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Argumentative writing

Summer is the best season!

AGREE DISAGREE

Put your name on a post-it and come and stick it in

the column where you feel it best belongs. Be able

to defend your position.

What is persuasion?

Sometimes when you believe in

something, you want others to believe in

it too, and you might try to get them to

change their minds.

What are some ways you try to do this?

Persuasive Writing:

Intends to convince the reader of a stated opinion or belief

Sets out to influence or change an audience’s thoughts and actions

A writer must use writing skill, along with knowledge, to convince the reader

One key component of persuasive writing is making logical arguments, supported with proof and examples that defend the claim

Persuasive Writing Activity 2Why does your group deserve the award?

In groups of 4, prepare arguments as to why your group deserves to win the award.

THE AWARD: 5 minute early dismissal from class for the remainder of the week.

One person should record responses, while others brainstorm ideas.

Split your arguments among members of the group to share orally with the class. (Each member should have a speaking role)

The class will vote on the group with the most convincing arguments.

What persuasive strategies did your group use?

Stating a Position or Belief

It is extremely important that you state your claim early in an argument

You must argue from a position or standpoint.

This statement is often called a thesis – a statement declaring what you believe or what you intend to prove Examples:

○ Summer is the best season of all.

○ The Toronto Maple Leafs is a phenomenally talented hockey team.

Making a Claim

Example:

Chocolate is a healthy snack.

State your argument.

Using factual support

In order to convince a reader, you must use plenty of factual support and examples that support your argument.

This support generally appears in the body paragraphs of your written piece, each with a focus on a separate sub-topic.

This support may come in the form of summarized or paraphrased information from a source, direct quotations, or your own opinions.

Organization of Information

The way you organize your information can sway your reader.

Generally, writers try to arrange their arguments in a way that will make maximum impact.

One of the most impactful ways to arrange an essay is to begin with your weakest arguments and end with your strongest – that way you work up to your most effective points, and hopefully leave the reader fully convinced.

Use of logical arguments

To convince your reader, you need to display logical arguments and thinking (logical in what would be widely accepted as logical)

However, you need to have enthusiasm and appeals to emotion to connect with your reader, so you need to use a combination of logical and emotional appeals in your writing.

A call to action or

recommendation When you persuade, instead of just stating

and issue, or persuading about a point, or complaining, you need to also provide a call to action or recommendation.

Once you have the reader convinced, think about what you want them to do. Do you want them to change their ways/

behaviour?

Would you like them to write a letter to support your recommendations to government/ the school, etc?

Using Big Names

Example:

Former U.S. president Bill Clinton thinks that junk food should be taken out of vending machines.

Important people or experts can make your argument seem more convincing.

Appealing to Emotion

Example:

Your donation might just get this puppy off the street and into a good home.

Getting people to feel happy, sad, or angry can help your argument.

Word Choice

Example:

Slim or skinny?Incident or accident?Investment or waste?

Diction is very important in persuasive writing, and can help sway your audience.

Gaining Trust/ Reliability

Example:

Believe me! I’ve been there before. I’m just like you.

If people believe and trust in you, you’re more likely to persuade them.

Asking Rhetorical Questions

Examples:"Marriage is a wonderful institution, but

who would want to live in an institution?"

"Isn't it a bit unnerving that doctors call

what they do 'practice'?"

(George Carlin)

Ask a question to which no answer is required – it forces the reader to think about the issue, or your point of view on it.

Analogy/Comparison

Example:

Life is like a coin. You

can spend it anyway

you wish, but you can

only spend it once

Use comparisons that make the reader think differently about the topic, or to help visualize the situation.

Hyperbole

Example:

You have to take two trains and a bus to get on her good side.

Sometimes you might want to emphasize a point by exaggerating or overstating it.

Irony

Example:

Frank Beard is the only member of ZZ Top who does not have a beard.

It is sometimes effective to use sarcasm or pun for humour or to emphasize an implied meaning, but it should be used sparingly.

http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/peace_irony.jpg

Repetition

Example:

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have A Dream” speech

Repeating an important point reinforces it for the reader.

Creating a sense of Urgency

Example:

This is a one-time offer. You can’t get this price after today.

Try to convince your audience that this issue is so important they must act now.

Using Data/Statistics

Example:

A Snickers bar has 280 calories and 30 grams of sugar. That’s not very healthy.

Facts, numbers, and information can be very convincing.

Research

Example:

A recent study found that students who watch TV during the week don’t do as well in school.

Using reliable research can help your argument seem convincing.

Homework Activity:

Persuasive Writing Strategies

Read the essay ―Ode to the User

Friendly Pencil‖ by Bonnie Laing (found

in your duotang)

Explain which persuasive strategies she

has used by filling in the chart on the

homework sheet with example from the

essay

Writing a Persuasive Essay

A Neat Trick

Basic Essay Structure: Introduction

Hooks the reader

States the claim (thesis)

Body

Provides at least 3 arguments to

support the thesis

Offers supporting details and

examples

Conclusion

Restates the thesis

Leaves the reader with a lasting

impression (the clincher!)

So, how do you get there?...

Persuasive Writing Activity 2:

Creating Arguments Using the Essay Funnel

Summer is the best season!

Brainstorm 15 ideas that support the statement,

and place them in the essay funnel.


Creating Arguments Using the Essay Funnel

Now, divide the arguments into 3 equal sections (each

with 5 arguments) of items that seem to go together.

When the sections have been decided, label each one according

to the items it includes (what do they have in common?).


Group Funnel Essay Creation & Sharing

Develop a statement or claim based on what your group believes to be one of the hottest bands/artists in the current music scene.

Brainstorm arguments (15) to support your claim (why this band/artist is so good)

Sort your arguments and label them in an essay funnel (3 categories, each with 5 points)

Verbally share your essay with the class.

Verbal Sharing of Best Band/Artist Essay

There are 5 members in your group, and each will share a part

of your essay.

Member 1 – Introduce it

Hook us into your topic, and then state your claim (thesis)

Member 2 – Category 1 with arguments

State them in a fluid manner





Member 5 – Conclude it

Wrap up the discussion by restating the claim (thesis) and leaving us

with a lasting thought.

Persuasive Writing :

Your Turn… The Complaint Box Using the steps we have just practiced (the essay funnel)

you will write a persuasive essay about one of your pet peeves. (A pet peeve is a minor annoyance, like people who

talk too much, biting one’s nails, scratching your fingers

down a chalkboard, etc)

Use an idea from the list of things that make you mad, from

earlier in the semester, if you wish.

Write a 250-350 word essay on one of your pet peeves.

Make sure to introduce the topic and state a claim, give at

least 3 arguments to support, using specific examples, and

restate your claim (thesis) in your conclusion.

Let’s look at some examples to get you thinking…

The Complaint Box –A section from the New York Times

Public GroomingBy Lion Calandra

These days, if someone seated near me

on my morning ride is putting on makeup,

someone else is clipping his fingernails

(and, on one odd occasion this summer,

a toenail). Or they’re plucking eyebrows,

tying ties, squeezing pimples, even

spraying perfume. There are those who

just have to bathe themselves in lotion.

Others are brushing their hair. It’s the full

monty, commuter style.


Public SmoochingBy Nicole Ferraro

As a 26-year-old woman living in Manhattan, I have zero tolerance for couples

who exhibit very private affections in very public places. Although I try to look

elsewhere, these amorous displays are hard to avoid. Everywhere I go, people

are fondling each other as if the entire city were a cheap motel room.

At a restaurant on the Lower East Side recently, I was enjoying a friend’s

company when the man and woman next to us joined hands across the table. If

it had stopped there, we could have just rolled our eyes and continued our

conversation. Instead, they leaned in for a lengthy, passionate kiss that lifted

them off their chairs. We skipped dessert and decided to cap off the meal at a

nearby coffee shop — only to watch another couple sit side by side in a lip lock

while we sipped lattes.


Passionate diners are bad, but subway romantics

are worse. Without dinner tables to keep them

apart, and with the added bonus of crowding,

these people have the opportunity to stand body

to body, and they make the best possible use of

that closeness. Unable to ignore them, I

sometimes feel like apologizing for invading their

space, especially when their affections escalate to

neck and ear nibbling. Last week I saw a man on

the No. 4 train stick his hand down his date’s

sweater. I switched cars.

I have news for you, canoodling commuters:

These are subways, not private gondolas.

Consider the probability that the spot where you

are kissing each other was just inhabited by snot-

faced children and several people with swine flu.


I can handle sidewalk hand-holding, even an occasional long hug. But there is

something about watching people suck each other’s lips on public

transportation that just does not do it for me. The more this irks me, the more I

realize these exhibitionists are everywhere: in line at the Guggenheim, in the

hygiene aisle at CVS. I recently hid my face in a magazine at the laundromat to

block my view of a guy and gal making out against a dryer. Are New Yorkers so

busy that they have to do their lovemaking on the go?

When I glare with a sickened look at the fondlers, they’ll often glance back with

a smirk that says, ―Jealous?‖

I’m not jealous, nor am I affection deprived. I would just like to enjoy a meal, a

train ride or a stroll down the street without turning up the volume on my iPod to

drown out the sound of strangers’ smooches. With spring in the air, I fear that

the public romancers will be back in the city parks, turning every bench into a

love seat. I won’t hide my disapproving scowl. As long as I have to live with

people’s public displays of affection, they will have to deal with my public

displays of disgust.

Homework Analysis for

The Complaint Box Read one of the Complaint Box articles that

have been featured in the New York Times

(either from a handout or on the website), and

respond to the questions on the homework

sheet.

Website: Complaint Box Samples

Use the information gathered from this analysis

to help you complete your own Complaint Box

persuasive essay.

http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/category/complaint-box/

Getting Started – The Complaint Box

Brainstorm a list of 8-10 behaviours that

you find most irksome /annoying

What makes you jump out of your skin?

What really bugs you?

We will compile a major list together.

Choose one of those ideas, and get

writing.

Elaborating on Your Idea:

Write a few descriptive sentences about why this particular

thing really irks you.

Think of 1-3 examples of times when you observed someone

engaging in this behaviour.

When did it happen?

Where did it take place?

What exactly did the person do?

Describe the scene as vividly as you can.

Have you addressed the person doing this thing directly? If so,

what did you say, and what happened? If not, why not?

What are some reasons why people engage in this behaviour?

Are they aware that it is bothersome to others?

What factors might foster this behaviour? How might people be

dissuaded from engaging in this behaviour?

The Persuasive Paper

The Importance of

Introductions and Conclusions

The Role of Introductions & Conclusions:

Act as a bridge that transport your readers from their own lives into the place of your analysis

By providing an introduction that helps your readers make a transition between their own world and the issues you will be writing about, you give your readers the tools they need to get into your topic and care about what you are saying.

Similarly, once you've hooked your reader with the introduction and offered evidence to prove your thesis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives.

Why bother writing a good introduction?

You never get a second chance to make a first impression. The opening paragraph of your paper will provide

your readers with their initial impressions of your argument, your writing style, and the overall quality of your work. A vague, disorganized, error-filled, off-the-wall, or boring introduction will probably create a negative impression. On the other hand, a concise, engaging, and well-written introduction will start your readers off thinking highly of you, your analytical skills, your writing, and your paper. This impression is especially important when the audience you are trying to reach (your instructor) will be grading your work.


Your introduction is an important road map for the rest of your paper. Your introduction conveys a lot of information to your

readers. You can let them know what your topic is, why it is important, and how you plan to proceed with your discussion. It should contain a thesis that will assert your main argument. It will also, ideally, give the reader a sense of the kinds of information you will use to make that argument and the general organization of the paragraphs and pages that will follow. After reading your introduction, your readers should not have any major surprises in store when they read the main body of your paper.


Ideally, your introduction will make your readers want to read your paper. The introduction should capture your

readers' interest, making them want to read the rest of your paper. Opening with a compelling story, a fascinating quotation, an interesting question, or a stirring example can get your readers to see why this topic matters and serve as an invitation for them to join you for an interesting intellectual conversation.

Strategies for writing an effective introduction

Start by thinking about the question.

Try writing your introduction last.

Don't be afraid to write a tentative introduction first and then change it later.

Open with an attention grabber. an intriguing example

a provocative quotation

a puzzling scenario

a vivid and perhaps unexpected anecdote

a thought-provoking question

Pay special attention to your first sentence.

Be straightforward and confident. Instead of stating, ―In my paper I will tell you about how

Frederick Douglas valued education.‖ write a declarative statement, ―Frederick Douglas valued education.‖

Let’s look at some examples

Go and look at two different introductions to

persuasive pieces in your duotang, and then

respond to the following questions in your

journal:

What have these writers done to introduce their

topics? Explain using examples.

Are the introductions engaging and clear? Are you

intrigued to read the rest of the papers? Explain why

or why not?

Writing an Introduction – Let’s try it!

We are going to read a sample piece of

persuasive writing, but we are only

going to see the body of the piece.

As a class, we will write an introduction

for the piece.

About Conclusions:

It’s your chance to have the last word on the subject.

It allows you to summarize your thoughts, demonstrate the importance of your ideas, and propel your reader to a new view of the subject.

It’s your chance to make a good final impression and to end on a positive note.

Your conclusion should make your reader feel glad they read your paper, giving them something to take away from it or appreciate your topic in a personally relevant way.

Strategies for writing an effective conclusion

It should answer the ―so what?‖ questions – why

should readers care about what they have read?

Draw back on the theme from your introduction and

make the reader feel like he/she has come full circle

Synthesize, don’t summarize – briefly summarize

your main points showing how the points you made

and the examples you used all work together

Include a provocative insight or quotation

Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue,

or questions for further study.

Point to broader implications, provide a life lesson

Let’s look at some examples Go and look at two different conclusions to

persuasive pieces in your duotang, and then we’ll

discuss the following questions:

What have these writers done to conclude their topics?

Explain using examples.

Are the conclusions engaging and clear?

Do they sum up the papers?

Do they offer insight, call for recommendation or action,

leave you with a lasting thought, or offer life lessons?

Explain.

Writing a Conclusion – Let’s try it!

We are going to go back to the sample

piece of persuasive writing, but this time

we are going to write the conclusion that

should accompany the piece.

Introduction and Conclusion:

You try it!

You will receive the body portion of a

piece of persuasive writing.

Read over the section, then write an

introduction and conclusion for the

piece, based on the suggestions we

have looked at.

Argument/ PersuasionTerms and Techniques

Terms & Techniques

Thesis:

A statement that presents the writer’s point of view

clearly and concisely. It is usually placed at the

beginning of the piece of writing (in the introduction).

Anecdote:

A personal story that a writer uses to reinforce a

point.

Logic:

Clear reasoning used to create a sound, sensible

argument.

Terms & Techniques

Evidence:

Facts, examples, statistics and other

information used to support argument.

Faulty Reasoning:

Flawed thinking that fails to prove the

writer’s point.

Faulty Reasoning

Thinking

Error

Description Example

Begging the

question

The writer assumes a

premise to be true

rather than proves it

to be true

The increase in youth crime calls for longer jail

sentences for youth. The writer assumes that there is

an increase in youth crime and that longer jail

sentences will solve the problem, but no evidence is

given to support either statement.

Over-

generalizationThe writer draws a

conclusion from too

little evidence.

Yesterday I saw a tasteless soft drink commercial. All

soft drink commercials are tasteless and should be

taken off the air. The writer gives no evidence to

show that all soft drink commercials are like the

tasteless one.

It does not

follow

The writer states a

conclusion that appears

to follow from a

preceding statement, but

really does not

Mr. Crawford won’t let us wear our caps in class. He

hates kids and shouldn’t be teaching. Here the writer

draws a conclusion in the second sentence for which

the first sentence provides no evidence.

Misplaced

authority

The writer quotes or

refers to individuals

who are not

authorities on the

subject being

discussed

Donovan Bailey recommends this brand of automobile

tire. Donovan Bailey is a champion sprinter, not an

expert on the engineering of tires.

Writing Exercise:

Spot the flawed logic in the following statements:

1. Herbert Hoover single-handedly created the depression.

2. FDR caused World War II.

3. Surveys showed that married men are happier than unmarried men.

4. Many people who go to the dentist have a lot of cavities.

5. Marijuana use should remain illegal because it’s a first step toward the more serious drugs; most heroin addicts started with marijuana.

6. If you’re not for recycling laws, you don’t care about your environment.

Writing Exercise:

Spot the flawed logic in the following statements:

7. In the coming election you have a choice between voting for me or voting for fiscal irresponsibility.

8. People trapped in the ghetto have two choices in life: be a menial laborer and starve or take to crime.

9. It’s incredible to me that in a culture that bans cockfights and bear baiting, we permit the same sort of thing with human beings.

10.Gun control is wrong because the Constitution guarantees our right to keep and bear arms.

How to write Argument/ Persuasion:

Introduce the thesis statement, clearly stating your position. You might include a preview of why you hold this belief (the arguments in favour of your position).

Place the topic in some context; provide some background to the issue.

Provide accurate, relevant and complete evidence. Consider using facts, statistics, reasons, and/or examples to support your position. During pre-writing, you may have to do research, conduct interviews, distribute a questionnaire to collect data, and so on.

Introduction:Starts broad and goes to more focused/specific topic – has to grab your reader’s attention

Body of Essay:Paragraphs that include details and examples that support your topic. Remember to use PPE Method (Point, Proof and Explanation).

Conclusion:Begins with specific topic, and expands to broader ideas– should leave your reader with a lasting impression,And sums up your ideas.

Try to avoid faulty reasoning since most readers will be able to tell when the evidence you include does not prove your point.

Anticipate and disprove any contradictory arguments that might arise. Tone is important here. Your aim is not to ―bash‖ the opposing position, but rather to help your reader see the fairness, the logic, the reasonableness of your position.

Restate your position in your conclusion. If your purpose is to persuade, you might include an appeal to your readers’ emotions and/or a call for action.

How do we get others to accept

our point of view?

By appealing to their reason

By appealing to their emotions

By the appeal of our good character

1) Appealing to Reason:

Remember that an argument is an appeal to a

person's sense of reason; it is not a violent fight,

dispute, or disagreement. It is a measured, logical

way of trying to persuade others to agree with you.

One critical thing to remember that there are at least

two sides to every issue. If you take the attitude that

there is only one side--your side--you will quite likely

alienate your reader.

You need, then, to choose one side of an issue

clearly in an effort to persuade others. If you're

unsure of your own stance, how can you expect

other people to assess, understand, and be

convinced by your position?

Example:

Issue: Should my father stop smoking?

Position: Yes

Questions you may ask (Your reasoning skills often depend on what we call "common sense"):

Ask yourself the following questions:

Do I have enough evidence? (Is it sufficient?)

Will my audience believe my evidence? (Is it trustworthy?)

What are the assumptions built into my argument, and are those assumptions fair? (Is it verifiable?)

Does my conclusion follow logically from the claims I make?

There are two basic types of reasoning processes: Deduction and Induction

DEDUCTION: begins with a general principle or premise and draws a specific conclusion from it.

ex. All people who smoke endanger their health. (major premise)

My father smokes. (minor premise)

Therefore, my father is endangering his health. (conclusion)

Is this a strong argument?

you need to offer evidence in support of your claims

it may be impossible to prove a cause-effect link between my father's smoking and his declining health

Other issues you may bring in to support your argument:

2nd hand smoke / impact on family and friends

the staggering number of people over 60 years old who die from lung cancer

INDUCTION: supports a general conclusion by examining specific facts or cases.

Ex. If I was to argue that my father was endangering his health, I might cite specific symptoms:

His teeth are yellowish and he's lost a considerable amount of weight.

He's no longer able to cycle his 25km every morning.

Whenever he exerts himself physically, he ends up coughing extremely hard.

Other Logical Appeals?

You could cite smoking/cancer statistics, authority in the form of the Surgeon General, financial costs etc...

2) Appealing to Emotion: The logical appeal is certainly an extremely persuasive

tool. However, our human nature also lets us be influenced by our emotions.

One way of evoking emotion in your reader is to use vivid images.

Ex. (to my father who smokes): "I remember when Grandma died of lung cancer. It was the first time I had ever seen you cry Dad. I remember that you also made me promise not to start smoking."

You could also offer vivid examples in support of your argument. Use language and/or images that are emotionally charged:

You might detail the pain of going through chemo therapy.

You could use Xrays of diseased lungs, or photos of cancerous gums.

Warnings about appealing to emotion:

Be careful, however, that when you use emotional appeal, you use it "legitimately." You should not use it as a substitute for logical and/or ethical appeals.

Don't use emotional appeals to draw on stereotypes or manipulate our emotional fears.

Don't use emotional appeal to get an automatic, knee-jerk reaction from someone.

If you use emotionally charged language or examples simply to upset or anger an audience, you are using emotion illegitimately.

Your use of emotional appeal shouldn't oversimplify a complicated issue.

3) Appealing to our good character:

The appeal of your ethics can occur on one or more of the following levels in any given argument:

Are you a reasonable person? (That is, are you willing to listen, compromise, concede points?)

Are you authoritative? (Are you experienced and/or knowledgeable in the field you are arguing in?)

Are you an ethical/moral person (Is what you're arguing for ethically sound/morally right)

Are you concerned for the well-being of your audience? (To what extent will you benefit as a result of arguing from your particular position?)

The ethical appeal is based on the audience's perception of the speaker. Therefore, the audience must trust the speaker in order to accept the arguments. Don't overlook ethical appeal, as it can be the most effective of the three.

Elements of a Good Argument:

Remember to identify any unfamiliar or uniquely used terms in your argument.

If you forget to define your terms (or choose not to define them) you run the risk of alienating your audience, confusing them, or causing them to come to inappropriate conclusions.

For example, before making the argument that teachers should "monitor" their students, the word monitor should be defined. Does "monitor" include eavesdropping on their group discussions? Does it include accessing their registrar's files to see how well (or how poorly) the students are doing in their other classes? Does it mean reading their e-mail in an online course without their knowledge? You would want to be clear about such a term so that someone wouldn't misinterpret its usage in a particular context.

You Must Ensure that Your

Evidence is Convincing: Convincing evidence will satisfy the following

questions:

Is the evidence sufficient in volume? That is, is there is enough evidence to present a strong, indisputable case.

Is the evidence trustworthy? Does it come from reliable, informed sources.

Is the evidence verifiable? That is, can you corroborate it through other sources. Is the evidence factual, or does it rest solely on opinion?

Appeal to authority:If you are drawing on an authoritative, expert figure to back

up what you say, is the authority actually reliable? When trying to determine whether someone is an authority, consider the following elements:

Is your expert a current authority on the specific subject in question?

Is your expert up-to-date on the most current procedures, statistics, testing programs etc.

Is your expert viewed favourably by their peers? Is he/she respected in the field?

Is your expert associated with reputable organizations?

Is your expert as free of bias as possible?

Remember that when quoting a source you must be careful that you don't accidentally (or intentionally) take the quote out of context, changing the original meaning.

Keep in mind, as well, that your authority should be knowledgeable about the subject; he/she should not simply be someone famous. A celebrity endorsement is not quite the same as expert opinion (unless the celebrity is endorsing a product that she/he uses.)

Canadian Olympic snowboarder Ross Rebagliati may be an expert when it comes to endorsing snowboard wax, but he's not necessarily an expert when asked about the national unity debate. Bryan Adams' celebrity status does not make his an expert authority on the national economy, but he would be a reliable, trustworthy source if you asked him about building recording studios.

In addition, you want to ensure that the authority you are using is still current in the field. For example, you might not want to use a long-retired politician like Pierre Trudeau as your focus expert on the state of the unity issue in Canada today.

Remember that the most successful arguments often combine the three appeals. With that in mind, be very careful about relying solely on logic in an argument. Use a combination of appeals to allow for a more balanced argument. An audience may readily become resistant to your argument if you rest solely on a particular line of reasoning that they fundamentally disagree with.

Improper Evaluation of Statistics:Using statistics, studies and surveys can be very persuasive

if they are used ethically and accurately.

Ask yourself the following questions before using this kind of evidence:

Were the survey questions as objective as possible?

Was the sample pool representative or biased?

Are the statistics accurately tabulated?

Have the statistics been taken out of context?

Is there enough context provided so that the reader gets a clear view of any pre-existing bias?

Other Important Terms for Argument:

Concession: When you concede a point in an argument, you are saying that you actually agree with your opponent on a particular issue. Remember that this is not a sign of weakness. In fact, you are strengthening your ethical appeal because you are coming across as a reasonable person who is willing to see more than one side of the argument.

Refutation: When you deliberately, directly attack an opponent's argument, point by point, you are said to be "refuting" the argument.

Anticipating and Addressing Counter-Arguments: When you are making your argument, you must remain aware of what points your opponents will likely take exception to. If you can anticipate what the likely objections will be, and then address them in your argument, you'll likely strengthen your position.

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