Arkansas

This article is about the U.S. state of Arkansas. For theriver, see Arkansas River. For other uses, see Arkansas(disambiguation).

Arkansas ( i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/) is a state located in theSouthern region of the United States.[7][8] Its name isof Siouan derivation, denoting the Quapaw Indians.[9]The state’s diverse geography ranges from the mountain-ous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains,whichmake up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the denselyforested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timber-lands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi Riverand the Arkansas Delta. Known as “the Natural State”,Arkansas has many diverse regions that offer residentsand tourists a variety of opportunities for outdoor recre-ation.Arkansas is the 29th largest in square miles and the 32ndmost populous of the 50 United States. The capital andmost populous city is Little Rock, located in the centralportion of the state, a hub for transportation, business,culture, and government. The northwestern corner ofthe state, including the Fayetteville–Springdale–RogersMetropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, isalso an important population, education, and economiccenter. The largest city in the eastern part of the state isJonesboro. The largest city in the southeastern part of thestate is Pine Bluff.The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union asthe 25th state on June 15, 1836.[10] Arkansas withdrewfrom the United States and joined the Confederate Statesof America during the Civil War. Upon returning to theUnion, the state would continue to suffer due to its earlierreliance on slavery and the plantation economy, causingthe state to fall behind economically and socially. Whiterural interests continued to dominate the state’s politicsuntil the Civil Rights movement in the mid-20th century.Arkansas began to diversify its economy followingWorldWar II and now relies on its service industry as well asaircraft, poultry, steel and tourism in addition to cottonand rice.The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, the-aters, novels, television shows, restaurants and athleticvenues across the state. Despite a plethora of cultural,economic, and recreational opportunities, Arkansas is of-ten stereotyped as a “poor, banjo-picking hillbilly” state,a reputation dating back to early accounts of the territoryby frontiersmen in the early 1800s. Arkansas’s enduringimage has earned the state “a special place in the Amer-

ican consciousness”,[11] but it has in reality producedsuch prominent figures as politician and educational ad-vocate William Fulbright, former President Bill Clin-ton, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander GeneralWesley Clark, Walmart magnate Sam Walton[12] singer-songwriters Johnny Cash and Glen Campbell, and notedphysicist William L.McMillan, who was a pioneer in Su-perconductor research.

1 Etymology

The name Arkansas derives from the same root as thename for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of NativeAmericans are closely associated with the Sioux tribesof the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is aFrench pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a re-lated “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land ofdownriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning“people of the south wind”.In 1881, the pronunciation of Arkansas with the fi-nal “s” being silent was made official by an act of thestate legislature after a dispute arose between Arkansas’sthen-two U.S. senators as one favored the pronuncia-tion as /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw while the other favored/ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs.[lower-alpha 3]

In 2007, the state legislature passed a non-binding reso-lution declaring the possessive form of the state’s nameto be Arkansas’s which has been followed increasingly bythe state government.[14]

2 Geography

Main article: Geography of Arkansas

2.1 Boundaries

Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to thesouthwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north,as well as Tennessee and Mississippi on the east. TheUnited States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as asouthern state, sub-categorized among the West SouthCentral States.[8] The Mississippi River forms most ofArkansas’s eastern border, except in Clay and Greene,counties where the St. Francis River forms the westernboundary of the Missouri Bootheel, and in many places

1

2 2 GEOGRAPHY

View from the Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway in Boxley Valley

The Ozarks: bend in the Buffalo River from an overlook on theBuffalo River Trail near Steel Creek

The flat terrain and rich soils of the Arkansas Delta nearArkansas City are in stark contrast to the northwestern part ofthe state.

where the current channel of the Mississippi has mean-dered from the location of its original legal designation.The state line along theMississippi River is indeterminatealong much of the eastern border with Mississippi due tothese meanders.[15]

2.2 Terrain

Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the high-lands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the south-eastern half.[16] The highlands are part of the South-ern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the

Cedar Falls in Petit Jean State Park

Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include theGulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta.[17] This dualsplit is somewhat simplistic, however, and thus usuallyyields to general regions named northwest, southwest,northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas. These direc-tionally named regions are broad and not defined alongcounty lines. Arkansas has seven distinct natural regions:the Ozark Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, ArkansasRiver Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley’s Ridge, andthe Arkansas Delta, with Central Arkansas sometimes in-cluded as a blend of multiple regions.[18]

The southeastern part of Arkansas along the MississippiAlluvial Plain is sometimes called the Arkansas Delta.This region is a flat landscape of rich alluvial soils formedby repeated flooding of the adjacent Mississippi. Far-ther away from the river, in the southeast portion ofthe state, the Grand Prairie consists of a more undulat-ing landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas. TheDelta region is bisected by an unusual geological forma-tion known as Crowley’s Ridge. A narrow band of rollinghills, Crowley’s Ridge rises from 250 to 500 feet (76 to152 m) above the surrounding alluvial plain and underliesmany of the major towns of eastern Arkansas.[19]

Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau includ-ing the Ozark Mountains, to the south are the OuachitaMountains, and these regions are divided by the ArkansasRiver; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas arecalled the Lowlands.[20] These mountain ranges are partof the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the only majormountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and

2.5 Climate 3

the Appalachian Mountains.[21] The highest point in thestate is Mount Magazine in the Ouachita Mountains;[22]it rises to 2,753 feet (839 m) above sea level.[6]

2.3 Hydrology

The Buffalo National River is one of many attractions that givethe state its nickname, The Natural State.

Arkansas has many rivers, lakes, and reservoirs within oralong its borders. Major tributaries of the MississippiRiver include the Arkansas River, White River, and St.Francis River.[23] The Arkansas is fed by the MulberryRiver, and Fourche LaFave River in the Arkansas RiverValley, which is also home to Lake Dardanelle. TheBuffalo River, Little Red River, Black River and CacheRiver all serve as tributaries to the White River, whichalso empties into the Mississippi. The Saline River, LittleMissouri River, Bayou Bartholomew, and the CaddoRiver all serve as tributaries to the Ouachita River insouth Arkansas, which eventually empties into the Mis-sissippi in Louisiana. The Red River briefly serves as thestate’s boundary with Texas.[24] Arkansas has few naturallakes but many major reservoirs, including Bull ShoalsLake, Lake Ouachita, Greers Ferry Lake, MillwoodLake, Beaver Lake, Norfork Lake, DeGray Lake, andLake Conway.[25]

Arkansas is home to many caves, such as BlanchardSprings Caverns. More than 43,000 Native Americanliving, hunting and tool making sites, many of themPre-Columbian burial mounds and rock shelters, havebeen cataloged by the State Archeologist. Crater ofDiamonds State Park near Murfreesboro is the world’sonly diamond-bearing site accessible to the public fordigging.[26][27] Arkansas is home to a dozen WildernessAreas totaling 158,444 acres (641.20 km2).[28] These ar-eas are set aside for outdoor recreation and are opento hunting, fishing, hiking, and primitive camping. Nomechanized vehicles nor developed campgrounds are al-lowed in these areas.[29]

2.4 Flora and fauna

Arkansas is divided into three broad ecoregions, theOzark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, Mississippi Allu-vial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the South-eastern USA Plains.[30] The state is further divided into

The White River in eastern Arkansas

seven subregions: the Arkansas Valley, Boston Moun-tains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley LoessPlain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, and theSouth Central Plains.[31] A2010United States Forest Ser-vice survey determined 18,720,000 acres (7,580,000 ha)of Arkansas’s land is forestland, or 56% of the state’s totalarea.[32] Dominant species in Arkansas’s forests includeQuercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleafpine) and Pinus taeda (Loblolly pine).[33][34]

Arkansas’s plant life varies with its climate and eleva-tion. The pine belt stretching from the Arkansas delta toTexas consists of dense oak-hickory-pine growth. Lum-bering and paper milling activity is active throughout theregion.[35] In eastern Arkansas, one can find Taxodium(cypress), Quercus nigra (water oaks), and hickories withtheir roots submerged in the Mississippi Valley bay-ous indicative of the deep south.[36] Nearby Crowley’sRidge is only home of the tulip tree in the state, andgenerally hosts more northeastern plant life such as thebeech tree.[37] The northwestern highlands are coveredin an oak-hickory mixture, with Ozark white cedars,cornus (dogwoods), and Cercis canadensis (redbuds) alsopresent. The higher peaks in the Arkansas River Val-ley play host to scores of ferns, including the Woodsiascopulina and Adiantum (maidenhair fern) on MountMagazine.[38]

2.5 Climate

Arkansas generally has a humid subtropical climate,which borders on humid continental in some northernhighland areas. While not bordering the Gulf of Mexico,Arkansas is still close enough to this warm, large body ofwater for it to influence the weather in the state. Gener-ally, Arkansas has hot, humid summers and cold, slightlydrier winters. In Little Rock, the daily high temperaturesaverage around 93 °F (34 °C) with lows around 73 °F(23 °C) in July. In January highs average around 51 °F(11 °C) and lows around 32 °F (0 °C). In Siloam Springsin the northwest part of the state, the average high andlow temperatures in July are 89 and 67 °F (32 and 19

4 3 HISTORY

Devil’s Den State Park is a popular state park in WashingtonCounty for enjoying autumn foliage.

Winter at Historic Washington State Park, Arkansas

°C) and in January the average high and lows are 44 and23 °F (7 and −5 °C). Annual precipitation throughout thestate averages between about 40 and 60 inches (1,000 and1,500 mm); somewhat wetter in the south and drier in thenorthern part of the state.[39] Snowfall is infrequent butmost common in the northern half of the state.[23] Thehalf of the state south of Little Rock is more apt to seeice storms. Arkansas’ all-time record high is 120 °F (49°C) at Ozark on August 10, 1936; the all-time record lowis −29 °F (−34 °C) at Gravette, on February 13, 1905.[40]

Arkansas is known for extreme weather andmany storms.A typical year will see thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail,snow and ice storms. Between both the Great Plainsand the Gulf States, Arkansas receives around 60 daysof thunderstorms. Arkansas is located in Tornado Alley,and as a result, a few of the most destructive tornadoesin U.S. history have struck the state. While being suffi-ciently away from the coast to be safe from a direct hitfrom a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants ofa tropical system which dumps tremendous amounts ofrain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes.

3 History

Main article: History of Arkansas

3.1 Early Arkansas through territorial pe-riod

Burial mounds, such as this one at Toltec Mounds ArcheologicalState Park near Scott, were constructed more frequently duringthe Woodland Period.

Prior to European settlement of North America,Arkansas was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thou-sands of years. The Caddo, Osage, and Quapaw peo-ples encountered European explorers. The first of theseEuropeans was Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in1541, who crossed the Mississippi and marched acrosswhat is now central Arkansas, the Ozark Mountains, andall the way to Texas. Around McArthur, Arkansas, heled a Spanish raid against the Quigualtam tribe, slay-ing men, women and children without mercy. De Sotodied there the next day, in May 1542, opting for a wa-tery burial in order to hide from the Natives that he wasnot a deity, and was a mortal. While he was dumpedinto the Mississippi River, the once rich De Soto’s willread: “four Indian slaves, three horses and 700 hogs”.[47]Later explorers included the French Jacques Marquetteand Louis Jolliet in 1673, and Frenchmen Robert LaSalle and Henri de Tonti in 1681.[48][49] De Tonti estab-lished Arkansas Post at a Quapaw village in 1686, mak-ing it the first European settlement in the territory.[50]The early Spanish or French explorers of the state gaveit its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling of theIllinois tribe’s name for the Quapaw people, who liveddownriver from them.[51][lower-alpha 3] The name Arkansashas been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions.The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansawon July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to theUnited States as the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836.The name was historically /ˈɑrkənsɔː/, /ɑrˈkænzəs/, andseveral other variants. Historically and modernly, thepeople of Arkansas call themselves either “Arkansans”

3.2 Statehood, Civil War and Reconstruction 5

or “Arkansawyers”. In 1881, the Arkansas General As-sembly passed the following concurrent resolution, nowArkansas Code 1-4-105 (official text):

Whereas, confusion of practice has arisenin the pronunciation of the name of our stateand it is deemed important that the true pro-nunciation should be determined for use in oralofficial proceedings.

And, whereas, the matter has been thor-oughly investigated by the State Historical So-ciety and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock,which have agreed upon the correct pronunci-ation as derived from history, and the early us-age of the American immigrants.

Be it therefore resolved by both houses ofthe General Assembly, that the only true pro-nunciation of the name of the state, in the opin-ion of this body, is that received by the Frenchfrom the native Indians and committed to writ-ing in the French word representing the sound.It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables,with the final “s” silent, the “a” in each sylla-ble with the Italian sound, and the accent onthe first and last syllables. The pronunciationwith the accent on the second syllable with thesound of “a” in “man” and the sounding of theterminal “s” is an innovation to be discouraged.

Citizens of the state of Kansas often pronounce theArkansas River as /ɑrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, in a manner sim-ilar to the common pronunciation of the name of theirstate.Settlers, including fur trappers, moved to Arkansas in theearly 18th century. These people used Arkansas Post asa home base and entrepôt.[50] During the colonial period,Arkansas changed hands between France and Spain fol-lowing the Seven Years’ War, although neither showedinterest in the remote settlement of Arkansas Post.[52] InApril 1783, Arkansas saw its only battle of the AmericanRevolutionary War, a brief siege of the post by BritishCaptain James Colbert with the assistance of the Choctawand Chickasaw.[53]

Evolution from the Territory of Arkansaw to State of Arkansas,1819-1836

Napoleon Bonaparte sold French Louisiana to the UnitedStates in 1803, including all of Arkansas, in a transac-tion known today as the Louisiana Purchase. Frenchsoldiers remained as a garrison at Arkansas Post. Fol-lowing the purchase, the balanced give-and-take rela-tionship between settlers and Native Americans began tochange all along the frontier, including in Arkansas.[54]Following a controversy over allowing slavery in the ter-ritory, the Territory of Arkansas was organized on July4, 1819.[lower-alpha 3] Gradual emancipation in Arkansaswas struck down by one vote, the Speaker of the HouseHenry Clay, allowing Arkansas to organize as a slaveterritory.[55]

Slavery became a wedge issue in Arkansas, forming a ge-ographic divide that remained for decades. The ownersand operators of the cotton plantation economy in south-east Arkansas firmly supported slavery, as slave laborwas perceived by them to be the best or “only” econom-ically viable method of harvesting their cotton commod-ity crops.[56] The “hill country” of northwest Arkansaswas unable to grow cotton and relied on a cash-scarce,subsistence farming economy.[57]

As European Americans settled throughout the EastCoast and into the Midwest, in the 1830s the UnitedStates government forced the removal of many NativeAmerican tribes to Arkansas and Indian Territory westof the Mississippi River.Additional Native American removals began in earnestduring the territorial period, with final Quapaw removalcomplete by 1833 as they were pushed into IndianTerritory.[58] The capital was relocated from ArkansasPost to Little Rock in 1821, during the territorialperiod.[59]

3.2 Statehood, Civil War and Reconstruc-tion

Lakeport Plantation, c. 1859 and built south of Lake Village,is the only remaining antebellum plantation house on the Missis-sippi River in Arkansas. Many planters became wealthy from thecotton industry in southern Arkansas.

6 3 HISTORY

When Arkansas applied for statehood, the slavery issuewas again raised in Washington DC. Congress eventuallyapproved the Arkansas Constitution after a 25-hour ses-sion, admitting Arkansas on June 15, 1836 as the 25thstate and the 13th slave state, having a population of about60,000.[60] Arkansas struggled with taxation to support itsnew state government, a problem made worse by a statebanking scandal and worse yet by the Panic of 1837.In early antebellum Arkansas, the southeast Arkansaseconomy developed rapidly on the backs of slaves. On theeve of the CivilWar in 1860, enslavedAfrican Americansnumbered 111,115 people, just over 25% of the state’spopulation.[61] However, plantation agriculture would ul-timately set the state and region behind the nation fordecades.[62] The wealth developed among planters ofsoutheast Arkansas caused a political rift to form betweenthe northwest and southeast.[63]

Many politicians were elected to office from the Fam-ily, the Southern rights political force in antebellumArkansas. Residents generally wanted to avoid a civilwar. When the Gulf states seceded in early 1861,Arkansas voted to remain in the Union.[63] Arkansas didnot secede until Abraham Lincoln demanded Arkansastroops be sent to Fort Sumter to quell the rebellion there.The following month a state convention voted to termi-nate Arkansas’s membership in the Union and join theConfederate States of America.[63]

Arkansas held a very important position for the Rebels,maintaining control of the Mississippi River and sur-rounding Southern states. The bloody Battle of Wilson’sCreek just across the border in Missouri shocked manyArkansans who thought the war would be a quick anddecisive Southern victory. Battles early in the war tookplace in northwest Arkansas, including the Battle of CaneHill, Battle of Pea Ridge, and Battle of Prairie Grove.Union General Samuel Curtis swept across the state toHelena in the Delta in 1862. Little Rock was captured thefollowing year. The government shifted the state Confed-erate capital to Hot Springs, and then again toWashingtonfrom 1863-1865, for the remainder of the war. Through-out the state, guerrilla warfare ravaged the countrysideand destroyed cities.[64] Passion for the Confederate causewaned after implementation of unpopular programs suchas the draft, high taxes, and martial law.Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress de-clared Arkansas restored to the Union in June 1868. TheRepublican-controlled reconstruction legislature estab-lished universal male suffrage (though temporarily dis-franchising all former Confederates, who were mostlyDemocrats), a public education system, and passed gen-eral issues to improve the state and help more of the pop-ulation. The state soon came under almost exclusive con-trol of the Radical Republicans, (those who moved fromthe North being derided as "carpetbaggers" based on alle-gations of corruption), and led by Governor Powell Clay-ton, they presided over a time of great upheaval and racial

violence in the state between Republican state militia andthe Ku Klux Klan.In 1874, the Brooks-Baxter War, a political struggle be-tween factions of the Republican Party shook Little Rockand the state governorship. It was settled only when Pres-ident Ulysses S. Grant ordered Joseph Brooks to dispersehis militant supporters.[65]

Following the Brooks-Baxter War, a new state constitu-tion was ratified, re-enfranchising former Confederates.In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill thatadopted an official pronunciation of the state’s name, tocombat a controversy then simmering. (See Law andGovernment below.)After Reconstruction, the state began to receive moreimmigrants and migrants. Chinese, Italian, and Syrianmen were recruited for farm labor in the developing Deltaregion. None of these nationalities stayed long at farmlabor; the Chinese especially quickly became small mer-chants in towns around the Delta. Many Chinese becamesuch successful merchants in small towns that they wereable to educate their children at college.[66]

Some early 20th-century immigration included peoplefrom eastern Europe. Together, these immigrants madethe Delta more diverse than the rest of the state. In thesame years, some black migrants moved into the area be-cause of opportunities to develop the bottomlands andown their own property.

Wife and children of a sharecropper in Washington County,Arkansas, c. 1935

Construction of railroads enabled more farmers to gettheir products to market. It also brought new devel-opment into different parts of the state, including the

7

Ozarks, where some areas were developed as resorts. Ina few years at the end of the 19th century, for instance,Eureka Springs in Carroll County grew to 10,000 peo-ple, rapidly becoming a tourist destination and the fourth-largest city of the state. It featured newly constructed,elegant resort hotels and spas planned around its natu-ral springs, considered to have healthful properties. Thetown’s attractions included horse racing and other enter-tainment. It appealed to a wide variety of classes, becom-ing almost as popular as Hot Springs.In the late 1880s, the worsening agricultural depressioncatalyzed Populist and third party movements, leadingto interracial coalitions. Struggling to stay in power,in the 1890s the Democrats in Arkansas followed otherSouthern states in passing legislation and constitutionalamendments that disfranchised blacks and poor whites.Democrats wanted to prevent their alliance. In 1891 statelegislators passed a requirement for a literacy test, know-ing that many blacks and whites would be excluded, at atime whenmore than 25% of the population could neitherread nor write. In 1892 they amended the state constitu-tion to require a poll tax and more complex residency re-quirements, both of which adversely affected poor peopleand sharecroppers, forcing most blacks and many poorwhites from voter rolls.By 1900 the Democratic Party expanded use of the whiteprimary in county and state elections, further denyingblacks a part in the political process. Only in the pri-mary was there any competition among candidates, asDemocrats held all the power. The state was a Demo-cratic one-party state for decades, until after passage ofthe federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting RightsAct of 1965 to enforce constitutional rights.[67]

Between 1905 and 1911, Arkansas began to receive asmall immigration of German, Slovak, and Scots-Irishfrom Europe. The German and Slovak peoples settledin the eastern part of the state known as the Prairie, andthe Irish founded small communities in the southeast partof the state. The Germans were mostly Lutheran and theSlovaks were primarily Catholic. The Irish were mostlyProtestant from Ulster, of Scots and Northern Bordersdescent.After the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Boardof Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954 that segrega-tion in public schools was unconstitutional, some stu-dents worked to integrate schools in the state. The LittleRockNine brought Arkansas to national attention in 1957when the Federal government had to intervene to pro-tect African-American students trying to integrate a highschool in the Arkansas capital. Governor Orval Faubushad ordered the Arkansas National Guard to aid segre-gationists in preventing nine African-American studentsfrom enrolling at Little Rock’s Central High School. Af-ter attempting three times to contact Faubus, PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower sent 1000 troops from the active-duty 101st Airborne Division to escort and protect the

African-American students as they entered school onSeptember 25, 1957. In defiance of federal court ordersto integrate, the governor and city of Little Rock decidedto close the high schools for the remainder of the schoolyear. By the fall of 1959, however, the Little Rock highschools were completely integrated.[68]

Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, wasborn in Hope, Arkansas. Before his presidency, Clintonserved as the 40th and 42ndGovernor of Arkansas, a totalof nearly 12 years.

4 Cities and towns

Cleveland County Courthouse in Rison

See also: List of cities and towns in Arkansas, Arkansasmetropolitan areas and List of townships in Arkansas

Little Rock has been Arkansas’s capital city since 1821when it replaced Arkansas Post as the capital of theTerritory of Arkansas.[69] The state capitol was moved toHot Springs and later Washington during the Civil Warwhen the Union armies threatened the city in 1862, andstate government did not return to Little Rock until af-ter the war ended. Today, the Little Rock–North Lit-tle Rock–Conway metropolitan area is the largest in thestate, with a population of 724,385 in 2013.[70]

The Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Areais the second-largest metropolitan area in Arkansas,growing at the fastest rate due to the influx of busi-nesses and the growth of the University of Arkansas andWalmart.[71]

The state has eight cities with populations above 50,000(based on 2010 census). In descending order ofsize, they are: Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville,Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, andRogers. Of these, only Fort Smith and Jonesboroare outside the two largest metropolitan areas. Othernotable cities include Pine Bluff, Crossett, Lake Vil-lage, Hot Springs, Bentonville, Texarkana, Sherwood,Jacksonville, Russellville, Bella Vista, West Mem-phis, Paragould, Cabot, Searcy, Van Buren, El Do-

8 5 DEMOGRAPHICS

rado, Blytheville, Harrison, Dumas, Rison, Warren, andMountain Home.

5 Demographics

5.1 Population

Left: Arkansas’s population distribution. Red indicateshigh density in urban areas, green indicates low densityin rural areas.Right: Map showing population changes by countybetween 2000 and 2010. Blue indicates population gain,purple indicates population loss, and shade indicatesmagnitude.Main article: Demographics of Arkansas

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the pop-ulation of Arkansas was 2,966,369 on July 1, 2014, a1.73% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]

As of 2014, Arkansas has an estimated populationof 2,966,369.[2] From fewer than 15,000 in 1820,Arkansas’s population grew to 52,240 during a specialcensus in 1835, far exceeding the 40,000 required to ap-ply for statehood.[72] Following statehood in 1836, thepopulation doubled each decade until the 1870 Censusconducted following the Civil War. The state recordedgrowth in each successive decade, although it graduallyslowed in the 20th century.It recorded population losses in the 1950 and 1960 Cen-suses. This outmigration was a result of multiple factors,including farm mechanization, decreasing labor demand,and young educated people leaving the state due to a lackof non-farming industry in the state.[73] Arkansas again

began to grow, recording positive growth rates ever sinceand exceeding the 2 million mark during the 1980 Cen-sus.[74] Arkansas’s current rate of change, age distribu-tions, and gender distributions mirror national averages.Minority group data also approximates national averages.There are fewer people in Arkansas of Hispanic or Latinoorigin than the national average.[75] The center of popu-lation of Arkansas for 2000 was located in Perry County,near Nogal.[76]

5.2 Race and ancestry

In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 80.1%White (74.2% non-Hispanic White), 15.6% Black orAfrican American, 0.9% American Indian and AlaskaNative, 1.3% Asian, and 1.8% from Two or More Races.Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 6.6% of thepopulation.[78]

As of 2011, 39.0% of Arkansas’s population youngerthan age 1 were minorities.[79]

European Americans have a strong presence in the north-western Ozarks and the central part of the state. AfricanAmericans live mainly in the southern and eastern partsof the state. Arkansans of Irish, English and German an-cestry are mostly found in the far northwestern Ozarksnear the Missouri border. Ancestors of the Irish inthe Ozarks were chiefly Scots-Irish, Protestants fromNorthern Ireland, the Scottish lowlands and northernEngland part of the largest group of immigrants fromGreat Britain and Ireland before the American Revolu-tion. English and Scots-Irish immigrants settled through-out the backcountry of the South and in the more moun-tainous areas. Americans of English stock are foundthroughout the state.[83]

The principal ancestries of Arkansas’s residents in 2010were surveyed to be the following:[84]

• 15.5% African American

• 12.3% Irish

• 11.5% German

• 11.0% American

• 10.1% English

• 4.7% Mexican

• 2.1% French

• 1.7% Scottish

• 1.7% Dutch

• 1.6% Italian

• 1.4% Scots-Irish

6.1 Industry and commerce 9

Most of the people identifying as American are of En-glish descent and/or Scots-Irish descent. Their familieshave been in the state so long, in many cases since beforestatehood, that they choose to identify simply as havingAmerican ancestry or do not in fact know their own an-cestry. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the orig-inal 13 colonies and for this reason many of them todaysimply claim American ancestry. Many people who iden-tify themselves as Irish descent are in fact of Scots-Irishdescent.[85][86][87][88]

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Sur-vey, 93.8% of Arkansas’ population (over the age of five)spoke only English at home. About 4.5% of the state’spopulation spoke Spanish at home. About 0.7% of thestate’s population spoke any other Indo-European lan-guages. About 0.8% of the state’s population spoke anAsian language, and 0.2% spoke other languages.

5.3 Religion

Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is part of theBible Belt and is predominantly Protestant. The largestdenominations by number of adherents in 2010 were theSouthern Baptist Convention with 661,382; the UnitedMethodist Church with 158,574; non-denominationalEvangelical Protestants with 129,638; and the CatholicChurch with 122,662. However, there are some resi-dents of the state (approximately 1,301,561) who live byother religions such as Wiccan, Pagan, Islam, Hinduism,Buddhism or who prefer no religious denomination.[89]

6 Economy

See also: Economy of Arkansas, List of Arkansascompanies and Arkansas locations by per capita income

Once a state with a cashless society in the uplands andplantation agriculture in the lowlands, Arkansas’s econ-omy has evolved and diversified to meet the needs oftoday’s consumer. The state’s gross domestic product(GDP) was $105 billion in 2010.[90] Six Fortune 500companies are based in Arkansas, including the world’s#1 retailer, Walmart.[91] The per capita personal incomein 2010 was $36,027, ranking forty-fifth in the nation.[92]The three-year median household income from 2009-11 was $39,806, ranking forty-ninth in the nation.[93]The state’s agriculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soy-beans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Itsindustrial outputs are food processing, electric equip-ment, fabricated metal products, machinery, and paperproducts. Mines in Arkansas produce natural gas, oil,crushed stone, bromine, and vanadium.[94] According toCNBC, Arkansas currently ranks as the 20th best statefor business, with the 2nd-lowest cost of doing business,5th-lowest cost of living, 11th best workforce, 20th-best

The Simmons Tower is the state’s tallest building.

economic climate, 28th-best educated workforce, 31st-best infrastructure and the 32nd-friendliest regulatory en-vironment. Arkansas gained twelve spots in the beststate for business rankings since 2011.[95] As of 2014,Arkansas was found to be the most affordable US state tolive in.[96]

As of April 2013 the state’s unemployment rate is7.5%[97]

6.1 Industry and commerce

Arkansas’s earliest industries were fur trading and agri-culture, with development of cotton plantations in the ar-eas near the Mississippi River. They were dependent onslave labor through the American Civil War.Today only approximately 3% of the population is em-ployed in the agricultural sector,[98] it remains a majorpart of the state’s economy, ranking 13th in the nationin the value of products sold.[99] The state is the U.S.'slargest producer of rice, broilers, and turkeys,[100] andranks in the top three for cotton, pullets, and aquacul-ture (catfish).[99] Forestry remains strong in the ArkansasTimberlands, and the state ranks fourth nationally andfirst in the South in softwood lumber production.[101]In recent years, automobile parts manufacturers haveopened factories in eastern Arkansas to support autoplants in other states. Bauxite was formerly a largepart of the state’s economy, mined mostly around SalineCounty.[102]

10 7 CULTURE

Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy;the official state nickname “The Natural State” was cre-ated for state tourism advertising in the 1970s, and is stillused to this day. The state maintains 52 state parks andthe National Park Service maintains seven properties inArkansas. The completion of theWilliam Jefferson Clin-ton Presidential Library in Little Rock has drawn manyvisitors to the city and revitalized the nearby River Mar-ket District. Many cities also hold festivals which drawtourists to the culture of Arkansas, such as The BradleyCounty Pink Tomato Festival in Warren, King BiscuitBlues Festival, Ozark Folk Festival, Toad Suck Daze, andTontitown Grape Festival.

7 Culture

One of the bridge pavilions over Crystal Spring at Crystal BridgesMuseum of American Art, Bentonville

Main article: Culture of Arkansas

The culture of Arkansas is available to all in variousforms, whether it be architecture, literature, or fine andperforming arts. The state’s culture also includes distinctcuisine, dialect, and traditional festivals. Sports are alsovery important to the culture of Arkansas, ranging fromfootball, baseball, and basketball to hunting and fishing.Perhaps the best-known piece of Arkansas’s culture isthe stereotype of its citizens as shiftless hillbillies.[103]The reputation began when the state was characterizedby early explorers as a savage wilderness full of outlawsand thieves.[104] The most enduring icon of Arkansas’shillbilly reputation is The Arkansas Traveller, a painteddepiction of a folk tale from the 1840s.[105] Although in-tended to represent the divide between rich southeast-ern plantation Arkansas planters and the poor northwest-ern hill country, the meaning was twisted to represent aNortherner lost in the Ozarks on a white horse askinga backwoods Arkansan for directions.[106] The state alsosuffers from the racial stigma common to former Confed-erate states, with historical events such as the Little RockNine adding to Arkansas’s enduring image.[107]

Art and history museums display pieces of cultural valuefor Arkansans and tourists to enjoy. Crystal Bridges Mu-seum of American Art in Bentonville is the most popu-lar with 604,000 visitors in 2012, its first year.[108] Themuseum includes walking trails and educational opportu-nities in addition to displaying over 450 works coveringfive centuries of American art.[109] Several historic townsites have been restored as Arkansas state parks, includ-ing Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan HistoricState Park, and Davidsonville Historic State Park.Arkansas features a variety of native music across thestate, ranging from the blues heritage of West Memphis,Pine Bluff, Helena-West Helena to rockabilly, bluegrass,and folk music from the Ozarks. Festivals such as theKing Biscuit Blues Festival and Bikes, Blues, and BBQpay homage to the history of blues in the state. The OzarkFolk Festival in Mountain View is a celebration of Ozarkculture and often features folk and bluegrass musicians.Literature set in Arkansas such as I Know Why the CagedBird Sings byMaya Angelou andA Painted House by JohnGrisham describe the culture at various time periods.

7.1 Sports and recreation

The flooded forested bottomlands of east Arkansas attract win-tering waterfowl (Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge).

Sports have become an integral part of the culture ofArkansas, and her residents enjoy participating in andspectating various events throughout the year.Team sports and especially collegiate football have beenimportant to Arkansans. College football in Arkansas be-gan from humble beginnings. The University of Arkansasfirst fielded a team in 1894 when football was a very dan-gerous game. Recent studies of the damage to teammem-bers from the concussions common in football make itclear that the danger persists."Calling the Hogs" is a cheer that shows support for theRazorbacks, one of the two FBS teams in the state. Highschool football also began to grow in Arkansas in theearly 20th century. Over the years, many Arkansans havelooked to the Razorbacks football team as the public im-

11

age of the state. Following the Little Rock Nine integra-tion crisis at Little Rock Central High School, Arkansanslooked to the successful Razorback teams in the followingyears to repair the state’s reputation. Although the Uni-versity of Arkansas is based in Fayetteville, the Razor-backs have always played at least two games per seasonat War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock in an effort tokeep fan support in central and south Arkansas. ArkansasState University joined the University of Arkansas inthe Football Bowl Subdivision in 1992 after playing inlower divisions for nearly two decades. However, thetwo schools have never played each other, due to theUniversity of Arkansas’ policy of not playing intrastategames.[110] Six of Arkansas’ smaller colleges play in theGreat American Conference, with University of Arkansasat Pine Bluff playing in the Southwestern Athletic Con-ference and University of Central Arkansas competing inthe Southland Conference.Baseball runs deep in Arkansas and has been popularsince before the state hosted Major League Baseball(MLB) spring training in Hot Springs from 1886-1920s.Today, two minor league teams are based in the state.The Arkansas Travelers play at Dickey-Stephens Park inNorth Little Rock, and the Northwest Arkansas Naturalsplay in Arvest Ballpark in Springdale. Both teams com-pete in the Texas League.Related to the state’s frontier past, hunting continues inthe state. The state created the Arkansas Game and FishCommission in 1915 to regulate and enforce hunting.[111]Today a significant portion of Arkansas’s population par-ticipates in hunting duck in the Mississippi flyway anddeer across the state.[112] Millions of acres of public landare available for both bow and modern gun hunters.[112]

Fishing has always been popular in Arkansas, and thesport and the state have benefited from the creation ofreservoirs across the state. Following the completionof Norfork Dam, the Norfork Tailwater and the WhiteRiver have become a destination for trout fishers. Sev-eral smaller retirement communities such as Bull Shoals,Hot Springs Village, and Fairfield Bay have flourisheddue to their position on a fishing lake. The Buffalo Na-tional River has been preserved in its natural state by theNational Park Service and is frequented by fly fishers an-nually.

8 Health

See also: List of hospitals in Arkansas

Arkansans, as with many Southern states, have a highincidence of premature death, infant mortality, cardio-vascular deaths, and occupational fatalities compared tothe rest of the United States.[113] The state is tied for43rd with New York in percentage of adults who regu-larly exercise.[114] Arkansas is usually ranked as one of

UAMS Medical Center, Little Rock

the least healthy states due to high obesity, smoking, andsedentary lifestyle rates.[113] In contrast though a Galluppoll demonstrates that Arkansas made the most immedi-ate progress in reducing its number of uninsured residentsfollowing the passage of the Affordable Care Act. Thepercentage of uninsured in Arkansas dropped from 22.5percent in 2013 to 12.4 percent in August 2014.[115]

The Arkansas Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect in2006, a statewide smoking ban excluding bars and somerestaurants.[116]

Healthcare in Arkansas is provided by a network ofhospitals as members of the Arkansas Hospital Asso-ciation. Major institutions with multiple branches in-clude Baptist Health, Community Health Systems, andHealthSouth. The University of Arkansas for MedicalSciences (UAMS) in Little Rock operates the UAMSMedical Center, a teaching hospital ranked as high per-forming nationally in cancer and nephrology.[117] The pe-diatric division of UAMS Medical Center is known asArkansas Children’s Hospital, nationally ranked in pe-diatric cardiology and heart surgery.[118] Together, thesetwo institutions are the state’s only Level I trauma cen-ters.[119]

9 Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in Arkansas,List of high schools in Arkansas and List of schooldistricts in Arkansas

Arkansas ranks as the 32nd smartest state on the MorganQuitno Smartest State Award, 44th in percentage of resi-dents with at least a high school diploma, and 48th in per-centage of bachelor’s degree attainment.[120][121] How-ever, Arkansas has been making major strides recently ineducation reform. Education Week has praised the state,ranking Arkansas in the top 10 of their Quality CountsEducation Rankings every year since 2009 while scor-ing it in the top 5 during 2012 and 2013.[122][123][124]

12 10 TRANSPORTATION

Old Main, part of the Campus Historic District at the Universityof Arkansas in Fayetteville

Arkansas specifically received an A in Transition andPolicy Making for progress in this area consisting ofearly-childhood education, college readiness, and careerreadiness.[125] Governor Mike Beebe has made improv-ing education a major issue through his attempts to spendmore on education.[126] Through reforms, the state isnow a leader in requiring curricula designed to preparestudents for postsecondary education, rewarding teach-ers for student achievement, and providing incentives forprincipals who work in lower-tier schools.[127]

In 2010 Arkansas students earned an average score of20.3 on the ACT exam, just below the national av-erage of 21. These results were expected due to thelarge increase in the number of students taking theexam since the establishment of the Academic Chal-lenge Scholarship.[128] Top high schools receiving recog-nition from the U.S. News & World Report are spreadacross the state, including Haas Hall Academy in Fayet-teville, KIPP Delta Collegiate in Helena-West Helena,Bentonville, Rogers, Rogers Heritage, Valley Springs,Searcy, and McCrory.[129] A total of 81 Arkansas highschools were ranked by the U.S. News & World Reportin 2012.[130]

The state supports a network of public universitiesand colleges, including two major university systems:Arkansas State University System and University ofArkansas System. The University of Arkansas, flagshipcampus of the University of Arkansas System in Fayet-teville was ranked #63 among public schools in the na-

tion by U.S. News & World Report.[131] Other public in-stitutions include University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff,Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University,Southern Arkansas University, and University of CentralArkansas across the state. It is also home to 11 privatecolleges and universities including Hendrix College, oneof the nation’s top 100 liberal arts colleges, according toU.S. News & World Report.[132]

10 Transportation

Main articles: Transportation in Arkansas, List ofArkansas railroads and Aviation in ArkansasTransportation in Arkansas is overseen by the Arkansas

The Greenville Bridge over the Mississippi River, August 2009

The Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad

State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD),headquartered in Little Rock. Several main corridorspass through Little Rock, including Interstate 30 (I-30)and I-40 (the nation’s 3rd-busiest trucking corridor).[133]In northeast Arkansas, I-55 travels north from MemphistoMissouri, with a new spur to Jonesboro (I-555). North-west Arkansas is served by I-540 from Fort Smith toBella Vista, which is a segment of future I-49. Thestate also has the 13th largest state highway system in thenation.[134]

11.2 Legislative 13

Arkansas is served by 2,750 miles (4,430 km) of railroadtrack divided among twenty-six railroad companies in-cluding three Class I railroads.[135] Freight railroads areconcentrated in southeast Arkansas to serve the industriesin the region. The Texas Eagle, an Amtrak passengertrain, serves five stations in the state Walnut Ridge, LittleRock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, and Texarkana.Arkansas also benefits from the use of its rivers forcommerce. The Mississippi River and Arkansas Riverare both major rivers. The United States Army Corpsof Engineers maintains the McClellan-Kerr ArkansasRiver Navigation System, allowing barge traffic up theArkansas River to the Port of Catoosa in Tulsa, Okla-homa.There are four airports with commercial service: ClintonNational Airport, Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport,Fort Smith Regional Airport, and Texarkana RegionalAirport, with dozens of smaller airports in the state.Public transit and community transport services for theelderly or those with developmental disabilities are pro-vided by agencies such as the Central Arkansas TransitAuthority and the Ozark Regional Transit, organizationsthat are part of the Arkansas Transit Association.

11 Law and government

Main article: Politics and government of Arkansas

As with the federal government of the United States, po-litical power in Arkansas is divided into three branches:executive, legislative, and judicial. Each officer’s termis four years long. Office holders are term-limited totwo full terms plus any partial terms before the first fullterm.[136]

11.1 Executive

Main article: Governor of ArkansasSee also: List of Governors of Arkansas

The current Governor of Arkansas is Asa Hutchin-son, a Republican, who was inaugurated on January13, 2015.[137][138] The six other elected executive po-sitions in Arkansas are lieutenant governor, secretaryof state, attorney general, treasurer, auditor, and landcommissioner.[139] The governor also appoints qualifiedindividuals to lead various state boards, committees, anddepartments. Arkansas governors served two-year termsuntil a referendum lengthened the term to four years, ef-fective with the 1986 general election.In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separatelyfrom the governor and thus can be from a different polit-ical party.[140]

11.2 Legislative

Main article: Arkansas General Assembly

The Arkansas General Assembly is the state’s bicameralbodies of legislators, composed of the Senate and Houseof Representatives. The Senate contains 35 membersfrom districts of approximately equal population. Thesedistricts are redrawn decennially with each US census,and in election years ending in “2”, the entire body isput up for reelection. Following the election, half ofthe seats are designated as two-year seats and will beup for reelection again in two years, these “half-terms”do not count against a legislator’s term limits. The re-maining half serve a full four-year term. This staggerselections such that half the body is up for re-election ev-ery two years and allows for complete body turnover fol-lowing redistricting.[141] Arkansas voters selected a 21-14 Republican majority in the Senate in 2012. ArkansasHouse members can serve a maximum of three two-yearterms. House districts are redistricted by the ArkansasBoard of Apportionment. Following the 2012 elections,Republicans gained a 51-49 majority in the House ofRepresentatives.[142]

The Republican Party majority status in the ArkansasState House of Representatives following the 2012 elec-tions is the party’s first since 1874. Arkansas was thelast state of the old Confederacy to never have Repub-licans control either chamber of its house since the CivilWar.[143]

Following the term limits changes, studies have shownthat lobbyists have become less influential in state poli-tics, but legislative staff, not subject to term limits, haveacquired additional power and influence due to the highrate of elected official turnover.[144]

11.3 Judicial

Main article: Courts of Arkansas

Arkansas’s judicial branch has five court systems:Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals,Circuit Courts, District Courts and City Courts.Most cases begin in district court, which is subdividedinto state district court and local district court. Statedistrict courts exercise district-wide jurisdiction over thedistricts created by the General Assembly, and local dis-trict courts are presided over by part-time judges whomay privately practice law. There are currently 25 statedistrict court judges presiding over 15 districts, with moredistricts to be created in 2013 and 2017. There are 28judicial circuits of Circuit Court, with each contains fivesubdivisions: criminal, civil, probate, domestic relations,and juvenile court. The jurisdiction of the ArkansasCourt of Appeals is determined by the Arkansas Supreme

14 12 ATTRACTIONS

Court, and there is no right of appeal from the Courtof Appeals to the high court. However, the ArkansasSupreme Court can review Court of Appeals cases uponapplication by either a party to the litigation, upon requestby the Court of Appeals, or if the Arkansas SupremeCourt feels the case should have been initially assigned toit. The twelve judges of the Arkansas Court of Appealsare elected from judicial districts to renewable six-yearterms.The Arkansas Supreme Court is the court of last resort inthe state, composed of seven justices elected to eight-yearterms. Established by the Arkansas Constitution in 1836,the court’s decisions can be appealed to only the SupremeCourt of the United States.

11.4 Federal

Both of Arkansas’s U.S. Senators, John Boozman andTom Cotton, are Republicans. The state has four seatsin U.S. House of Representatives. All four seats are heldby Republicans: Rick Crawford (1st district), French Hill(2nd district), Steve Womack (3rd district), and BruceWesterman (4th district).[145]

11.5 Politics

Main article: Politics and government of Arkansas

Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton brought national atten-tion to the state with a long speech at the 1988 Demo-cratic National Convention endorsing Michael Dukakis.Pundits suggested the speech would ruin Clinton’s po-litical career, but instead, Clinton won the Democraticnomination for President the following cycle. Present-ing himself as a “New Democrat” and using incumbentGeorge H. W. Bush's broken promise against him, Clin-ton won the 1992 presidential election (43.0% of thevote) against Republican Bush (37.4% of the vote) andbillionaire populist Ross Perot, who ran as an indepen-dent (18.9% of the vote).Most Republican strength traditionally lied mainly in thenorthwestern part of the state, particularly Fort Smith andBentonville, as well as North Central Arkansas aroundthe Mountain Home area. In the latter area, Repub-licans have been known to get 90 percent or more ofthe vote, while the rest of the state was more Demo-cratic. After 2010, Republican strength expanded fur-ther to the Northeast and Southwest and into the LittleRock suburbs. The Democrats are mostly concentratednow to central Little Rock, theMississippi Delta, the PineBluff area, and the areas around the southern border withLouisiana.Arkansas has only elected three Republicans to the U.S.Senate since Reconstruction, Tim Hutchinson, who wasdefeated after one term by Mark Pryor; John Boozman,

who defeated incumbent Blanche Lincoln; and Tom Cot-ton, who defeatedMark Pryor in the 2014 elections. Priorto 2013, the General Assembly had not been controlledby the Republican Party since Reconstruction, with theGOP holding a 51-seat majority in the state House anda 21-seat (of 35) in the state Senate following victoriesin 2012. Arkansas was one of just three states among thestates of the former Confederacy that sent two Democratsto the U.S. Senate (the others being Florida and Virginia)for any period during the first decade of the 21st century.In 2010, Republicans captured three of the state’s fourseats in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 2012, Re-publicans won election for all four House seats. Arkansasheld the distinction of having a U.S. House delegationcomposed entirely of military veterans (Rick Crawford- Army; Tim Griffin - Army Reserve; Steve Womack -Army National Guard, Tom Cotton- Army). In 2014,the last Democrat in Arkansas’ Congressional Delega-tion, Mark Pryor, was defeated in campaign to win athird term in the U.S. Senate, leaving the entire congres-sional delegation in GOP hands for the first time sinceReconstruction.Reflecting the state’s large evangelical population, thestate has a strong social conservative bent. Under theArkansas Constitution Arkansas is a right to work state,its voters passed a ban on same-sex marriage with 75%voting yes, and the state is one of a handful with legis-lation on its books banning abortion in the event Roe v.Wade is ever overturned.

12 Attractions

Blanchard Springs Caverns in Stone County is a popular touristdestination.

Arkansas is home tomany areas protected by theNationalPark System. These include:[146]

• Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett

• Blanchard Springs Caverns

• Buffalo National River

15

• Fort Smith National Historic Site

• Hot Springs National Park

• Little Rock Central High School National HistoricSite

• Pea Ridge National Military Park

• President William Jefferson Clinton BirthplaceHome National Historic Site

• Arkansas State Capitol Building

• List of Arkansas state parks

13 See also

• Outline of Arkansas – organized list of topics aboutArkansas

• Index of Arkansas-related articles

• List of people from Arkansas

• LGBT rights in Arkansas

14 Notes[1] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of

1988.

[2] The Geographic Names Index System (GNIS) of theUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) indicates thatthe official name of this feature is Magazine Mountain,not “Mount Magazine”. Although not a hard and fast rule,generally “Mount X” is used for a peak and “XMountain”is more frequently used for ridges, which better describesthis feature. Magazine Mountain appears in the GNISas a ridge,[5] with Signal Hill identified as its summit.[6]"Mount Magazine" is the name used by the Arkansas De-partment of Parks and Tourism, which follows what thelocals have used since the area was first settled.

[3] The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled ina variety of fashions. The region was organized as theTerritory of Arkansaw on July 4, 1819, but the territorywas admitted to the United States as the state of Arkansason June 15, 1836. The name was historically /ˈɑrkənsɔː/,/ɑrˈkænzəs/, and several other variants. Historically andmodernly, the people of Arkansas call themselves either“Arkansans” or “Arkansawyers”. In 1881, the ArkansasGeneral Assembly passed the following concurrent reso-lution, now Arkansas Code 1 April 105:[13]

Whereas, confusion of practice has arisenin the pronunciation of the name of our stateand it is deemed important that the true pro-nunciation should be determined for use inoral official proceedings. And, whereas, thematter has been thoroughly investigated by

the State Historical Society and the Eclec-tic Society of Little Rock, which have agreedupon the correct pronunciation as derivedfrom history, and the early usage of theAmerican immigrants. Be it therefore re-solved by both houses of the General As-sembly, that the only true pronunciation ofthe name of the state, in the opinion of thisbody, is that received by the French from thenative Indians and committed to writing inthe French word representing the sound. Itshould be pronounced in three (3) syllables,with the final “s” silent, the “a” in each sylla-ble with the Italian sound, and the accent onthe first and last syllables. The pronunciationwith the accent on the second syllable withthe sound of “a” in “man” and the sounding ofthe terminal “s” is discouraged by Arkansans.

Citizens of the state of Kansas often pronounce theArkansas River as /ɑrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, in a manner similarto the common pronunciation of the name of their state.

15 References[1] Blevins 2009, p. 2.

[2] “Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Populationfor the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico:April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014” (CSV). U.S. Census Bu-reau. January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.

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[5] “Magazine Mountain”. Geographic Names InformationSystem. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved Jan-uary 2, 2013.

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[9] Lyon, Owen (Autumn 1950). “The Trail of the Quapaw”.Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Arkansas Historical Asso-ciation) 9: 206–7.

[10] Cash, Marie (December 1943). “Arkansas AchievesStatehood”. Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Arkansas His-torical Association) 2.

[11] Blevins 2009, p. 4.

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[36] Federal Writers’ Project 1987, p. 12.

[37] Federal Writers’ Project 1987, pp. 12-13.

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[57] Scroggs 1961, pp. 231-232.

17

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[72] Arnold et al. 2002, p. 106.

[73] Holley, Donald (Autumn 2005). “Leaving the Landof Opportunity: Arkansas and the Great Migration”.Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Arkansas Historical Asso-ciation) 64: 247–248.

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[77] Resident Population Data (January 7, 2015). “ResidentPopulation Data - 2010 Census”. 2010.census.gov. Re-trieved January 7, 2015.

[78] “Arkansas QuickFacts”. U.S. Census Bureau.

[79] Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). “Americans under age 1 nowmostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot”.The Plain Dealer.

[80] Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race,1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, ForThe United States, Regions, Divisions, and States

[81] Population of Arkansas: Census 2010 and 2000 Interac-tive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts

[82] 2010 Census Data

[83] David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folk-ways in America, New York: Oxford University Press,1989, pp.633–639

[84] American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau(2010). “Arkansas – Selected Social Characteristics in theUnited States”. American Community Survey. RetrievedJuly 4, 2012.

[85] Sharing theDream: WhiteMales in aMulticultural Amer-ica By Dominic J. Pulera.

[86] Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about An-cestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No.3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.

[87] Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativ-ity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns’,Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.

[88] Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groupsin Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of AmericanWhites’, Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp.82–86.

[89] “The Association of Religion Data Archives | State mem-bership Report”. www.Thearda.com. Retrieved Novem-ber 7, 2013.

[90] “Graph: Total Gross Domestic Product by State forArkansas”. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. January1, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[91] “Fortune 500”. Forbes. 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.

[92] “Graph: Per Capita Personal Income in Arkansas”. Fed-eral Reserve Bank of St. Louis. January 1, 2011. Re-trieved September 11, 2012.

[93] “Table H-8B. Median Income of Households by State Us-ing Three-Year Moving Averages: 1984 to 2011”. UnitedStates Census Bureau. 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2012.

[94] “The Mineral Industry of Arkansas” (PDF). 2008 Miner-als Yearbook. United States Geological Survey. August2011. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[95] “Arkansas #20”. America’s Best States for Business 2012.CNBC. 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.

[96] EZ Landlord Forms. “Cost To Rent A Home”. ezland-lordforms.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.

18 15 REFERENCES

[97] “Graph: Unemployment Rate in Arkansas”. Federal Re-serve Bank of St. Louis. November 2013. Retrieved Jan-uary 26, 2014.

[98] “Selected Economic Characteristics 2006-2010 Ameri-can Community Survey 5-Year Estimates”. United StatesCensus Bureau. 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2012.

[99] “Arkansas State Profile” (PDF). Census of Agriculture.United States Department of Agriculture. 2007. Re-trieved October 4, 2012.

[100] U.S. Department of Agriculture, National AgriculturalStatistics Service, Poultry – Production and Value, 2010Summary, data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008,2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.

[101] Pelkki, Matthew H. “An Economic Assessment ofArkansas’ Forest Industries: Challenges and Opportuni-ties for the 21st Century” (PDF). University of Arkansas-Monticello School of Forest Resources, Arkansas For-est Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division ofAgriculture. Retrieved October 4, 2012.

[102] Bush, William V. “History of Bauxite in Arkansas”(PDF). Arkansas Geological Survey. Retrieved October4, 2012.

[103] Arnold et al. 2002, p. 115.

[104] Blevins 2009, p. 15.

[105] Blevins 2009, p. 30.

[106] Sutherlin 1996, p. 20.

[107] Sutherlin 1996, p. 17.

[108] Bartels, Chuck (November 12, 2012). “600K visitorslater, Crystal Bridges turns 1”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer.Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[109] Reynolds, Chris (October 14, 2012). “Crystal Bridges artmuseum is reshaping Wal-Mart’s hometown”. ChicagoTribune. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[110] “Arkansas matchup is not likely soon”. Sun Herald. July20, 2003. p. 9B.

[111] Griffee, Carol. “Odyssey Of Survival, A History of theArkansas Conservation Sales Tax” (PDF). p. 10. Re-trieved September 16, 2012.

[112] Sutherlin 1996, p. 164.

[113] “Arkansas”. America’s Health Rankings. United HealthFoundation. 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

[114] “Physical exercise (most recent) by state”. Health Statis-tics. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

[115] Wilson, Reid. “Arkansas is the Best State in America”.www.washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Re-trieved 9 August 2014.

[116] “Arkansas Smoking Ban”. KLRT-TV. July 22, 2006. Re-trieved January 21, 2013.

[117] “University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences”. Health &Hospitals. U.S. News &World Report. Retrieved January21, 2013.

[118] “Arkansas Children’s Hospital”. Health & Hospitals. U.S.News & World Report. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

[119] “Designated Trauma Centers”. Arkansas Department ofHealth. December 17, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

[120] “2006-2007 Smartest State Award”. Morgan QuitnoPress. Retrieved September 3, 2012.

[121] “Educational Attainment, American Community Survey1-Year Estimates”. 2010 United States Census. UnitedStates Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved September 3,2012.

[122] http://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2009/17src.h28.html

[123] http://www.edweek.org/media/qualitycounts2012_release.pdf

[124] http://www.edweek.org/media/QualityCounts2013_Release.pdf

[125] Hightower, Amy M. “States Show Spotty Progress on Ed-ucation Gauges”. Education Week. pp. 42, 44. Retrieved23 June 2015.

[126] Blagg, Brenda (April 12, 2007). “Lawsuit may go wayof Lake View district”. DeWitt, Arkansas: Dewitt Era-Enterprise. p. 4A.

[127] Sauter, Michael; Weigley, Samuel (January 30, 2013).“The states with the best and worst schools”. Yahoo. Re-trieved February 1, 2013.

[128] “Arkansas’ ACT score slips in 2010”. Arkansas PublicSchool Resource Center. August 18, 2010. RetrievedSeptember 3, 2012.

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[130] “Arkansas High Schools”. U.S. News & World Report.2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.

[131] “Top Public Schools”. College Ranking Lists. U.S. News& World Report. 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.

[132] “National Liberal Arts College Rankings”. U.S. News &World Report. 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.

[133] Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., Sutapa. “Memphis: The Num-ber One City of Chemical Related Incidents in Tennessee”(PDF). Tennessee Department of Health. Retrieved Au-gust 25, 2012.

[134] Hartgen, Ph.D., P.E., David T.; Karanam, M. Gregory;Fields; Kerscher, Travis A. (September 2010). “19th An-nual Report on the Performance of State Highway Sys-tems (1984-2008)" (PDF) (PDF). Reason Foundation. p.46.

[135] “Arkansas State Rail Plan” (PDF). Arkansas State High-way and Transportation Department. 2002. p. 3. Re-trieved August 25, 2012.

19

[136] English, Art; Weberg, Brian (2005). “Term Limits in theArkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Re-sponds” (PDF). Joint Project on Term Limits. NationalConference of State Legislatures. p. 1. Retrieved Febru-ary 3, 2013.

[137] “Winners in '06 Governors races” (PDF). Retrieved July30, 2010.

[138] “Arkansas.gov Administration page for Governor”.Dwe.arkansas.gov. March 16, 2007. Retrieved July 30,2010.

[139] Arkansas Code 7 May 806.

[140] “Office of Lieutenant Governor”. Encyclopedia ofArkansas History and Culture. The Pryor Center. Febru-ary 28, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2013.

[141] Greenberg, Dan. “The Dangers of Diluting Term Limits”.Arkansas Policy Center. Retrieved February 3, 2012.

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[143] “Arkansas Senate flips; first time since Reconstruction”.The Courier. November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 8,2013.

[144] English, Art; Weberg, Brian (2005). “Term Limits in theArkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Re-sponds” (PDF). Joint Project on Term Limits. NationalConference of State Legislatures. pp. 33–34. RetrievedFebruary 3, 2013.

[145] Urban, Peter (January 4, 2013). “New Arkansas Rep.Cotton Draws Spotlight; 113th Congress Sworn In”. TheTimes-Record. Retrieved January 6, 2013.

[146] “Arkansas”. National Park Service. Retrieved July 15,2008.

15.1 Bibliography

• Arnold, Morris S (Spring 1992). “The Significanceof the Arkansas Colonial Experience”. ArkansasHistorical Quarterly (Arkansas Historical Associa-tion) 51: 69–82.

• Arnold, Morris S.; DeBlack, Thomas A; Sabo III,George; Whayne, Jeannie M (2002). Arkansas: Anarrative history (1st ed.). Fayetteville, AR: TheUniversity of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-724-4. OCLC 49029558.

• Blevins, Brooks (2009). Arkansas/Arkansaw, HowBear Hunters, Hillbillies & Good Ol' Boys Defineda State. Fayetteville, AR: University of ArkansasPress. ISBN 978-1-55728-952-0

• Bolton, S. Charles (Spring 1999). “Slavery and theDefining of Arkansas”. The Arkansas HistoricalQuarterly (Arkansas Historical Association) 58.

• Fletcher, John Gould (1989). Carpenter, Lucas,ed. Arkansas 2. Fayetteville, AR: University ofArkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-040-1. OCLC555740849.

• Johnson, William R. (Spring 1965). “Prelude tothe Missouri Compromise: A New York Congress-man’s Effort to Exclude Slavery from Arkansas Ter-ritory”. Arkansas Historical Quarterly (ArkansasHistorical Association) 24: 47–66.

• Scroggs, Jack B (Autumn 1961). “Arkansas State-hood: A Study in State and National PoliticalSchism”. Arkansas Historical Quarterly (ArkansasHistorical Association) 20: 227–244.

• Smith, Richard M. (1989). The Atlas of Arkansas.The University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1557280473.

• White, Lonnie J. (Autumn 1962). “Arkansas Terri-torial Indian Affairs”. Arkansas Historical Quarterly(Arkansas Historical Association) 21: 193–212.

• Sutherlin, Diann (1996). The Arkansas Handbook(2nd ed.). Little Rock, Arkansas: Fly By NightPress. ISBN 0-932531-03-2. LCCN 95-90761.

• The WPA Guide to 1930s Arkansas. Federal Writ-ers’ Project (1st paperback ed.). Lawrence, KS: Uni-versity Press of Kansas. 1987 [1941]. ISBN 978-0700603411. LCCN 87-81307.

16 Further reading• Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth Arkansas Politics &

Government: Do the People Rule? (2005)

• Deblack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword:Arkansas, 1861–1874 (2003)

• Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr.,eds. The Governors of Arkansas (1981)

• Dougan, Michael B. Confederate Arkansas (1982),

• Duvall, Leland. ed., Arkansas: Colony and State(1973)

• Hamilton, Peter Joseph. The Reconstruction Period(1906), full length history of era; Dunning Schoolapproach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas

• Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. Histori-cal Atlas of Arkansas (1992)

• Key, V. O. Southern Politics (1949)

• Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Ac-tivism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970 (2002).

• McMath, Sidney S. Promises Kept (2003)

20 17 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Moore, Waddy W. ed., Arkansas in the Gilded Age,1874–1900 (1976).

• Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America:People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep SouthStates (1974).

• Thompson, Brock. The Un-Natural State: Arkansasand the Queer South (2010)

• Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction(1976)

• Whayne, Jeannie M. Arkansas Biography: A Collec-tion of Notable Lives (2000)

• White, Lonnie J. Politics on the Southwestern Fron-tier: Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836 (1964)

• Williams, C. Fred. ed. A Documentary History OfArkansas (2005)

17 External links• Arkansas.gov - Official State Website

• Arkansas State Facts from USDA

• Official State tourism website

• The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture

• Energy & Environmental Data for Arkansas

• U.S. Census Bureau

• 2000 Census of Population and Housing forArkansas, U.S. Census Bureau

• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific re-sources of Arkansas

• Arkansas Summer Camps

• Arkansas Shakespeare Theatre

• Arkansas at Ballotpedia

• Arkansas at DMOZ

• Geographic data related to Arkansas atOpenStreetMap

• Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)

• Arkansas State Databases – Annotated list ofsearchable databases produced by Arkansas stateagencies and compiled by the Government Docu-ments Roundtable of the American Library Asso-ciation.

Coordinates: 34°48′N 92°12′W / 34.8°N 92.2°W

21

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text• Arkansas Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas?oldid=693693892 Contributors: The Epopt, Brion VIBBER, Mav, Tarquin,

Koyaanis Qatsi, Verloren, BenBaker, Danny, XJaM, Sfmontyo, Christian List, Ortolan88, Zoe, Ram-Man, Patrick, Infrogmation, Wap-caplet, Minesweeper, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, TUF-KAT, LouI, Poor Yorick, John K, Rob Hooft, Mxn, Jengod, RickK,Choster, JCarriker, Dysprosia, Fuzheado, Jeversol, WhisperToMe, SatyrTN, Robertb-dc, Tpbradbury, E23~enwiki, VeryVerily, Ed g2s,Ark30inf, Phoebe, Topbanana, Raul654, MD87, Jason Potter, Robbot, Dale Arnett, RedWolf, Altenmann, Nurg, Romanm, Postdlf, Oji-giri~enwiki, 75th Trombone, Hadal, JesseW, Wikibot, Roozbeh, Lupo, Mattflaschen, Xyzzyva, Decumanus, Alexwcovington, Bork, Hang-ingCurve, Everyking, Snowdog, Stern~enwiki, Waltpohl, Rick Block, Rpyle731, Yekrats, Solipsist, Golbez, Wmahan, Stevietheman, Chow-bok, Utcursch, Andycjp, Keith Edkins, Yath, Quadell, Antandrus, Beland, Vina, Huntington, Kesac, JimWae, Balcer, Bumm13, Saopaulo1,Herrick~enwiki, Neutrality, Urhixidur, Ukexpat, Ulmanor, Grunt, The stuart, Dausha, Dufekin, ChrisRuvolo, Duja, DanielCD, Lan56,Moverton, Diagonalfish, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Guanabot, Supercoop, Cacycle, Vsmith, MeltBanana, Xezbeth, ArthurHolland, Bender235, ESkog, JoeSmack, Czrisher, Mcpusc, Evice, CanisRufus, Zscout370, El C, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Aude, Bobo192,Circeus, Kb3edk, Stesmo, Smalljim, Euniana, Wisdom89, Acntx, JW1805, ArkansasTraveler, Giraffedata, Juzeris, TheProject, Shereth,DCEdwards1966, Chicago god, BSveen, HasharBot~enwiki, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Buaidh, Queson, Ricky81682, Axl, Sligocki, Kocio,TommyBoy, Scott5114, Wtmitchell, Gdavidp, GL, Cburnett, HenkvD, Harej, Sciurinæ, Zoohouse, Zereshk, Kazvorpal, Adrian.benko,Burkinaboy, Angr, Rorschach, Firsfron, Woohookitty, SinjinRJ, Rocastelo, James Kemp, WadeSimMiser, JeremyA, Matijap, MONGO,Schzmo, Amikeco, Jhortman, Zzyzx11, Kralizec!, Wayward, MarcoTolo, Dysepsion, Youngamerican, Behun, Graham87, Jack Cox, Revas,GoldRingChip, BD2412, Chun-hian, BorgHunter, Kane5187, Edison, Jkatzen, The chavi, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Koavf, Nkrosse, Kinu,Amire80, Crobertson, TheRingess, Mike s, Vegaswikian, Kazrak, Docether, DoubleBlue, Ttwaring, The Bob Talbot, MikeJ9919, Ucucha,Fred Bradstadt, Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, Qqqqqq, FlaBot, Archmagi1, Ground Zero, WillC, Harmil, GeeZee, Skillz187, RexNL,Otets, Wars, King of Hearts, CJLL Wright, Chobot, WiccaIrish, JesseGarrett, VolatileChemical, Bgwhite, Hall Monitor, YurikBot, Tex-asAndroid, Jcam, Al Silonov, Paleok, RussBot, Drsowell, Pigman, Epolk, OldRight, Danbarnesdavies, ScottMainwaring, Locke411,Lord Voldemort, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Gcapp1959, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Swollib, Wiki alf, Aeusoes1, DM Andy, Badagnani,Rjensen, Howcheng, Robdurbar, CrazyC83, Ruhrfisch, Misza13, Alex43223, MSJapan, Gmatsuda, BOT-Superzerocool, Gadget850,Wangi, Moreau36, Bota47, Barnabypage, Cardsplayer4life, Doncram, D-Day, Speedoflight, Nlu, Wknight94, Brainwad, Pinikas, Lt-wiki-bot, KGasso, Rushadthomas, Dspradau, GraemeL, Rlove, Peter, Whobot, Benhealy, EasterMonkey, Staxringold, Ybbor, Rexmonaco, Grin-Bot~enwiki, Tom Morris, David Wahler, robot, West Virginian, Allium, Sardanaphalus, Rmodnar, SmackBot, Pwt898, MattieTK,Gruber76, Pfly, Burroughsks88, Prodego, Rmcdou1, C.Fred, InvictaHOG, Rokfaith, Blue520, Bomac, EncycloPetey, Jab843, Hardyplants,Mdd4696, Jcbarr, Fishing, HornetMike, Frymaster, Jringer, Kintetsubuffalo, Aivazovsky, InvertedSaint, Swerdnaneb, GraemeMcRae,Wittylama, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Quidam65, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Betacommand, Skizzik, GwydionM, BirdValiant, Schmit-eye, Senarclens, Kurykh, Bidgee, Jibbajabba, Basquetteur, Trebor, MK8, MalafayaBot, Timneu22, SchfiftyThree, Baa, DHN-bot~enwiki,Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Mjl0509, Ahassan05~enwiki, Wilybadger, Pt1234, Trekphiler, Lbbzman, Reesh, JimIrwin, Smallbones,Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Nixeagle, RebelAt, MJCdetroit, Jajhill, Rrburke, Andy120290, Addshore, Chcknwnm, Thrane, Khoikhoi, Nakon,RaCha'ar, KI, Diocles, Fogherty V. 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Ric, Deflective, Leuko, Adam 1212, Barek, Wwb, The Transhumanist, Ruby Rose, NE2,Bullshark44, Okiefromokla (old), Rentaferret, Bmv 1978, J.kirk, Acroterion, Juantay, Randomglitter, Akuyume, Benstown, Magioladi-tis, Xangis, OJH~enwiki, Pedro, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, MartinDK, AuburnPilot, RBBrittain, Scanlan, Hasek is the best, JNW, Vel-vet elvis81, Rivertorch, Tedickey, Thermal0xidizer, Nyttend, The Anomebot2, DXRAW, Yesyoudid, Petereck, KConWiki, Catgut, Ani-mum, Loonymonkey, BilCat, Allstarecho, ArmadilloFromHell, DerHexer, Trparadise, GregU, Gphoto, TheRanger, Tracer9999, Flowanda,Pauly04, MartinBot, Gihmah, Poeloq, SwampStomp, Rettetast, Tholly, R'n'B, AlexiusHoratius, Vox Rationis, Pokerfacepatrol, Lilac Soul,Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, BigrTex, Svetovid, Khurg100, Robertablake, Numbo3, Silverxxx, 72Dino, WarthogDemon,AeturnalNarcosis, M C Y 1008, Missar, LordAnubisBOT, McSly, L'Aquatique, Wajay 47, SchirmerPower, Lizzie Harrison, Belovedf-reak, Bobianite, BostonRed, KCinDC, Flatterworld, NotYouHaha, Dpm12, KylieTastic, Addison0426, Juliancolton, Tiggerjay, Ken g6,King Toadsworth, DeltaCreative, RVJ, Premiercolleges, Andy Marchbanks, Phantomksu, HighKing, Razorbacks2009, StoptheDatabas-eState, Izno, Halmstad, Danyclement, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Highfields, Mastrchf91, Wikieditor06, ChaosNil, Himm~enwiki, Extremeoutdoors, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, LionMans Account, Tesscass, Censusdata, Pammb, AlnoktaBOT, Latash, Aesopos, Maxtremus, Bri-anHolthouse, Philip Trueman, DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, Dcornwall, Twistingthenightaway, MeStevo, Java7837, Jonnydeluxe, Buddysystem,Beezer137, Spydrlink, Qxz, Dendodge, Corvus cornix, Dbjones, JhsBot, LeaveSleaves, HuskyHuskie, Brandonrush, Seb az86556, Ha-baneroman, Jtygs, CMSdline, Tidying Up, Romeisburning, Mouse is back, Hahagotyou, Andy Dingley, Highway69, Meters, Y, Mvsmost-wnted, AshleyMotown, Enviroboy, Root Beers, Dubyavee, Sevela.p, Why Not A Duck, Fltnsplr, Sgr2000, AlleborgoBot, Michael Frind,Stevewonder2, NHRHS2010, Drums600, BartLIV, Generic Politician, SaltyBoatr, Seanmagill, SieBot, Coffee, Dlfreem, HelenSimons,Judeeclare, Ninjaphobos, Calabraxthis, Rmcclen, Sugarrose, Flyer22 Reborn, Exert, Bgnib, Mruffin3, Oda Mari, Jojalozzo, JayLilRok06,JetLover, Snideology, CutOffTies, Brianreed15, Byrialbot, 1.21 jigwatts, Harry~enwiki, Hello71, Lightmouse, Tombomp, B1157, Wle-gro, Jhacob, Nksawyer, BenoniBot~enwiki, Greybear1701, OKBot, Kumioko (renamed), Michaelthompsonrules, Anynabiddle, StaticGull,Deathbird909, Anchor Link Bot, Jacob.jose, Efmovie, Dabomb87, DRTllbrg, Barrabhoy, Richard David Ramsey, Kanonkas, Amazonien,Velvetron, TheCatalyst31, Kobalt915m, ImageRemovalBot, ElChupanebre, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Chrisdelacruz2000, Elassint, Pho-tolitherland, ClueBot, Amaamaddq, GorillaWarfare, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, Chairmanriot, Plastikspork, Keraunoscopia,Mr.grantevans2, R000t, CounterVandalismBot, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, ALifeMoreHerbal, Hebrew613, Parkwells, Neverquick, Pras,RenamedUser jaskldjslak903, Auntof6, Vpuliva, Bbalgirl10124, DragonBot, Reconfirmer, Excirial, Alexbot, PixelBot, Ice Cold Beer,

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18.2 Images• File:2003_AR_Proof.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/2003_AR_Proof.png License: Public domain

Contributors: http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=photo United StatesMintOriginal artist: United StatesMint• File:Arkansas,_Percent_Change_in_Population_by_County,_2000_to_2010.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

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• File:Arkansas_7.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Arkansas_7.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: Own work Original artist: Ltljltlj

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• File:Arkansas_in_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Arkansas_in_United_States.svgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='//validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88'height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThesource code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FArkansas_in_United_States.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.Original artist: TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/23px-Email_Silk.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/30px-Email_Silk.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='16' data-file-height='16' /></a> <a href='http://toolserver.org/~{}daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikifam=commons.wikimedia.org,<span>,&,</span>,img_user_text=TUBS' title='Gallery' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Gallery' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/20px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/30px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/40px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='48' data-file-height='48' /></a>

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• File:Arkansasterritory.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Arkansasterritory.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Blanchard_Springs_II.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Blanchard_Springs_II.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chriseast18

18.2 Images 23

• File:Boxley_Valley_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Boxley_Valley_001.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brandonrush

• File:Buffalo_National_River.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Buffalo_National_River.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Buffalo_national_river_steel_creek_overlook.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Buffalo_national_river_steel_creek_overlook.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jasari

• File:CSA_FLAG_28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861-1863%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG own work, based on this image Original artist:Nicola Marschall (1829–1917)

• File:Cedar_Falls_Trail,_Petit_Jean_State_Park_010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Cedar_Falls_Trail%2C_Petit_Jean_State_Park_010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brandonrush

• File:Chromesun_toltec_mounds_photo01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Chromesun_toltec_mounds_photo01.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:vux.Original artist: Herb Roe

• File:Cleveland_County_Arkansas_Courthouse.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Cleveland_County_Arkansas_Courthouse.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/population/photos/ShowCH.asp?FIPS=05025 Original artist: Calvin Beale

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

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• File:Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art-$-$2012-04-12.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art-$-$2012-04-12.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: photo by User:CharvexPreviously published: unpublished photo Original artist: Charvex

• File:Devil’{}s_Den_bridge.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Devil%27s_Den_bridge.jpg License:CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nanoprobe67/6296946769/sizes/l/in/set-72157629671621687/ Original artist:doug_wertman

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• File:Flag_of_Arkansas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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• File:Flag_of_Missouri.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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• File:MNA_2167.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/MNA_2167.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contribu-tors: originally posted to Flickr as MNA 2167 Original artist: terry cantrell

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• File:OldMainUofA.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/OldMainUofA.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Con-tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Xnatedawgx using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Originaluploader was RebelAt at en.wikipedia

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24 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:River_cruise_2009_27b2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/River_cruise_2009_27b2.jpg Li-cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as river cruise 2009 27b Original artist: Brad Jones from greenville, mississippi,usa

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• File:West.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/West.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.Original artist: DarkEvil

• File:White_River,_Arkansas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/White_River%2C_Arkansas.jpg Li-cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/goingslo/2229876591/ Original artist: Linda Tanner (flickr user: goingslo)

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• File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded bySimon.

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