argument foldable. 1 5 what is an argument? argument is structured by way of claims, evidence,...
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ARGUMENT FOLDABLE
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WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?
Argument is structured by way of claims, evidence, warrants, counterclaims, rebuttals. It relies on logical reasoning and critical thinking.
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WHAT IS IT NOT?
Persuasion differs from argument by its purpose to move people to a belief, position, or action. Persuasion may rely on appeals to emotion or credibility or logic.
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KEY FEATURES OF ARGUMENTATION
CLAIM: What you are trying to prove
REASONS: Logical conclusions and thinking that supports claims (often the topic sentence of paragraphs).
EVIDENCE: Facts supporting reasons and claims
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KEY FEATURES OF ARGUMENTATION
WARRANTS: How the evidence connects to the reason or claim. Answers the “So What?”
COUNTERCLAIM: Opposing viewpoint
REBUTTAL: Supports the claim by refuting the counterclaim
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KEY FEATURES EXAMPLESCLAIM: Most pesticides used in farming should be banned.
REASONS: Pesticides endanger the lives of farmers.
EVIDENCE: Pesticides may cause cancer according to a published study in 2009 (Disease Registry).
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KEY FEATURES EXAMPLES
WARRANTS: Workers have a right to a safe environment. Substances that endanger the lives of workers deserve to be banned.
COUNTERCLAIM: The use of pesticides is a common practice in agriculture and homes and parks.
REBUTTAL: Safety measures in a work environment require different methods than personal choices made in one’s home.
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Rhetorical AppealsLOGOS: logical appeal• Appeals to reason and logic
PATHOS: emotional appeal• Appeals to emotions and values
ETHOS: ethical appeal• Appeals to the credibility of the speaker
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Rhetorical QuestionsLOGOS: logical appeal
• Is the source trustworthy?• Are terms clearly defined?• Is evidence out of context?
PATHOS: emotional appeal• What emotions does it appeal to?• Is the appeal effective or manipulative?
ETHOS: ethical appeal• Is the speaker knowledgeable?• Is he or she trustworthy?
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Rhetorical Examples
LOGOS: logical appeal• Between 1960 and 1970, the 60% of the world’s
illiterate were women (Adrienne Rich).
PATHOS: emotional appeal• A negro mother wept…in her hand, she held one
shoe, from the foot of her dead child (Atlanta Constitution).
ETHOS: ethical appeal• I’m not a doctor, but I play one on TV (Excedrin
commercial)
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Parts of an EssayINTRODUCTION• Hook• Map • Thesis
BODY • Reasons• Evidence• Warranting
CONCLUSION • Thesis implication• Prediction or call to action
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Patterns of Organization
COMPARE/CONTRAST• FOCUS ON SIMILARITIES OR HIGHLIGHT
DIFFERENCES
CAUSE/EFFECT• INVESTIGATE THE CAUSE OF SOMETHING OR
LOOK FOR AN EXPLANATION OF WHAT HAS OCCURRED.
PROBLEM/SOLUTION • IDENTIFY A PROBLEM AND LOOK FOR
SOLUTIONS
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