ARISTOTLEANDTHE EAELIEE PEEIPATETICSBEING A TRANSLATION FROMZELLEB'S'PHILOSOPHYOFTHEGREEKS'BYB. F. C. COSTELLOE,M.A.ANDJ. H. MUIRHEAD, M.A.IN TWO VOLUMES-VOL. II.LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.39 PATERNOSTEE ROW, LONDONNEWYORK AND BOMBAY1897All ris"ht3 reservedTHEINSTITUTE OF MECiAEVAL STUDIES10 ELSWSLEYpLaCETOPI ONTO5, CANADA,AR3 1S32CONTENTSOFTHE SECOND VOLUMECHAPTERXPHYSICScontinuedC. LivingCreaturesTheSoul, 1. Its relationtothe Body,4. TheBodyasanOrganicWholerelatedto theSoul asMeans toEnd.10. StagesofAni-mate Existence,21. The Evolution of Organic Life and theLawof Analogy, 24. Indications of life in InorganicNature;HistoryoftheEarthandMankind,29.Plants, 33.Animals,37. TheirBodiesandthe homogeneousmaterialsofwhichtheyconsist, 38. Organs and their Functions, 41. Generationanddifferenceof Sex,48. Sensation, 58. TheFive Senses, 62.Sensus Covimunis, 68. Memoryand Imagination, 70. PleasureandPain, 75. Sleep andWaking, 75. Dreams, 76. Death, 77.Scaleof Valueinanimalcreation, 78. Classification of animalSpecies, 80.CHAPTER XIPHYSICScontinuedManTheHumanBody,90. Soul and Reason,92. Active and PassiveReason, 97. Immediate and mediate exercise of Reason, 105.Desire andVolition, 108. Practical Reason andRationalWill,112. FreeWill,Voluntariness,Intention, 114. ThequestionoftheUnityofthelife ofthe Soul, 119. The Birth of the Soul,120. TheUnionofthePartsoftheSoul, 123. TheImmortalityofthe Soul, 129. Personality, 134.vi ARISTOTLECHAPTER XIIPRACTICAL PHILOSOPHYA. EtJiicsThe Endof HumanActivity: Happiness.188. TheessentialelementsofHappiness,140. External Goods, 144. Pleasure, 146, ValueofPleasure, 148.MoralVirtue, 153. Virtue as a Quality of theWilldistinguishedfrom Natural Impulses, 155. Intellectual Insight, 157. TheOrigin of Virtue, liJO. The Consentof the virtuous Will: theProperMean, 161. TheVirtues, 163. Courage,Self-control, &c.,167. Justice, 170. Distributive and Corrective Justice, 171.Complete and Incomplete,Naturaland LegalKight;otherdis-tinctions, 175. The Intellectual Virtues: Insight, 177. TherightrelationtothePassions, 188.Friendship: its moral Import, 191. Nature andKindsof Friend-ship, 193. Furtherdiscussions, 198.CHAPTEFt XIIIPRACTICAL PHILOSOPHYContinuedB, PoliticsNecessity,Nature,andFunctionsof theState : Aristotle's Politics,203, EthicalimportoftheState, 207. Aimofthe State, 208.TheHouseholdaselement in the State, 213. HusbandandWife,214. ParentsandChildren. 215. Masterand Slave, 216. Pro-duction and Possession, 220. Against Common Property inWives,Children,andGoods,220.The State and the Citizen, 222. Differences amongcitizens, 229,Theirpoliticalimportance, 229.Formsof Constitution, 233. Comparative Value andJustificationofleadingforms, 244. MonarchyandRepublic,249.The Best State,258. Its natural conditions and economic basis,25M.Trainingof the Citizen,261 Birth and Education,262.Music, 266, Unfinished state of this pai't of the Politics inreference to Intellectual Training,Punishment,Sec, 269. TheConstitution, 272.Imperfect Forms, 274. Democracy,274. Oligarchy, 277. Aristo-cracy and Polity, 278, Tyranny, 282. The distribution ofPolitical Power,ChangesintheConstitution, &c., 283.CHAPTER XIVRHETORICProblem of the Phetorir, 289. Kinds of Proof, 2r'3. Demonstra-tion, 294. Different species of Demonstration appropriatetoCONTENTS OFTHESECOND VOLUME viidifferent Kindsof Discourse,295. Remaining forms of Proof,29G. StyleandArrangement,297.CHAPTER XVTHEORY OF FINE ARTBeauty,301. Artas Imitation,303. Theeffectof Art: Catharsis,307. TheArts,318. Tragedy,320.CHAPTER XVIRELIGIOUS ASPECT OF ARISTOTLE's PHILOSOPHYAristotle's attitude to Religion, 325. His Theology,327. Signifi-canceandOriginofPopularRehgion,330.CHAPTER XVIIRETROSPECTAristotle's point of view, 336. Development of the System, 338.Gaps and Contradictions, 342. Tendency of the PeripateticSchool,346CHAPTER XVIIITHE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL : THEOPHRASTUSHisLife, 348. Writings, 351. Standpoint, 355. Logic,358. Meta-physics: Aporije, 364. Theology, 369. Physics: Nature ingeneral ; Inorganic Nature, 373. Structure and history of theWorld,379. Botanical Theory, 381. NatureofVegetable life,383. PartsofPlants,384. OriginofPlants,385. Classification,388. Zoology, 389. Anthropology: theSoulascause of move-ment,390. Reason,ActiveandPassive,392. Higherandlowerpartsof the Soul, 395. TheSenses, 396. The Freedomof theWill, 399. Ethics, 399. Happiness, 402. Viewsonotherpointsof ethical doctrine, 406. Politics, 410. Religious views, 412.RhetoricandTheoryofFineArt, 414.CHAPTER XIXEUDEMUS, ARISTOXENUS, DICEARCHUS, AND OTHERSEudemus, 417. Logic, 418. Physics, 419. Metaphysics, 421.Ethics:Virtueasadivine gift,422. Theology,424. Uprightness,426. Otherpeculiarities ofBudemianethics,427.Aristoxenus, 429. Ethical views, 431. Theoryof Music, 433. OftheSoul,436VOL. II. a2:6viii ARISTOTLEDicjEarclms : Anthropology, 438. The practical and thetheoreticlife, 440. Politics, 441.Phanias,Clearchus,andothers, 443.CHAPTER XXTHE SCHOOL OF THEOPHRASTUS : STRATODemetriusofPhalerusandothers, 447.Strato, 4.50. Logic and Ontology. 454. Nature and Deity, 455,Physical principles : Heat and Cold, 456. Gravity, Vacuum,Time,Motion,458. Cosmology,464. Anthropology,466.CHAPTER XXITHE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL AFTER STRATOTILL TOWARDSTHEEXD OF THE SECOND CENTURYLyco,474. Hieronymus,475. Aristo, 477. Critolaus, 479. Phor-mio, Sotion, &c., 483.Pseudo-AristotelianLiterature,494. Logical,Metaphysical,Phj'sical"Writings, 495. TheMagna Moralia, 498. The Eroyiomics, 498.TheRhetoricaddressedtoAlexander,499. Conclusion,499.APPENDIXOn the Form of the 'Politics' 501INDEX 509AddendaandCorrigenda.Pages,n. 2, col.2, 1. 10, forcutreadcutinpieces6, 1.8,/oralienreadallied61, 1.5,/orforcereadfaculty90, n.col. 1, 1. 19,/orwholereadwhale111, n. 3, col. 2, 11. 2, 7,/orcylindersreadsprings147,n.col. 1, 1. lQ,fortheselast, however, aremerelycausesreadthesatisfactionofawant,moreover,ismerelythecause152, u. 1, col. 1, 1. 3,omitwrong171,1. 7,/orqualityreadequality172,n.2, col. 2,1. 3frombottom,afterthingsread that178,1.4,/ormoralinsightreadmoralvirtue182,n.col. 1, 1.6,/orp.182readp.183184,n.col. 2, 1. 10frombottom, /orpicturereadfuture195,u. 4, col. 1, 1. 4frombottom, /or3onprecedingpageread2supra196,n. 1, col. 1, 1.3,/orpupilreadaudience204,n. 2,col.2,1. 5frombottom, /orp.203supra,readAppendix,p.507.231,n. 1, col. 1, 1.9,/orfindsitselfmoreathomereadexercisesmoreinfluence242, 1. 10, forindispensablereadindisputable243,n. 1, col.1, 1.6,/orchieflyreadnearly245,1. 1,/orButevenany oneofsuch advantagesasthese confers7'eadButevensuchadvantagesastheseconferofthemselvesnotitletoruleintheState.259,n.1, col. 1, 1.8,/orsizereadgreatness267,u. col. 1, 1. 9, omitor274,1.8, fororform,differingreadorfromdiffering292,1.9, forButasheregards . . sense read Since,however,proofisthechiefendinview322,n.col.1, 1. 8frombottom,/oradded readnotadded324, n. 5, col. 1, 1. 11,omitvol. i.325, 11.1, 3,/orsectionj^eadchaptern. 2,col. 2, 1. 5, 6^/orep.291 readvol.ii.327, 1.6,/orscientific 7-eadtheoretic lastline,omitand331, n. 2, col. 1, 1. 2frombottom,/orfxaveiareadixavreia335,n. 1, col. 1, 1. 10,/orinchap.i. readvol. i.pp. 5, n. 7 ; 20,n.2; 38,u.339,1. 9,/ormotionread matter1. 10,/orrelationreadrelationship375, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 9,/orMelinus7-eadMelissus382,1. 6frombottom, /orgeologicalrmdzoologicalReferences.Thefollowing references are toVol.i.:^Vol. ii. p. 159, n. 2, col. 1, 1. 8 ; 180, n.2,col. 2, 1.2; 181, n. col. 2, 1. 1, and 1. 11 from bottom; 182,n. 1, col. 1, 1. 6frombottom; 204,n. 2,col. 1, 11. 3and10,and1. 2frombottom; 206,n. 4, col.2, 1. 3frombottom; 219, u. 3, col. 1, 1. 4from bottom ; 236, n. col. 1, 1. 10frombottom; 267,n.col. 1, 1. 10; 292,n. 1,col.1, 1. 10; 302, n. 1, col. 1, 11. 6, 12 ; 331,n. 1, col. 1, 1. 1;332, n. 1, col. 1, 1. 1 ; 343,n. 2,col. 2, 1.1; 349,u. 3, col. 2, 1. 1 from bottom.AEISTOTLEAND TH>;EARLIER PERIPATETICSCHAPTER X[chap. jx. c. of gebma:n text]LwiiKj Creatures1 . TheSoldandLifeWhatdistinguishes living creaturesfrom all others istheSoul.^ All life, in fact,consists in tlie powerofself-movement,^that is, in acapacityinherentin abeingofeffecting changesin itself: thesimplestform of whichisconfined,as inthecaseofplants,to nutrition,growth,anddecay.^Butevery movementimpliestwoelements'BeAn. i. 1, 407, a, 4 : theinvestigation into the nature ofthe soul is of thehighest valuefor science, fxaXia-ra nphs rr^v(pvffiv (TTt "yap olouapxvT(iz/2/j,v/_ ii 1^ 412^ b^ IG, cf. a,27, andseeinfra.3Jbid. ii. 2, 4i;5, a. 20: \^yo-fiev ovv . . . dioopiaOai rh efxxpvxovTovaipvxovto; ^TJv, Tr\(ouax(*>s 5erov^fjpAe7o/xtVoy,Kau afxiv,oiou vovs, aXtjQ'qais, kvTjais Kal(TToicns 7) Kara rciroy, en KivT^ais i]Kara rpocbriv kp.I (pdlais re Kalav^rjffis. 5ib Kal to. (pvo/xeva irdvraSo/cet^fjv(paivTai yap 4v avTo7se;;^ovTa Svvafxiu Kalapxh^TOiavTr}y.Si" rjs av^Tjcriu re Kal ipQiaiv Kafx-fidvovai . . . ouScfxia yap auTotsuirdpx^t Si/uafiis aAArj\\/vxVS-Asthis lowest formof life presentsitselfwhereverthehigheris (seeB2 ARISTOTLEsomethingthat movies, andsomethingthat is moved:form and matter; and if a thing movesitself, it mustcontain this duality withinitseHV Henceeverybeingthathas life mustbeacompoundbeing; andifwecallthematerialpart, which i.s subjectto motion,thebody,it will follow that the form, which is the cause ofmotion,has a being separatefrom andindependentofthebody.- Andastheformin general is identifiedwiththe efficient andthefinal cause, this being mayalso besaidtobethe final aimor endof the body.'' Theformthusconsideredasmotiveor efficient force is called byAristotle'Entelechy';^and hencehedefinestheSoul asinfra) itmay be treated as theuniversalmarkofalivingthing;Hid. c. 1, 412, a, 13 : tuv U(pv'/v TO5"ovK ext C^\vSe Kfyo-fxev rhv5j'ai/TOV [outoG] Tpo0'f)vT Kal av^7)(Tiu KOL (pdiffiv. OntheOther Land, De A?!, i. 2, 403. b.25 (t^(fx\pvxoy5tj toG a\pvxovduo7v fxaKiaTa Ziahs duai (rcc/xaTOS eVre-Aexetas- Cf. 6feTi. Ah. ii. 3, 78(),b, 22sqq. 737, a, 7 sqq. andp.4, n. 3, supra,andp. 8, n. 1, infra.-Theprincipal passageupontlio subject is Gen.An.ii. 3. 73r).b, 29 : TTOcrrjs fx^^vovvy\/vxT)shvvafxis(Tepov crdofiaroseoiKfKKOiv(t3vr]K4vaiKOi OilOTfpOV TWl' Ka\OVU(VO)Vcroix^'^f^v' is 8e Ziacpepovcri tiullo-TT/Ti ali|/yxo'Kou arifx'.a dWrfXwv,ouTU) Koi 7] TOiavTTf Bia(p4pt (pixris.TTOLvrwv fx(uyap 4u rw (nr^p/xarifVVKCLpx^i^, oTTip TTOtez yovijxa eiuaiTO ffTrep/JLara.rh Ka\ovfxiuoudepfxov.TOVTO5'ov TTvpovBeroiavrrj5vvauiseariv,dWdrh ifxirepiKaiJLfiavOfxd'ov61/ rep (nr4pfj.ari Koi iv r^a