred from the relinquishing JFACC.The general data elements required totransfer JFACC responsibility are asfollows:

a. Planning data (Advanced PlanningSystem [APS]).

b. Airspace data (Airspace Deconflic-tion System [ADS]).

c. Operations data (Computer-Assisted Force Management System-XWindows [CAFMS-X]).

d. Targeting data (RAAP).

e. Order of battle (OB) data (CIS; NIPS/JMCIS).

f. Configuration/security data.

E-2

4. Method of Transfer

Transfer of the nonintelligencedatabases (APS, ADS, CAFMS-X,configuration/security) occur primarilythrough a simple backup and recovery fileprocedure, although a master systembackup and recovery procedure can also beused. Both functions are compatible amongall systems/scenarios. This is not true,however, for the transfer of intelligencedata. Due to the incompatibility of theintelligence systems used, specialprocedures are required to transfer thenecessary intelligence tables betweensystems.

5. Notional JFACC Transfer Timeline

Transfer of data occurs along the ATOtimeline. This process can be summarizedas follows:

a. General.

(1) CJTF guidance.

(2) Reconnaissance inputs.

(3) Component target nominations(JIPTL).

(4) Target nomination list (TNL).

(5) Airspace deconfliction (ACO).

(6) Planning Stage (air battle plan—[ABP]).

(a) JFACC Guidance.

(b) MAAP.

(c) Support sortie development(AETACS, alert).

(d) ATO production/componentdirect sorties (APS).

(e) Airspace adjustments tosupport MAAP.

(f) Transmit ATO/ACO (assumesJFACC approval).

(g) Transfer ATO to operations.

(7) Execute ATO (CAFMS-X).

b. Procedures. Procedures are basedon the notional JFACC data transfer planusing a 24-hour planning cycle. There arenumerous variations to this plan (TableE-1 is one example). In an emergencyJFACC transfer, all data could be sentsimultaneously. To facilitate unplannedJFACC transfers, it may be necessary toperform daily backup, storage, and/ortransfer of data to possible gaining JFACClocations. Table E-2 reflects a graduateddata transfer schedule for ATO's I, J, K, andL over a 5-day period until complete. NewJFACC in control by Day 3, ATO K.

6. Remote Transfer

To transfer remotes from relinquishingJFACC to gaining JFACC use the followingprocedures:

a. Gaining JFACC loads addresses ofremote sites. Use “vi” to view networkconfiguration data in the transferred“layout.cfg” file.

b. Relinquishing JFACC changespasswords on remotes to generic.

c. Relinquishing JFACC cuts com-munication lines to remotes.

d. Gaining JFACC establishes com-munication to remotes.

e. Remote sites configured into gainingJFACC by contingency theater automatedplanning system officer of primaryresponsibility (CTAPSOPR) or gainingJFACC completes configuration from hostsite.

E-3

Table E-1. Sample JFACC Transfer Plan

Table E-2. Sample JFACC Data Transfer ScheduleDAY 0 DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

CJTFGuidance

K L

RECCE J K LJIPTL J K LTNL J K LACO I J K LABP I J K LExecute H I J K L

Data required(para 3, pg E-1)

(E),(D),(B),(A),(F)

(C),(B) (C),(B)

DAY 0 Gaining JFACC receives JFC guidance.

Relinquishing JFACC transfers intelligence collection management

(Nonautomated) and current intelligence and planning data to new JFACC.

DAY 1 Gaining JFACC builds the CTL and TNL for ATO K (Table 2)

DAY 2 Gaining JFACC combat plans uses the TNL and transferred planning data to buildthe ABP and produce ATO K (Table 2))

DAY 2-3 Between Day 2 and 3, execution authority is transferred from the relinquishingJFACC to the gaining JFACC.

DAY 3 Gaining JFACC executes ATO K.

E-4

7. Transfer of intelligence database

If the gaining JFACC does not alreadyhave an extensive intelligence database forthe AOR, it may choose to overwrite thetheater database with the data transferredfrom the relinquishing JFACC. Otherwise,targeting personnel will use the datatransferred to the database to manuallyupdate the data in the theater database.Another source of transferred order ofbattle (OB) data can come from the JPITLtransferred with the ATO. The JPITLadded to the APS backup can be used as aninitial TNL to aid in planning whileintelligence targeting personnel manuallysynchronize the data between the theaterand exercise intelligence databases. Theincompatibility of intelligence systemsrequires special procedures to transferintelligence data. This situation can beillustrated by focusing on a JFACC transferbetween USN and USAF. The USN JMCISonly requires 34 RAAP and enemy OBtables to be transferred from USAF CIS.These tables are merged into the NIPSdatabase and data differences arehighlighted so an analyst can inspect/verifythe new information and incorporate it intothe theater intelligence database. Thisprocess works successfully (from USAF toUSN). Problems arise, however, intransferring these tables from USN to

USAF. The USAF CIS does not merge thetables back into the database; it overwritesthese tables, resulting in a loss of existingdata. The following is a workaroundprocedure which can be used until softwarecapability problems are resolved:

a. Transfer the intelligence data tablesinto an empty/available intelligencedatabase (for example, the exercise orcoalition database).

b. Dump the entire JPITL into a TNL;transfer the TNL files into the CISdatabase; or import the TNL into APS.

c. Produce future ATOs from the TNLimport or the transferred data tables.

d. Manually compare the transferredtables with those in the CIS theaterdatabase; identify and update newinformation into the theater database.

8. Authorship

These procedures were developed bythe air operations staffs of the 12th AirForce and Second Fleet. Contact theSecond Fleet Air Ops staff at (DSN 564-3430or commercial 1-(757)-444-3430) for detailedCTAPS instructions for conducting thetransfer.

F-1

Appendix F

TAGS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1. Intelligence

The targeting process places greatdemands on intelligence capabilities. Aparticular command will rarely possess thecapability to collect all necessary targetingintelligence and must compete forintelligence collection assets. Componentsnominate intelligence requirements to theJFC and priorities are established forintelligence collection tasking, data fusion,and CA collection and analysis. Themassive amount of data produced createsintelligence fusion problems. The targetingeffort may be supported more effectively byaccepting less-than-desired certainty. Forexample, if 75 percent certainty of a targetlocation from two sources rather than 98percent certainty from all-source analysisis acceptable, less burden is placed on thesystem. Components should be aware ofthe following intelligence collectionagencies:

a. National. National-levelintelligence collection agencies include theDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA),National Security Agency (NSA), CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA), the NationalImagery and Mapping Agency (combinedCentral Imagery Office and DefenseMapping Agency), the Central Measure-ment and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)Office, the National Reconnaissance Office(NRO), and Department of State. Each hasa responsibility to support militaryrequests for intelligence gathering. Thesenational agencies task technicalintelligence collection systems, which cansignificantly contribute to joint operationalneeds.

b. Joint. JFCs normally possesslimited intelligence collection assets.

Therefore, the JFC must request supportfrom national intelligence agencies anddirect support from component assets. TheJFC requirements for national intelligenceare sent to DIA by the J-2. The CINC’s JointIntelligence Center (JIC) or the JFC’s JointIntelligence Support Element (JISE) isresponsible for all intelligence productionrelated to the theater and JOA,respectively. Augmented by the nationalintelligence organizations, the JIC/JISEsupports indications and warning (I&W),targeting through all-source intelligenceanalysis of enemy target sets, and collectionto aid the JFC staff in determining enemycenters of gravity.

c. Space Support Team (SST) Concept.Previously called the forward spacesupport in theater (FSST), the SST conceptprovides support to the air componentcommander (ACC) in both peacetime andwartime. In peacetime, the SST, inconjunction with the space operationsofficer (SOO)/space liaison officer (SLO),works to ensure theater commandsunderstand of how to use space systems byparticipating in planning, exercises, andwargaming. In wartime, the SST deploysto the theater at the ACC’s request andworks in the AOC to provide direct supportto the commander’s staff. The SST servesas a problem/solution facilitator within theAOC and will serve as the interfacebetween the JFACC/ACC, 14th Air Force(14 AF) Commander, Air Force SpaceCommand (COMAFSPACE) andCOMAFSPACE’s Crisis Action Team, andthe Space Warfare Center (SWC). The SSTwill provide the 14 AF Commander withon-site representation and a firsthand lookat the combat situation from the supportedcommander’s perspective. SST memberswill ensure proper coordination and

F-2

execution of space operations, relatedsupport between the theater JFACC/AOCand 14 AF, as well as other space supportentities. This will likely involve the theaterCINC/JFC (joint space support team [JSST]at the joint operations center [JOC]) andthe US Commander in Chief Space(USCINCSPACE). Working closely withintelligence, communications, air defense,and all other AOC elements, the SSTprovides the AOC and JFACC with timelyand accurate assessment of the friendly andenemy space reliance/space superioritysituation and ways to ensure optimum useof space assets for air operations planningand execution.

d. SLO. SLOs are already embeddedin the Numbered Air Force infrastructure.These personnel are permanent party andwork daily Numbered Air Force issuesrelated to space support and IW.

2. ROE

ROE. The Chairman, Joint Chiefs ofStaff, has issued CJCSI 3121.01, StandingRules of Engagement for US Forces, thatapplies to and may be supplemented for aparticular mission. The ROE will neverlimit the inherent right and obligation ofindividual and unit to self-defense. Evenif there are no forces declared hostile,commanders will defend their units against

a hostile act or hostile intent. The twoelements of self-defense are necessity andproportionality. For necessity, a hostile actmust occur or there must be a demon-strated intent to commit a hostile act. Thethreat posed by the hostile act or intentmust be imminent. Proportionality infersthat the use of force must be reasonable inintensity, duration, and magnitude andmust be consistent with the threat toensure safety of the force. Individuals mustalways be prepared to act in self-defenseand nothing in the ROE limits that right.

3. Communications

The entire ATO process is com-munications intensive and dependent. Theservice component with JFACCresponsibility is responsible for establish-ing communications links to support theJFACC mission. The services have recentlyadopted the CTAPS for ATO productionand dissemination software as the jointstandard software for tasking air missions.Approved USMTF format allows interfacewith processing communications systems.Communications are complicated whenagencies use nonstandard formats toprocess requests or to transmit infor-mation. TBMCS is the follow-on system toCTAPS.

References-1

REFERENCES

Joint

CJCSI 3121.01, Standing Rules of Engagement for US Forces, 1 Oct 94

JFACC Primer, Feb 94

Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF), 24 Feb 95

Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 23 Mar 94

Joint Pub 3-03, Doctrine for Joint Interdiction Operations, 10 Apr 97

Joint Pub 3-05, Doctrine for Joint Special Operations, 28 Oct 92

Joint Pub 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support(CAS), 1 Dec 95

Joint Pub 3-13.1, Joint Doctrine for C2 Warfare, 7 Feb 96

Joint Pub 3-52, Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone, 3 Dec 93

Joint Pub 3-56.1, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations, 14 Nov 94

Joint Pub 5-00.2, JTF Planning, 3 Sep 91 (Revision Pending)

Multiservice

FM 100-103-1/FMFRP5-61/NWP 3-52.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.16, Multiservice Procedures forIntegrated Combat Airspace Command and Control (ICAC2), 3 Oct 94

FM 90-38/MCRP 3-25B/NWP 6-02.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multiservice Air-Air, Air-Surface,Surface-Air Brevity Codes, 25 Apr 97

FM 90-21/MCRP 3-23A/NWP 3-01.03/AFTTP(I) 3-2.10, Multiservice Procedures forJoint Air Attack Team (JAAT) Operations, 3 Jun 98

Army

FM 100-13, Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD), 5 Sep 96

FM 100-103, Army Airspace Command and Control in a Combat Zone, Oct 87

References-2

Marine

FMFM 5-50, Antiair Warfare, 22 Jun 94

FMFM 5-60, Control of Aircraft and Missiles, 22 Jun 93

MCWP 3-25.3, MACCS Handbook (Draft)

MCWP 3-25.4, TACC Handbook (Draft)

MCWP 3-25.5, DASC Handbook, 16 Sep 96

MCWP 3-25.6, SAAWC Handbook, 1 Aug 97

MCWP 3-25.7, TAOC Handbook, 13 Sep 96

MWCP 3-25.8, MATCD Handbook, 1 Aug 97

Navy

NWP 3-56, Composite Warfare Commander’s Manual, (Revision Pending)

NWP 3-09.11M, Supporting Arms in Amphibious Operations, 1 Mar 95

Forward... from the Sea, Mar 93

Air Force

ACCI 13, AOC Vol 3 Air Operations Center, Feb 95

AFI 13-106, Air Support Operations Centers and Tactical Air Control Parties,16 Jan 95

AFDD1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, Sep 97

AFPD 13-1, Theater Air Control System, 11 May 95

Other

USSOCOM Pub 1, Special Operations in Peace and War, 25 Jan 96

Glossary-1

Glossary

A

A2C2 Army airspace command and controlA/A air to airAAA antiaircraft artilleryAAD area air defenseAADC area air defense commanderAAGS Army Air-Ground SystemAAMDC Army Air and Missile Defense CommandABCCC airborne battlefield command and control centerABP air battle planAC air corridorA/C aircraftACA airspace control authorityACC Air Combat CommandACE aviation combat element (MAGTF)ACO airspace control orderACP airspace control planADA air defense artilleryADIZ air defense identification zoneADS Airspace Deconfliction SystemAF Air ForceAFAC airborne forward air controllerAFARN Air Force air request netAFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data SystemAFDC Air Force Doctrine CenterAFDD1 Air Force Doctrine Document 1AFFOR Air Force forcesAFI Air Force InstructionAFLE Air Force liaison elementAFSCOORD assistant fire support coordinatorAFSOC Air Force special operations componentAFSOF Air Force special operations forcesAI air interdictionAIRSUPREQ air support requestAIRTASK air taskingALLOREQ air allocation requestALCT airlift control teamALO air liaison officerALSA Center Air Land Sea Application Centeralt altitudeAMC Air Mobility CommandAMCT air mobility control teamAMDWS Air and Missile Defense Warning SystemAME air mobility elementAMLS airspace management liaison sectionAMPN amplificationAMOCC air mobility operations control centerANGLICO air/naval gunfire liaison companyANDVT advance narrow digital voice terminalANGPLT air/naval gunfire platoon

Glossary-2

APB air battle planAPS Advance Planning SystemAO area of operationsAOA amphibious objective areaAOC air operations center (USAF)AOR area of responsibilityARCT aerial refueling control teamAREC air resource element coordinatorARFOR Army forcesARG amphibious ready groupARSOC Army special operations componentARSOF Army special operations forcesASC air support controllerASE air support elementASC(A) assault support coordinator (airborne)ASCS air support control sectionASLT air support liaison teamASOC air support operations centerATACS amphibious tactical air control system (USMC)ATACMS Army Tactical Missile SystemATC air traffic controlATCS air traffic control sectionATDL-1 Army Tactical Data Link-1ATF amphibious task forceATO air tasking orderATOCONF air tasking order confirmationAW air warfareAWACS Airborne Warning and Control SystemAWC air warfare commanderAWS air warfare section

B

BALO battalion air liaison officerBBS Bulletin Board SystemBCD battlefield coordination detachmentBDA bomb or battle damage assessmentBDE brigadeBGIC battle group intelligence center (USN)BGO battle group orestesBN battalionBOS battlefield operating systemsBP battle position (USA)BWC battle watch captain

C

C2 command and controlC2BM command and control battle managementC2W command and control warfareC2WC command and control warfare commanderC3 command, control, and communicationsC4 command, control, communications, and computers

Glossary-3

C4CM command, control, communications, and computers countermeasures

C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligenceCA combat assessmentCAFMS-X Computer-Assisted Force Management System-X WindowsCAP combat air patrolCAS close air supportCATF commander, amphibious task forceCBT combating terrorismCCT combat control teamCDC combat direction centerCE command element (MAGTF)CFL coordinated fire lineCG guided missile cruiserCIA Central Intelligence AgencyCINC commander in chief; commander of a combatant commandCIS Combat Intelligence SystemCJCSI Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff InstructionCLF commander, landing forceCMO central masint officeCO companyCOC combat operations centerCOG center of gravityCOCOM combatant command (command authority)COMAFFOR Commander, Air Force ForcesCOMAFSPACE Commander, Air Force Space CommandCOMCARGRU Commander, Carrier GroupCOMCVW Commander, Carrier Air Wingcomm communicationscomp componentCONUS continental United Statescoord coordinationCOP common operational pictureCP command post; contact point; counter proliferation (special

operations)CRC control and reporting centerCRE control and reporting elementCSAR combat search and rescueCSSE combat service support element (MAGTF)CTAPS contingency theater automated planning systemCTAPSOPR contingency theater automated planning system officer of

primary responsibilityCTL consolidated target listCTF commander, task force; combined task forceCV carrierCVBG carrier battle groupCVBGLC CVBG logistics coordinator (USN)CVN nuclear carrierCVW carrier air wingCWC composite warfare commander

Glossary-4

D

D-day day of executionD3A decide, detect, deliver, assessDA direct action; Department of the ArmyDAS direct air supportDASC direct air support centerDASC(A) direct air support center (airborne)DCA defensive counterairDCI defensive counterinformationDDG destroyer guided missile cruiserDETS detachmentsDIA Defense Intelligence AgencyDII Defense Information InfrastructureDIRMOBFOR Director of Mobility ForcesDIV divisionDIVARTY division artilleryDMPI desired mean point of impactDOCC deep operations coordination cellDS direct supportDTG date-time group

E

E2C AWCS E2C Airborne Warning and Control System (USN)EA engagement areaEAC echelon above corpsEFF effectiveEST establishingETAC enlisted terminal attack controllerEW electronic warfareEW early warningEW/C early warning/controlE&E evasion and escapeexer exercise

F

FA field artilleryFAAD C3I forward area air defense command, control, communications and

intelligenceFAC forward air controllerFAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)FAWC fleet air warfare coordinatorFEZ fighter engagement zoneFFA free-fire areaFFCC force fires coordination centerFID foreign internal defenseFIST fire support teamFLOT forward line of own troopsFMFRP Fleet Marine Force Reference PublicationFO forward observerFOB forward operational base

Glossary-5

FOTC force over-the-horizon track coordinator (USN)fr fromFRAGORDER fragmentary orderFSC fire support coordinatorFSCC fire support coordination centerFSCL fire support coordination lineFSCM fire support coordinating measureFSCOORD fire support coordinatorFSE fire support elementFSO fire support officerFSST forward space support in theater

G

G-2 Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

G-4 Army or Marine Corps component logistics staff officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff)

GAT guidance, apportionment, targetingGBDL ground based data linkGBS Global Broadcast SystemGCE ground combat element (MAGTF)GCCS Global Command Control SystemGLO ground liaison officerGMF ground mobile forcesGS general supportGSM ground station moduleGTL gun target line

H

H-hour hour of executionHCS helicopter coordination sectionHEC helicopter employment coordinatorHELO helicopterHF high frequencyHIDACZ high density airspace control zoneHIMAD high-medium altitude air defenseHIMEZ high altitude missile engagement zoneHPT high-payoff targetHPTL high-payoff target listHST helicopter support teamHVT high-value targetHQ headquarters

I

I&W indication and warningID identificationIFF identification, friend or foeINFOSEC information security

Glossary-6

IP initial pointIPB intelligence preparation of the battlespaceISR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissanceITG initial terminal guidanceIW information warfare

J

J-2 Intelligence Directorate of a joint staff; Intelligence Directorate, Joint Staff, Defense Intelligence Agency

J-3 Operations Directorate of a joint staffJ-5 Plans Directorate of a joint staffJ-6 Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems

Directorate of a join staffJAAT joint air attack teamJAOC joint air operations centerJASOP joint air and space operation planJEZ joint engagement zoneJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJFMCC joint force maritime component commanderJFSOC joint force special operations commandJFSOCC joint force special operations component commanderJIC joint intelligence centerJISE joint intelligence support elementJIPTL joint integrated prioritized target listJMCIS joint maritime command information strategyJOA joint operations areaJOC joint operations centerJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJRC joint reconnaissance centerJ-SEAD joint suppression of enemy air defensesJSOA joint special operations areasJSOACC joint special operations air component commanderJSOTF joint special operations task forceJSRC joint search and rescue centerJSST joint space support teamJoint STARS Joint Surveillance, Target Attack Radar SystemJTCB Joint Targeting Coordination BoardJTF joint task forceJTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution SystemJTL joint target listJTO joint tasking orderJUH-MTF Joint Users Handbook - Message Text Formats

L

L localLAAD low-altitude air defense (USMC)LAI light armored infantry (USMC)LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for nightLAWC local air warfare coordinator

Glossary-7

LCC land component commanderLF landing forceLFFSC landing force fire support coordinatorLLTR low-level transit routeLMST light weight multiband satellite terminalsLNO liaison officerLOC line of communicationsLOMEZ low-altitude missile engagement zoneLRP long range plansLZ landing zone

M

MAAP Master Air Attack PlanMACCS Marine Air Command Control SystemMACG Marine Air Control GroupMAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMAJCOM major commandMARFOR Marine Corps forcesMARLO Marine liaison officerMASINT measurement and signature intelligenceMATC Marine air traffic controlMATCD Marine air traffic control detachmentMAX MaximumMAW Marine aircraft wingMCC maritime component commanderMCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development CommandMCPDS Marine Corps Publication Distribution SystemMCWP Marine Corps Warfighting PublicationMEF Marine expeditionary forceMEF (FWD) Marine expeditionary force (forward)METOC meteorological and oceanographicMEU-SOC Marine expeditionary unit-special operations capableMICK Mobility Initial Communications KitMILSATCOM military satellite communicationsMILSTRIP Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue ProcedureMMT Marine air traffic control detachment mobile teamMOOTW military operations other than warMPA mission planning agentMSN missionMRR minimum-risk routeMTTP multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures

N

NALE naval and amphibious liaison elementNAO naval aviation observerNARR narrativeNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAVFOR Navy forcesNAVSOC naval special warfare special operations componentNAVSOF naval special warfare forcesNAVSOP Navy Standing Operating Procedures

Glossary-8

NCA National Command AuthoritiesNCO noncommissioned officerNDC Naval Doctrine CommandNFA no-fire areaNGFO naval gunfire officerNGFS naval gunfire supportNGFS REP naval gunfire support representativeNIPS Naval Intelligence Processing SystemNRO National Reconnaissance OfficeNSA National Security AgencyNSFS naval surface fire supportNTACS Navy Tactical Air Control SystemNTDS Navy Tactical Data SystemNSWF Navy special warfare forces

O

OAS offensive air support (USMC)OB order of battleOCA offensive counterairOCI offensive counterinformationODA operational detachment–AlphaOOTW operations other than warOPCON operational controlOPGEN operational generalOPLAN operation planOPORD operation orderOPR office of primary responsibilityOPSEC operations securityOPS operationsOPSTAT operational statusOPTASK operational taskingOPTASKLINK operational tasking data linkord ordinateOTC officer in tactical command (USN)

P

PACAF Pacific Air ForcesPC personal computerPICP PACAF Initial Communications PackagePIRAZ positive identification radar advisory zonePOL petroleum, oils, and lubricantsPSS plans and support sectionPSYOP psychological operationspub publicationPZ pickup zone

R

RADC regional air defense commanderRAOC rear area operations center

Glossary-9

RAAP rapid application of airpowerREAR rearRECCE reconnaissanceREGT regimentREQCONF request conformationRFA restricted fire areaRFI request for informationRFL restricted fire lineRGT regimentRMKS remarksROA restricted operations areaROE rules of engagementROZ restricted operations zoneRP release pointRTF return to force

S

S2 battle or brigade intelligence staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

S3 battle or brigade operations staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

S4 battle or brigade logistics staff officer (Army; Marine Corps battalion or regiment)

SAAFR standard use army aircraft flight routeSAAWC sector antiair warfare coordinator (USMC)SAAWF sector antiair warfare facilitySAC supporting arms coordinatorSACC supporting arms coordination centerSADC sector air defense commanderSALT supporting arms liaison team (USMC)SAM surface-to-air missilesSAR search and rescueSATCOM satellite communicationsSAWC sector air warfare coordinatorSCC surface component commander; sea combat commanderSCDL surveillance control data linkSCL standard conventional loadSEAD suppression of enemy air defensesSEAL sea-air-land teamSEMA special electronic mission aircraftSF special forcesSFOD A/B/C special forces operational detachment-A/B/CSHORAD short-range air defenseSHORADEZ short-range air defense engagement zoneSIF selective identification featureSLO space liaison officerSO special operationsSOA special operations aviationSOC special operations commandSOCA submarine operations coordinating authoritySOCCE special operations command and control elementSOE schedule of events (USN)SOF special operations forces

Glossary-10

SOLE special operations liaison elementSOO space operations officerSORTIEALOT sortie allotmentSOTAC special operations terminal attack controllerSPINS special instructionsSPMAGTF special purpose marine air-ground task forceSQDNS squadronsSQ FT square footSR special reconnaissanceSTRATLAT strategic liaison teamSST space support teamSTT special tactics teamSTWC strike warfare commanderSUWC surface warfare commanderSWC space warfare center

T

T timeTAADCOM theater army air defense commandTAC tacticalTAC(A) tactical air coordinator (airborne) (USMC); terminal attack controller

(airborne) (USAF)TACAIR tactical airTACC tactical air command center (USMC); tanker/airlift control center

(USAF); tactical air control center (USN)TAC CP tactical command postTACON tactical controlTACOPDAT tactical operations dataTACP tactical air control partyTACRON tactical air control squadron (USN)TACS theater air control systemTAD tactical air directionTADC tactical air direction centerTADIL (A,B,C,J) tactical digital information linkTAGS theater air-ground systemTALCE tactical airlift control elementTAOC tactical air operations center (USMC)TARBUL target bulletinTBMCS Theater Battle Management Core SystemTDC theater deployable communicationsTFCC tactical flag command centerTGL target-to-gun lineTGO terminal guidance operationsTGTINFOREP target information reportTGTINTELO target intelligence officerTIO target information officerTIS target information sectionTMD theater missile defenseTNL target nomination listTOC tactical operations centerTOT time on targetTRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine Command

Glossary-11

TRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications ProgramTTP tactics, techniques, and proceduresTVA target value analysis

U

UAV unmanned aerial vehicleUHF ultra high frequencyUNAAF unified action armed forcesUS United StatesUSA United States ArmyUSAF United States Air ForceUSAFAGOS United States Air Force Air-Ground Operations SchoolUSTRANSCOM United States Transportation CommandUSCINCSPACE Commander in Chief, United States Space CommandUSMTF US message text formatUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSN United States NavyUSSOCOM United States Special Operations CommandUSTRANSCOM United States Transportation CommandUSWC undersea warfare commandUW unconventional warfare

V

VHF very high frequency

W

WCB warfare commander boardWCCS Wing Command and Control SystemWEZ weapons engagement zoneWFZ weapons free zoneWG wingWICP wing initial communications packageWMD weapons of mass destructionWOC wing operations center

Index-1

INDEX

A

A2C2 II-8, II-10, II-11, II-13, II-14, II-15,V-7, VII-2, VII-11, Glossary-1,References-1

AADC iii, I-3, I-5, II-5, II-9, II-10, III-6,III-8, III-11, III-14, V-15, VII-1, VII-5,VII-7, VII-10, VII-11, VII-13, C-3,Glossary-1

AAGS v, II-1, II-4, II-8, II-9, II-14,Glossary-1

AAMDC II-10, Glossary-1ACA iii, I-3, I-5, II-9, II-10, II-11, II-12,

III-6, III-8, III-11, III-14, V-7, V-15,VII-1, VII-5, VII-8, VII-10, VII-12,C-3, Glossary-1

ACE V-3, V-4, V-6, V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10,V-11, V-12, V-15, VII-2, D-3, D-4, D-5,Glossary-1

ACO iv, II-10, II-11, II-12, II-14, III-8,III-9, III-11, III-12, III-14, III-16, VII-6,VII-7, VII-8, VII-12, A-4, B-1, C-1, E-2,E-3, Glossary-1

ACP II-11, III-14, VII-11, C-1, Glossary-1AFARN III-17, Glossary-1AFLE I-4, III-15, III-16, IV-4, Glossary-1AFSOC VI-6, VI-7, Glossary-1AI II-8, II-13, III-1, III-2, III-15, IV-1,

IV-9, V-5, VI-3, VII-1, VII-3, VII-5, VII-9,Glossary-1

Air and space planning and executionprocess III-8, III-9, III-12, III-13, III-14

Air component commander I-1, III-3,III-5, V-16, VI-6, F-1

Air defense plan II-10, II-12, V-15, VII-10,VII-11, VII-12

Air Force air request net (see AFARN)Air Force liaison element (see AFLE)Air Force special operations component

(see AFSOC)Air interdiction (see AI)Air liaison officer (see ALO)Air mobility element (see AME)Air operations center (see AOC)Air resource element coordinator (see

AREC)Air support operations center (see ASOC)Air warfare commander (see AWC)Air/naval gunfire liaison company (see

ANGLICO)

Airborne Warning and Control System(see AWACS)

Airlift control team (see ALCT)Airspace control authority (see ACA)Airspace control order (see ACO)Airspace control plan (see ACP)Airspace coordination area A-3, A-4,

A-5, Glossary-1ALCT II-12, III-12, III-13, Glossary-1Allocation I-3, II-13, III-10, IV-5, V-11,

V-13, VII-5, VII-7, VII-8, VII-9, C-1, C-3,Glossary-1

ALO II-4, II-9, II-11, II-13, II-15, III-15,A-4, A-5, Glossary-1

AME I-4, III-12, III-13, VII-5, Glossary-1Amphibious objective area (see AOA)Amphibious ready group (see ARG)Amphibious Tactical Air Control

System (see ATACS)ANGLICO i, II-8, II-11, V-10, V-15,

Glossary-1Antiair warfare III-2, V-4, V-5, V-7, V-8,

V-13, Glossary-9, References-1AOA V-8, V-16, VII-4, A-3, D-1, D-2,

D-5, Glossary-2AOC iii, v, I-3, II-10, III-7, III-8, III-9,

III-10, III-12, III-13, III-14, III-17,VII-3, VII-7, VII-8, A-4, F-1, F-2,Glossary-2, References-2

Apportionment I-1, I-3, III-12, VII-1,VII-5, VII-6, VII-7, VII-8, VII-10, VII-12,VII-3, C-2,C-3, D-5, Glossary-5

Area air defense commander (see AADC)AREC IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, C-1, C-4, C-5,

Glossary-2ARFOR I-2, II-1, II-2, II-3, II-5, II-8, II-11,

II-12, III-4, VII-2, VII-11, Glossary-2ARG IV-1, IV-7, IV-8, C-6, Glossary-2Army Air and Missile Defense Command

(see AAMDC)Army Air-Ground System (see AAGS)Army airspace command and control

(see A2C2)Army forces (see ARFOR)ASC(A) V-10, V-7, VII-2ASOC II-8, II-9, II-14, II-15, III-7, III-14,

III-15, III-17, VII-2, VII-3, VII-8,D-3, Glossary-2

Assault support coordinator (airborne)(see ASC[A])

Index-2

ATACS D-1, D-5, Glossary-2ATO i, iv, v, vi, I-3, I-5, II-10, II-11, II-12,

II-14, III-6, III-8, III-9, III-10, III-11,III-12, III-14, III-16, V-7, V-8, V-13, V-15,VI-6, VI-7, VII-3, VII-4, VII-5, VII-6,VII-7, VII-8, VII-9, VII-12, B-1, B-5, C-1,C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, D-2, D-3, E-1, E-2,E-4, F-2, Glossary-2

ATO cycle i, iv, v, vi, I-5, VII-3,VII-4, VII-5, E-3

Attack helicopter operations II-4Aviation combat element (see ACE)AWACS II-7, II-13, III-7, III-15, IV-6, VI-4,

VI-7, VII-2, VII-3, VII-8, A-3, Glossary-2AWC IV-4, IV-6, A-3, C-1, C-3, D-3,

Glossary-2

B

BALO II-15, Glossary-2Battalion air liaison officer (see BALO)Battle group intelligence center (see

BGIC)Battle watch captain (see BWC)Battlefield coordination detachment (see

BCD)BCD I-4, II-8, II-10, II-11, II-12, II-13,

II-14, III-7, III-9, III-13, VII-2, A-4,Glossary-2, References-1

BGIC C-4, Glossary-2BWC C-3, C-4, Glossary-2

C

C2 i, ii, II-1, II-2, II-3, II-4, II-5, II-9, II-10,III-1, III-2, III-7, III-11, III-12, III-14,III-16, IV-1, IV-3, IV-5, IV-9, V-2, V-3,V-5, V-6, V-7, V-8, V-15, V-16, VI-2, VI-6,VII-1, VII-8, A-3, B-1, D-1, D-5,Glossary-2, References-1

C2WC IV-4, IV-7, C-1, Glossary-2CA vii, II-6, II-7, II-12, III-8, III-10, III-11,

VII-1, VII-4, VII-5, VII-9, C-2, C-4, F-1,Glossary-3

CAP II-10, A-3, B-1, Glossary-3Carrier battle group (see CVBG)CAS v, I-3, II-4, II-8, II-9, II-13, II-14,

II-15, III-1, III-2, III-15, III-17, IV-1,IV-9, V-2, V-5, V-9, V-10, V-14, VI-3,VI-5, VI-6, VII-1, VII-3, VII-7, VII-8, A-5,D-3, Glossary-3, References-1

CATF IV-4, V-12, VII-4, VII-5, C-1, D-1,D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, Glossary-3

CE V-3, V-10, V-11, V-12, D-5, Glossary-3Center of gravity (see COG)CFL A-4, Glossary-3Close air support (see CAS)COG III-6, Glossary-3Combat air patrol (see CAP)Combat assessment (see CA)Combat operations division II-11, III-8,

III-11, III-13Combat plans division II-11, III-9, III-10,

III-11Combat search and rescue (see CSAR)Combat service support element (see

CSSE)Command and control (see C2)Command and control warfare

commander (see C2WC)Command element (see CE)Command post (see CP)Commander, amphibious task force (see

CATF)Component commanders vi, I-1,I-2, I-3,

I-4, I-5, III-4, III-5, III-8, III-13, IV-3,IV-6, IV-9, VI-5, VII-1, VII-5, VII-9,VII-10,VII-11

Composite warfare commander (seeCWC)

Concept of operations I-1, II-2, II-5, II-6,II-9, II-11, IV-3, V-11, VII-9, VII-11, A-4

Contingency theater automatedplanning system (see CTAPS)

Control and reporting center (see CRC)Control and reporting element (see CRE)Coordinated fire line (see CFL)Coordinating altitude v, A-1, A-2Core teams III-8, III-9, III-13Counterair II-4, II-5, II-8, II-9, II-10,

III-1, III-2, III-4, VII-1, VII-10,Glossary-4, Glossary-8

Counterland II-8, III-1, III-4Countersea III-1, III-2CP v, II-3, II-4, II-8, III-12, III-14, V-7,

VI-6, VII-2, Glossary-3CRC II-8, II-10, II-12, II-13, III-7, III-14,

III-15, VII-11, Glossary-3CRE III-7, III-14, III-15, VII-2, VII-3,

VII-11, Glossary-3CSAR III-1, III-15, VI-2, VI-3, VII-5,

Glossary-3CSSE V-3, V-6, V-11, Glossary-3CTAPS II-14, III-11, III-15, III-16, IV-7,

IV-8, V-15, C-4, C-6, E-1, E-4, F-2,Glossary-3

Index-3

CVBG v, vi, IV-1, IV-4, IV-7, IV-8, VII-2,VII-4, VII-5, VII-2, C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5,C-6, Glossary-3

CWC IV-3, IV-4, IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, VII-2,C-1, C-3, C-4, C-5, D-2, Glossary-3

D

D3A II-6, VII-3, VII-4, Glossary-4DA i, VI-1, Glossary-4DAS V-4, V-5, Glossary-4DASC II-9, V-7, V-9, V-10, V-12, V-13,

V-14, VII-2, VII-3, VII-8, D-2, D-3, D-4,Glossary-4, References-2

DCA iv, II-4, II-5, II-9, II-10, III-1, VII-12,A-3, Glossary-4

Decide-detect-deliver-assess (see D3A)Deep air support (see DAS)Deep operations II-3, II-5, II-12, II-13,

V-10, Glossary-4Deep operations coordination cell (see

DOCC)Defensive counterair (see DCA)Desired mean point of impact (see DMPI)Direct action (see DA)Direct air support center (see DASC)Direct support (see DS)Director of mobility forces (see

DIRMOBFOR)DIRMOBFOR II-12, III-9, III-12, III-13,

Glossary-4DMPI VII-7, Glossary-4DOCC II-12, II-13, VII-3, VII-2, Glossary-4DS I-3, I-4, II-15, III-2, III-11, III-14, IV-5,

V-7, V-14, VII-1, C-2, F-1, Glossary-4

E

EA A-3, Glossary-4EAC II-10, II-13, Glossary-4Echelon above corps (see EAC)Engagement area (see EA)Enlisted terminal attack controller (see

ETAC)ETAC II-4, II-15, III-5, A-5, Glossary-4

F

FAC II-9, III-7, III-15, V-7, V-9, V-10, V-15,A-5, D-3, Glossary-4

FAC(A) III-7, III-15, V-7, V-9, VII-2, VII-3, Glossary-4

FID VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, Glossary-4

Fire support coordination line (seeFSCL)

Fire support coordination center (seeFSCC)

Fire support coordinator (see FSC)Fire support element (see FSE)Fire support officer (see FSO)Fire support team (see FIST)FIST II-9, II-14, II-15, VII-3, Glossary-4Foreign internal defense (see FID)Forward air controller (see FAC)Forward air controller (airborne) (see

FAC[A])Forward space support in theater (see

FSST)FSC II-9, V-11, V-12, V-13, V-14, D-4,

Glossary-5FSCC V-9, V-7, V-10, V-11, V-12, V-13,

V-14, V-15, VII-2, VII-3, D-1, D-3, D-4,D-5, Glossary-5

FSCL II-11, V-5, V-10, V-11, A-2, A-4,Glossary-5

FSCOORD II-9, II-13, II-14, II-15, V-14,A-4, A-5, Glossary-5

FSE II-9, II-11, II-13, II-14, II-15, V-10,VII-2, Glossary-5

FSO II-9, II-14, II-15, Glossary-5FSST F-1, Glossary-5

G

GAT C-3, Glossary-5GCE V-2, V-3, V-6, V-7, V-9, V-10, V-11,

V-12, V-13, VII-2, D-4, D-5, Glossary-5Ground combat element (see GCE)Guidance, apportionment, targeting (see

GAT)

H

High-payoff target (see HPT)High-value targets (see HVT)HPT II-7, III-12, VI-3, Glossary-5HVT II-7, Glossary-5

I

Identification, friend or foe (see IFF)IFF VII-12, A-3, B-3, C-6, Glossary-5Information warfare (see IW)Initial point (see IP)Intelligence preparation of the

battlespace (see IPB)

Index-4

Intelligence, surveillance andreconnaissance (see ISR)

Interdiction iv, II-3, II-8, III-1, III-2, IV-2,IV-9, V-16, VI-3, VII-9, Glossary-1,References-1

IP A-3, A-5, B-1, Glossary-6IPB II-7, Glossary-6ISR III-8, III-9. III-10, III-11, III-12,

III-13, III-14, III-15, Glossary-6IW III-9, III-13, III-14, VI-1, VI-2, F-2,

Glossary-6

J

JAAT II-5, V-9, Glossary-6, References-2JAOC iii, I-3, I-4, I-5, II-8, II-9, II-11,

II-12, II-14, III-6, III-7, III-13, III-14,III-15, III-16, IV-4, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, V-15,V-16, VI-6, VII-1, VII-2, VII-8, Glossary-6

JASOP III-10, III-14, Glossary-6JFACC iii, v, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, II-8,

II-10, II-11, II-13, III-2, III-6, III-7, III-8III-9, III-10, III-11, III-12, III-13, III-14,III-16, IV-4, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, V-7, V-15,V-16, VI-3, VI-4, VI-6, VII-1, VII-2, VII-4,VII-5, VII-7, VII-8, VII-9, VII-10, VII-12,C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, D-3, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4,F-1, F-2, Glossary-6, References-1

JFACC at sea I-3JFC iii, iv, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, II-6, II-8,

II-9, II-10, II-13, II-15, III-2, III-3, III-4,III-5, III-6, III-7, III-8, III-10, III-11,III-12, III-13, III-14, III-17, IV-1, IV-2,IV-3, IV-4, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, V-1, V-2, V-4,V-7, V-11, V-15, V-16, VI-4, VI-5, VI-6,VI-7, VII-1, VII-4, VII-5, VII-6, VII-7,VII-8, VII-9, VII-10, VII-11, VII-12, C-3,D-1, F-1, F-2, Glossary-6

JFC’s guidance and objectives I-3,VII-1,VII-5

JFMCC IV-2, D-1, D-5, Glossary-6JFSOCC VI-3, VI-5, VI-6, VII-5,

Glossary-6JIPTL III-11, VII-1, VII-7, C-2, C-3, E-2,

E-3, Glossary-6JOA I-1, I-3, I-5, III-5, III-9, III-12, III-13,

III-14, V-15, VII-9, VII-11, F-1,Glossary-6

JOC I-4, II-8, III-7, IV-4, V-7, F-2,Glossary-6

Joint air and space operations plan (seeJASOP)

Joint air attack team (see JAAT)

Joint air operations center (see JAOC)Joint force air component commander

(see JFACC)Joint force commander (see JFC)Joint force maritime component

commander (see JFMCC)Joint force special operations

component commander (see JFSOCC)Joint integrated prioritized target list

(see JIPTL)Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System (see JOPES)Joint operations area (see JOA)Joint operations center (see JOC)Joint search and rescue center (see

JSRC)Joint space support team (see JSST)Joint STARS II-8, III-7, III-15, III-16,

VI-4, VII-2, VII-8, Glossary-6Joint suppression of enemy air defenses

(see J-SEAD)Joint surveillance, target attack radar

system (see Joint STARS)Joint target list (see JTL)Joint Targeting Coordination Board (see

JTCB)Joint targeting process I-5, VII-3, VII-4Joint task force (see JTF)JOPES IV-3, Glossary-6J-SEAD II-10, II-11, II-13, Glossary-6JSRC VII-5, Glossary-6JSST F-2, Glossary-6JTCB I-4, I-5, V-11, VII-6, Glossary-6JTF iii, vi, I-1, I-5, III-10, III-11, III-17,

IV-2, V-3, V-11, VII-9, Glossary-6,References-1

JTL VII-1, Glossary-6

L

Land component commander (see LCC)Land-based JFACC v, IV-7, IV-8, E-1Landing force (see LF)LCC II-10, IV-8, VII-8, Glossary-7LF IV-9, V-1, V-6, V-12, C-1, D-1, D-3,

D-4, D-5, Glossary-3, Glossary-7Liaison officers (see LNO)Lightweight multiband satellite

terminals (see LMST)Littoral strategy V-1LMST III-16, Glossary-7LNO I-3, I-4, II-2, II-4, II-13, II-15, III-7,

III-11, VI-6, VII-2, C-3, D-3, Glossary-7

Index-5

M

MACCS v, V-4, V-6, V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10,V-12, V-13, V-15, V-16, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4,D-5, Glossary-7, References-1

MACG V-7, V-9, Glossary-7MAGTF IV-1,V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, V-6,

V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10, V-11, V-12, V-15,V-16,VI-6, VII-2, VII-5, D-1, D-4, D-5,Glossary-1, Glosssary-3, Glossary-5,Glossary-7

MARFOR I-2, V-1, V-4, V-6, V-15, VII-1,VII-2, VII-11, Glossary-7

Marine Air Command and ControlSystem (see MACCS)

Marine air control group (see MACG)Marine air traffic control detachment

(see MATCD)Marine air-ground task forces (see

MAGTF)Marine Corps forces (see MARFOR)Marine expeditionary force (see MEF)Marine expeditionary unit special

operations capable (see MEUSOC)

Marine liaison officer (see MARLO)Marine tactical air command center (see

TACC (USMC)MARLO I-4, II-8, III-7, III-13, V-15, VII-2,

Glossary-7MATCD V-7, V-9, Glossary-7,

References-2MEF IV-3, V-3, V-8, V-10, VII-2, Glossary-7MEU SOC IV-1, V-3

N

NALE I-4, II-8, III-7, III-9, III-13, IV-9,VII-2, Glossary-7

National command authorities (see NCA)Naval and amphibious liaison element

(see NALE)Naval component commanders III-5,

IV-3Naval expeditionary forces IV-1, IV-2,

V-1Naval gunfire section V-13, V-14Naval surface fire support (see NSFS)Navy tactical air control center (see

NTACC)Navy Tactical Air Control System (see

TACC (USN)

NCA III-4, IV-1, IV-3, V-1, VI-6,Glossary-7

NSFS V-6, V-9, V-10, V-11, V-12, V-14,V-15, A-5, D-3, D-4, Glossary-8

NTACS V-16, D-1, D-2, D-3, Glossary-8

O

OAS V-4, V-5, V-9, D-4, D-5, Glossary-8OCA II-10, III-1, B-1, Glossary-8Offensive air support (see OAS)Offensive counterair (see OCA)Officer in tactical command (see OTC)OPCON I-1, I-3, II-8, II-10, III-7, III-13,

III-15, IV-3, V-16, VI-6, VII-5, VII-10,D-2, Glossary-8

Operation order (see OPORD)Operation plan (see OPLAN)Operational control (see OPCON)Operational general (see OPGEN)Operational status IV-3, V-13, Glossary-8Operational tasking (see OPTASK)OPGEN IV-3, IV-5, Glossary-8OPLAN I-2, I-3, II-5, II-6, II-10, III-6,

III-10, IV-2, V-3, V-14, VII-7, VII-11,C-2, Glossary-8

OPORD IV-3, Glossary-8OPTASK IV-3, IV-6, C-4, C-6, Glossary-8OTC IV-3, IV-4, IV-5, IV-7, VII-2,

Glossary-8, C-5

P

Passage of control ashore v, D-1, D-4Passive air defense VII-10Psychological operations (see PSYOP)PSYOP IV-2, V-2, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-5,

Glossary-8

R

RAAP C-4, E-1, E-4, Glossary-8RADC V-15, V-16, VII-11, VII-12,

Glossary-8Rapid application of airpower (see

RAAP)Reconnaissance II-3, II-5, II-8, II-9,

II-12, II-13, II-15, III-1, III-4, III-8, V-3,V-4, V-5, V-9, V-16, VI-1, VI-3, VII-9, C-4,D-3, E-2, E-3, F-1, Glossary-6, Glossary-8,Glossary-10

Regional air defense commander (seeRADC)

Index-6

Release point (see RP)ROE II-9, II-12, III-6, IV-5, V-15, VII-1,

VII-10, VII-12, C-1. C-2, C-3, C-4, F-2,Glossary-9

RP A-3, Glossary-9Rules of engagement (see ROE)

S

SAAWC V-7, V-8, V-15, V-16, VII-11,Glossary-9, References-2

SAAWF V-8, Glossary-9SACC IV-1, V-7, V-10, V-12, VII-2, D-1,

D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, Glossary-9SADC V-15, V-16, VII-12, Glossary-9SCC IV-7, Glossary-9Sea combat commander (see SCC)Sea-based JFACC v, IV-7, IV-8, C-2, C-4SEAD II-3, II-8, II-13, III-15, V-11, V-12,

VI-5, Glossary-9Sector air defense commander (see

SADC)Sector antiair warfare coordinator (see

SAAWC)Sector antiair warfare facility (see

SAAWF)SF VI-3, Glossary-9Short range air defense II-10, A-6SLO I-4, II-8, III-7, VII-2, F-1, F-2,

Glossary-9SO I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, II-1, II-3, II-8, II-13,

III-1, III-2, III-3, III-5, IV-8, V-1, V-2,VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-5, VI-6, VI-7, A-5,C-1, E-4, Glossary-9

SOA VI-3, VI-6, Glossary-9SOCCE II-8, VI-6, VII-2, Glossary-9SOF I-2, I-5, II-2, II-9, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3,

VI-5,VI-6,VI-7, VII-5, C-1, Glossary-9SOLE I-4, II-9, III-13, VI-6, VII-2,

Glossary-9Sortie allotment (see SORTIEALOT)SORTIEALOT VII-2, VII-8, Glossary-10Space liaison officer (see SLO)Space support team (see SST)Space warfare center (see SWC)Special forces (see SF)Special instructions (see SPINS)Special operations (see SO)Special operations aviation (see SOA)Special operations command and

control element (see SOCCE)Special operations forces (see SOF)Special operations liaison element (see

SOLE)

Special purpose marine air-ground taskforce (see SPMAGTF)

Special reconnaissance (see SR)Special tactics teams (see STT)SPINS iv, v, III-6, III-11, VII-8, VII-12,

B-1, B-3, B-5, C-1, C-2, C-3, Glossary-10SPMAGTF V-3, V-10, Glossary-10SR VI-1, Glossary-10SST VI-6, F-1, F-2, Glossary-10Strategy division III-10Strike warfare commander IV-4,

Glossary-10STT VI-3, Glossary-10STWC IV-4, IV-6, C-1, Glossary-10Supporting arms coordination center

(see SACC)Suppression of enemy air defenses (see

SEAD)Surface warfare commander (see SUWC)SUWC IV-4, IV-6, IV-7, C-1, Glossary-10SWC F-1, Glossary-10

T

TAC(A) (USAF) III-7, III-15, VII-2, VII-3,Glossary-10

TAC(A) (USMC) V-7, V-10, VII-2, VII-3,Glossary-10

TACAIR II-8, III-7, III-17, V-4, V-7,V-8, V-14, V-16, B-1, D-1, D-2, D-3,Glossary-2, Glossary-8, Glossary-10,References-2

TACC II-9, III-12, III-13, V-7, V-8, V-9,V-10, V-11, V-12, V-15, VII-3, D-1, D-2,D-3, D-5, Glossary-10, References-1

TACC (USAF) III-12, III-13, Glossary-10TACC (USMC) II-9, V-7, V-8, V-9,V-10,

V-11, V-15, VII-2, D-2, D-5, References-2,Glossary-10

TACC (USN) IV-4, V-8, V-12, VII-2, D-1,D-2, D-3, D-5, Glossary-10

TACON I-3, III-7, VII-5, C-1, C-2,Glossary-10

TACP II-8, II-13, III-7, III-15, V-7, V-9,V-11, V-13, V-14, VII-2, VII-3, Glossary-10

TACRON D-1, Glossary-10TACS v, III-6, III-7, III-11, III-14, III-15,

III-16, VI-7, Glossary-10Tactical air (see TACAIR)Tactical air command center (USMC)

(see TACC [USMC])Tactical air control center (USN) (see

TACC [USN])Tactical air control party (see TACP)

Index-7

Tactical air control squadron (seeTACRON)

Tactical air coordinator (airborne) (seeTAC[A] [USMC])

Tactical air direction center (see TADC)Tactical air operations center (see

TAOC)Tactical airlift control element (see

TALCE)Tactical control (see TACON)Tactical digital information link-joint

(see TADIL-J)TADC III-14, IV-4, V-7, V-8, D-1, D-2, D-5,

Glossary-10TADIL-J II-14, III-7, III-14, III-17, V-8,

Glossary-10TAGS i, iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, I-4, I-5, II-1,

II-2, II-3, II-5, II-6, II-13, II-14, II-15,III-1, III-7, III-17, IV-1, IV-6, IV-9, V-16,VI-1, VI-5, VII-1, VII-2, VII-3, VII-4,VII-13, D-3, F-1, Glossary-10

TALCE III-16Tanker/airlift control center (USAF)

(see TACC [USAF])TAOC V-7, V-8, V-15, V-16, VII-2, VII-3,

VII-11, Glossary-10,References-2Target value analysis (see TVA)Targeting iii, v, I-3, I-5, II-1, II-4, II-5,

II-6, II-7, II-12, II-13, II-14, III-16, IV-2,V-11, V-12, V-13, V-14, VI-6, VII-1, VII-3,VII-4, VII-5, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, E-1, E-4,F-1, Glossary-5, Glossary-6

TBMCS II-14, III-11, III-15, III-16, F-2,Glossary-10

Terminal attack controller (see TAC[A][USAF])

Terminal Guidance Operations (seeTGO)

TGO v, VI-3, VI-4, Glossary-10Theater Air Control System (see TACCS)Theater Air-Ground System (see TAGS)Theater airlift liaison officers (see

TALO)Theater Battle Management Core

System (see TBMCS)Time-on-target (see TOT)TOT VII-7, VII-8, Glossary-10TVA II-7, Glossary-11

U

UAV II-15, V-13, Glossary-11UNAAF V-16, Glossary-11, References-1Unconventional warfare (see UW)Undersea warfare commander (see

USWC)Unified Action Armed Forces (see

UNAAF)United States Special Operations

Command (see USSOCOM)Unmanned aerial vehicle (see UAV)USSOCOM III-6, VI-6, Glossary-11,

References-2USWC IV-4, IV-7, C-1, Glossary-11UW VI-1, VI-3, Glossary-11

W

Weaponeering VII-5, VII-7, VII-9, VII-4,Glossary 11

Wing operations center (see WOC)WOC II-8, II-13, III-7, III-12, III-14,

VII-2, Glossary-11

FM 100-103-2MCWP 3-25.2

NWP 3-56.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.17

29 JULY 1998

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

RONALD E. KEYSMajor General, USAFCommanderHeadquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

FM 100-103-2MCWP 3-25.2

NWP 3-56.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.17

29 JULY 1998

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordancewith the initial distribution number 115349, requirements for FM 100-103-2.

MARINE CORPS PCN: 143000020000