are there any unconscious emotions? an enactive approach
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Are there any unconscious emotions? An enactive approach. KNEW 2013 Leon Ciechanowski Warsaw University , Philosophy Department ; University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Psychology Department. Emotions. Crucial for social interactions and behaviour Play a vital role in: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Are there any unconscious emotions? An enactive approach.
KNEW 2013Leon Ciechanowski
Warsaw University, Philosophy Department;University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Psychology
Department
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Crucial for social interactions and behaviour
Play a vital role in: Cognition: the role of affect (e.g., Duncan &
Barrett, 2007) Social cognition and intelligence; e.g.,
(Björkqvist, Österman & Kaukiainen, 2000) – empathy regulates social behaviour
Emotions
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Emotions can be unconscious Emotions cannot be unconscious Enactive approach to unconscious emotions The case study of empathy (socially
significant emotion) Evaluation and summary
Structure of the talk
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There are at least some elements of emotions that are unconscious
The dispute over unconscious emotions depends on the assumed definition of emotion
There may be a ground where we could solve the dispute
There are some problems with these grounds
Claims of the talk
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Zajonc (1994) – free-floating anxiety phenomenon
Winkielman, Berridge and Wilbarger (2005) – rejection of ’what-it’s-like’ aspect of emotion.
”Conscious aspects of emotion probably emerge from a hierarchy of unconscious emotional processes…” (2005: p. 336)
Emotions can be unconscious
6 Winkielman, Berridge
& Wilbarger (2005b)
Emotions can be unconscious
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Emotions can be unconscious
Winkielman, Berridge & Wilbarger (2005b)
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Emotions can be unconscious
Winkielman, Berridge & Wilbarger (2005b)
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Clore (1994) – we mistake emotions for unconscious affects or moods
Emotions require feelings and these are conscious by definition: Traditional accounts (James-Lange theory) Cognitive theories of emotions
A ’middle way’ – Joseph LeDoux (1994; 1995); Antonio Damasio (1994; 1999)
Emotions cannot be unconscious
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The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: “A reaction, both psychological and physical,
subjectively experienced as strong feelings, many of which prepare the body for immediate action”
Encyclopaedia Britannica: “emotion, a complex experience of consciousness,
bodily sensation, and behaviour that reflects the personal significance of a thing, an event, or a state of affairs.”
Definitions of emotions
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The MIT Encyclopedia Of The Cognitive Sciences: “An emotion is a psychological state or process that
functions in the management of goals. It is typically elicited by evaluating an event as relevant to a goal; it is positive when the goal is advanced, negative when the goal is impeded. The core of an emotion is readiness to act in a certain way…; it is an urgency, or prioritization, of some goals and plans rather than others. Emotions can interrupt ongoing action; also they prioritize certain kinds of social interaction, prompting, for instance, cooperation or conflict.”
Definitions of emotions
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Emotions do not simply go along action-reaction patterns.
Emotional content and feelings emerge due to performing action patterns constrained by environmental affordances.
Two types of intentionality of emotions: emotions directed toward our bodies emotions directed toward the world
Enactive approach to unconscious emotions
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Emotion: a monitoring process that informs an organism
about its surrounding affordances and whether the organism is successful in using them.
provides motivated patterns for the realization of a self-organizational balance.
is not reducible to a homeostatic seeking reorganization of patterns.
consists of many motivations, that are arranged, balanced and chosen by an individual.
Enactive approach to unconscious emotions
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strongly correlated with social intelligence; acts as a mitigator of aggression and impacts on our conflict behaviour (Björkqvist, Österman, & Kaukiainen, 2000)
empathy deprivation leads to serious disorders (Spitz & Wolf, 1946)
the capacity for empathy in children is developed as a result of relations with their mothers (Siegal, 1985)
unconscious affective (emotional?) processes lead to empathy (Decety & Ickes, 2009; Yamada & Decety, 2009)
Empathy
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conscious vs. unconscious emotions – a theoretical deadlock?
Interoception – a problem enactivism: it is the emotion’s intentionality
that makes us aware of them, and not the interoceptive element. but: enactivist problem of definition of emotion
Evaluation
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Accept the situation
OR
Try to find a common ground for different theories
What can we do?
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Piotr Winkielman , Kent Berridge , and Shlomi Sher (2011) what qualitative patterns of functional
organization across the cortical and subcortical areas are likely to trigger conscious and unconscious emotion?
they employ the “global workspace” model of functional organization of conscious states (Baars, 1988)
Finding a common ground
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Can emotion be unconscious? -> To what extent can various subsets of processors in the neural emotion network operate in an internally coherent fashion, without themselves being integrated with the various other processors in the global workspace?
Finding a common ground
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Experimental data: Rating neutral Chinese ideographs preceded
by subliminal happy or angry faces (Winkielman, Zajonc, & Schwarz, 1997)
Studying consumption behavior after exposing participants to several subliminal emotional facial expressions (Winkielman, Berridge, and Wilbarger, 2005)
Study on more complex financial decisions (Winkielman, Knutson, Paulus, & Trujillo, 2007).
Finding a common ground
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Finding a common ground
Winkielman, Zajonc, & Schwarz (1997)
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maybe we do not talk here about unconscious emotions but about unconscious affect?
the difficulty of conclusively establishing the absence of feelings
Problems of the global workspace approach
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Bibliography:Baars, B. J. (1988). A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge University Press.Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (2000). Social intelligence − empathy = aggression? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(2).Clore, G. L. (1994). Why Emotions Are Never Unconscious. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Emotion: fundamental questions. Oxford
University Press.Damasio, A. (1994). Descarte’s error. Putnam.Damasio, A. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Harcourt.Decety, J., & Ickes, W. (Eds.). (2009). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. The MIT Press. Duncan, S., & Barrett, L. F. (2007). Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition & emotion, 21(6), 1184–1211.LeDoux, J. E. (1994). Emotional Processing, but Not Emotions, Can Occur Unconsciously. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Emotion:
fundamental questions. Oxford University Press.LeDoux, J. E. (1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual review of psychology, 46, 209–35.Siegal, M. (1985). Mother-child relations and the development of empathy: A short-term longitudinal study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development,
16(2), 77–86. Solomon, R. C. (2013). emotion. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/185972/emotionSpitz, R. A., & Wolf, K. M. (1946). Anaclitic depression; an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. The Psychoanalytic
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Review of Social Psychology, 22(1), 1–35. Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005a). Emotion, Behavior, and Conscious Experience: Once More without Feeling. In L. F. Barrett, P.
M. Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman. (Eds.), Emotion and consciousness. The Guilford Press.Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005b). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence
consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality & social psychology bulletin, 31(1), 121–35. Winkielman, P., Knutson, B., Paulus, M., & Trujillo, J. L. (2007). Affective influence on judgments and decisions: Moving towards core mechanisms.
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Thank you!