CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

To provide an overview of the Final Year Project. In this chapter, it will show introduction of the project, background of the project, the objective of a project, problem statement, project scope and project significance.1.1 Project BackgroundA data center is an office that unifies an association's IT operations and supplies and where it saves, oversees spread its data. Data center house a system's most basic associations and are discriminating to the coherence of day by day operations. Therefore, the security and dependability of data centers and their data is a top necessity for associations. With that obligation has a part as a data center supervisor who is in charge of regulating specialized and IT issues inside the data focus. This incorporates machine server operations, information entering, information security, physical security and administration and provisions used for transforming information. In a moment, numerous securities have been made to offer the safe environment in the data center. Only, it still has vulnerabilities. Once in a while, the insider such workers additionally a danger to the data center.

The Physical Security area addresses the dangers, exposures, and countermeasures that could be utilized to physically secure a venture's assets and sensible data (Harris, 2005). Dangers to physical security incorporate interference of administrations, fittings robbery, physical harm, unapproved divulgence and misfortune of framework honesty. Today, Surveillance security framework turns into the best determination to overcome more criminal cases in our rustic zone and additionally for the data center interruption issue, with the continuous checking it will be a powerful security association. As we know, there are numerous sorts reconnaissance, security framework has today, which is excessively unreasonable and hard to utilize, for example, for Closed-circuit TV (CCTV) observation framework, with their concentrated transforming in pressure and recording structural planning together with a basic multi-screen visualization of the crude feature streams bear a few impairments and restrictions. This project tries to find out the problem with the surveillance system in competitively priced appliance designed. This surveillance system is one of effective security systems in protecting any suspicious occur and also as a safeguard at data centre.At present, the task is to develop a Surveillance Camera Image Capturing Bases On Motion Detection. This task will use using Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor as motion sensor and surveillance camera to monitor and capture image those people that enter into the data centre. That device becomes the main factor in controlling the whole organisation.This security scheme which will be prepared based on Arduino as a microcontroller to work with PIR sensor and camera. That sensor can detect movement from human from about 20 feet out. That sensor will activate the camera to capture those people in that range of the sensor. That captured image will save on hard disk in the computer.1.2 Problem Statement Right away, data centers have gotten prime focuses for assaults to take information and harm registering foundation to bargain accessibility. However, physical insurance of data centres has been named as one the most missed aspects of data center security (Higgins, 2006). Albeit, physical avoidance and discovery instruments are made, however physical ruptures and insider dangers have kept happening (Blau, 2009; Partner & Muir, 2007). To protect data centres against physical attacks, many physical prevention and detection mechanisms have used today, such as security locks, surveillance camera, security safeguards and others (Heare, 2001). Sometimes can occur when one of the employees enters in data centres with one access card, but other unrecognized people like outsider also follow into data centres. That is ace of the restrictions of physical protection of information centres.

The human risk that data centers ought to stress is a physical assailant who can accomplish physical access to the servers. In addition, from securing data against infections and framework breakdown because of hacking, there is a need to secure information administration frameworks from calamities like flames and damage (Hummitsch, 2001). Since the server in data centers keep the information and data of the organization, it is imperative that get to data centers must restricted to perceived and approved individuals. Individuals that can enter to the data center if needed by their employment obligations. The association ought to stay up to date with "least privilage" that limits access to the data center by need and employment capacity. In the event that the outcast, for example, professional access to the data center must be escorted and dependably be checked their work (Blau, 2009). It can be that outsider is one of the threats to data center. Protecting information from illegal access keeping its confidentiality is an important obligation for any organisation.

Nowadays, the security industry receives a great improvement in ability to amass surveillance information. Although, with the great increase in expenditure of surveillance cameras, in no way diminished fraud, larceny and other criminal offences. Conventional surveillance systems do not make people watch all videos quickly and realize the contents and get the significant data. Some of surveillance camera equipment is also expensive for data centre and not worthy for many positions. The Security Gap between what we gather and what we can analyse is at the root the most important problems in surveillance system today.

To fill that gap, Surveillance Camera Capture Image Based On Motion Detection is developed to prevent any crime that happens in a data centre with an automated capturing image. This security system has a motion detector to detect any motion in sensor range.

1.3 Aim To build a security system using motion detector in data center. If any movement is detected, the sensor will active and triggered camera to capturing image.

1.4 Objective To achieve the aim of this project, the project is carried out for the following objectives:

a) To develop a automated surveillance camera system with motion detector. b) To test that surveillance system in data center.

1.5 Project Scope To make sure this project running smoothly a few scope has been made as a guide to make sure the objectives of project accomplish. There are three scopes are listed here: Electronic parts: Arduino board, PIR sensor and camera. Programming part: Use C/C++ to program the Arduino board to make it function.

1.6 Project Significance There are some significance produce from this project and those are:

To track the people that enters the data center. Automate the camera to capturing image. To recognize between authorized and unauthorized people that enters the data center.1.7 ConclusionIn this researcher was discuss and come out with the objective of this project, significance, project scope and also the problem statement.

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview This chapter examines activities and paper works identified with this undertaking. These related works have been assessed precisely to enhance the quality and dependability of this project. By dissecting the project did by different analysts, there is a plausibility to comprehend what gimmicks are needing in their undertakings. They likewise will propose some future works that might be possible to enhance the same undertaking. Also, there are some helpful plans that might be actualized in this venture from other comparable undertakings. Consequently, writing audit procedure expanded right from the begin until the end of the project. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of state of information on the surveillance security system. It will introduce the further detail of motion sensor, surveillance camera, types of security system and example of existing implementation of security system have used. For further information about this project including the component and concept that will be used explain in this chapter.

2.2 Surveillance System Surveillance is the observing of the conduct exercises, or the evolving data, typically of individuals for the reasons of impacting, overseeing, coordinating or securing. Surveillance is exceptionally valuable to governments and law implementation to keep up social control, perceive and screen dangers and forestall or examine criminal action. The saying surveillance is usually used to depict perception from a separation by method for electronic gear, for example, CCTV cameras or capture attempt of electronically transmitted data, for example, web movement.

2.3 Surveillance CameraA surveillance camera is a camera which is utilized to screen a territory for security purposes. That feature recorded feature can audit ceaselessly to look at afterward in the trusts of getting an impression of a criminal or a circumstance. Surveillance camera is just simply a static camera and mounted in plain sight. Surveillance camera also has that can be remotely to highlight areas for further information, and some are hidden so that people are not aware of their presence. The camera might be additionally checked of suspicious conduct or recordings that could be assessed after the burglary to figure out all the more about the wrongdoer. Data center is one of secure facilities that implement of surveillance camera. In this case, the camera is often monitored staff for signs of problem or breach. 2.4 Conventional Surveillance SystemWe can discover the accepted surveillance security framework at wherever, for example, office, retail stores, banks and even private premises. Individuals watch feature inputs on the multi vision screen from different cameras and when suspicious circumstances happen, they manage it. Individuals can't generally sit before the screen for quite a while and along these lines they may miss the hazardous circumstances. With reliable structures, it is not easy to handle creating cases instantly show up when it happens. Ordinary surveillance framework additionally accompanies high cost and at some point not suitable any circumstance. Figure 2.1 will show conventional security system at urban subway system.

Figure 2.1: Conventional surveillance security system installed at urban transit (Park, K. Y., et. al., 2012)

2.5 Surveillance System with Motion DetectorTo fill the gap of conventional surveillance system, it integrates the motion detector to make it more intelligent. So it will capture images when detect the motion in sensor range. For this surveillance system it will use the passive infrared sensor (PIR) as motion sensor and camera to develop it. In the next topic will tell about motion sensor, details of PIR sensor Ultrasonic sensor and Through-the-lens(TTL)camera.

2.5.1 Motion Sensor In security system, motion detectors are widely used. Typically, it contains either a motion sensor included with or connected to other devices that warn users. It normally situated close outside entryways or windows of building to screen the region around it. An electronic movement sensor holds a sensor that converts the identification of movement into an electric indicator. Microcontroller can translate an electric indicator from a sensor which can send the sign to Polaroid to trigger it to catch picture (Nusaibah, 2009).

2.5.1.1 Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)For the most part of Passive infrared sensor made of pyroelectric sensor to produce the electric sign because of warm radiation evolving. Each living body emanates some level radiations and the more sweltering the body, the increasingly is emitted radiation. It can't be seen however it can locate. Objects that create warm likewise produce infrared radiation and those objects incorporate a human body. PIR motion sensor is the most frequently used in commercial security system. Figure 2.2 is example of PIR sensor.

Figure 2.2: Passive Infrared Sensor (Noori, Anvardeen, 2008).

Usually, infrared sensor are using for alarm theft system and visitor presence monitoring. Movement is distinguished when one temperature, for example, human body is passes before an alternate source of temperature, for example, divider. The yield unit will stay high if movement is still discovered. Everything discharges some low level radiation, and the more sweltering something is, the more radiation is emitted. The sensor in a movement finder is really part in two parts. That explanation behind that will be that we are looking to discover movement not normal IR levels. Figure 2.3 show the sensor discovering range, high temperature source development and yield indicator from sensor. Aloof infrared sensor is picked in light of :

1. lower costs and easy to get (Varghese S. S., Premi M. G., 2013)2. sensitivity to the human body radiation (8~14 m) ( Lang S. B., 2005)3. reactiveness to angular speeds of a warm target running from 0.1 rad/s to 3 rad/s, in a separation short of what 15 m (Qi, H. et al., 2009).4. high reactiveness to the change of temperature on other than itself temperature (Qi, H., Fei, H., & Yang, X., 2009).5. large pyroelectric sensor and stable (Kang S. J., Samoilov, & Yoon Y.S., 1998)

Figure 2.3: A representation of movement identification by the PIR sensor(Hao Q. et al., 2005).

That is the reason the lens focuses on the sensor are not steady in light of the fact that each other one focuses to an alternate a large portion of the PIR sensing component (Tong, L. et al., 2010) . Figure 2.4 (a) and (b) show the top view of PIR sensing element and rear view of PIR sensing element.

Figure 2.4 :(a) Top view PIR sensing element, (b) Rear view PIR sensing element (Tong, L. et al., 2010)

2.5.1.2 Ultrasonic SensorUltrasonic sensor proposed for basically extends use with modern execution. At the point when a ultrasonic beat is reflected by an article, it will transmitted at the time 0. The sensor gets this signal and converts it to an electric indicator. The output pin will give a 38ms elevated amount sign when there is no object is located. Figure 2.5 will show the example of ultrasonic sensor.

Figure 2.5: Ultrasonic Sensor (Ying W. B., et. al., 2011).

2.5.2 Through-the-lens(TTL) CameraThe microcontroller projects that take a photograph or control a feature stream are suitable to utilize this camera. These modules have a various aspects, for example, the capacity to change the brilliance of pictures, auto-differentiation and auto-shine alteration.The serial port commands can ask for that the module solidify the feature and afterward download a JPEG color picture. So for instance, regularly its simply showing feature to a security screen. The maximum image size it can take is 640x480 pixels. Furthermore, it is delicate to infrared light, which changes the shade form to some degree. In Figure 2.6 will show example of TTL serial camera. In Figure 2.7:(a) and (b) will show the quality of image captured by TTL serial camera, one of outside during cloudy day and one inside on a sunny day .

Figure 2.6: Through-the-lens(TTL) Camera (Adafruit, 2012).

Figure 2.7: (a) Image during cloudy day, (b) Image during on a sunny day (Adafruit, 2012).

2.6 Microcontroller The microcontroller is one of the most important electronic devices on which modern technology is based on. Microcontroller uses are endless; from toys to microwaves, ovens, TV sets, computers, printers, cars and so on. Digital circuits become larger and larger as more functions need to be executed. In modern digital world, most individual digital circuit components are sold in a single chip. Those individual chips need power and space to operate. When the circuit becomes huge, the traditional logic design approach is not the best option and microcontrollers become convenient. Microcontrollers are basically sequential machines because their operation depends on their current status and its inputs. Their power lies in the fact that the hardwire configuration allows its operation to be changed depending on programming. It is not required to use additional logic circuits if the operation is changed.

2.6.1 Arduino Uno BoardArduino is one of an incredible instrument for develop items, taking inputs from an assortment of switches or sensors and controlling a mixture of lights, engines and different outputs. There are serial correspondences APIs on most programming languages so interfacing Arduino with a product system running on the machine (Arduino, 2012). The Arduino board is a microcontroller board, which is a little circuit that holds an entire machine on a little chip. The Arduino Uno board has a 16 Mhz ceramic resonator, a USB association, a force jack, an ICSP header, a reset catch, 6 simple inputs and 14 advanced information/yield pins (of which 6 could be utilized as PWM yields). It utilizes the Atmega16u2 customized as a USB-to serial converter rather than FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip which was utilized within all the previous boards. The board up has 32 KB streak memory of which 0.5 KB is utilized by bootloader, 2 KB of SRAM, 1 KB of EEPROM and 16 Mhz clock speed (Arduino, 2012). In Figure 2.7 will show the Arduino Uno board.

Figure 2.8: Arduino Uno Board (Luitel, 2013)

2.7 Arduino Communication with PC The Arduino can transmit and accept information by means of USB/Serial link. You can either utilize the Arduino fundamental serial port or you can leave that channel committed to programming and utilize two different pins for an additional serial connection devoted to outer gadget. Arduino activities could be set alone or they might be associated with a workstation utilizing USB for the information force to capacity. 2.7.1 Arduino IDE The Arduino board comes complete with an IDE and libraries which have been intended for convenience and in minutes of introducing these you could be flickering LED. This holds all the product which will run a machine to program and correspond with an Arduino board. The Arduino IDE holds a manager which we can use to compose draws in a basic programming dialect displayed after the Processing language. Utilizing the IDE the system we composed is changed over to C language and afterward accumulated utilizing avr-gcc (Arduino, 2012). At the point when rhe Arduino board is associated with a machine utilizing the USB/Serial link, by utilizing the IDE we can arrange and transfer to board the system.In Figure 2.8 will show the interface of Arduino IDE.

Figure 2.9: Arduino IDE (Raj, 2012)

2.8 Related Research2.8.1 Design and Implementation of a Home Embedded Surveillance System with Ultra-Low Alert Power (Ying W. B., et. al, 2011) Outline and Implementation of a Home Embedded Surveillance System with Ultra-Low Alert Power configuration utilizing PIR sensor and weight sensor as the alarm gather in windows and entryways where a gatecrasher must pass through. These low-power caution sensors awaken Micro Controller Unit (MCU) which has power administration for the ultrasonic sensors and PIR sensors inside. This state move technique spares an extensive number of sensors needed for the alarm power. This test shows that can diminishing the frameworks power consumption.in Figure 2.9 show the framework structural planning of Home Embedded Surveillance System with Ultra-Low Alert Power.

Figure 2.10: The home embedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert power (Ying W. B., et. al.., 2011).

2.8.2 Room Monitoring System using Radio Frequency (RF) Technology and Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) (Noori, Anvarden, 2008). Room Monitoring System utilizing Radio Frequency (RF) Technology and Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) This undertaking is answer for the power wastage. PIR sensor utilized as a part of this task on the grounds that this gadget is still new in business sector and not broadly investigated by peoples. This gadget demonstration as a programmed switch, the light will consequently on when there is vicinity of intruders in checked territory. Monitoring framework likewise joined together to this task where, an indicator will be send to observing room to demonstrate the vicinity of individual in observed territory. The signals send to the observing room utilizing Radio Frequency and turn on the sign for checked zone.

2.8.3 Surveillance System using AVR ATMEGA16 (Yusfaizal, 2009). Surveillance System utilizing AVR Atmega16 task will expect to make the interface between CMOS camera C3088 with the AVR Atmega16 microcontroller. The correspondence for the AVR and the workstation is through serial port while the correspondence between AVR microcontrollers is utilizing Ic protocol. Hyperterminal were utilized to send and get serial information to and from workstation. Microcontroller will transform the summon from the machine and focused around these on these order, microcontroller will send proper information to camera and ask the camera to catch and send back image to the computer.

2.9 Conclusion The understanding on the elements of the systems involved for this project which are surveillance system, motion sensor, communication and microcontroller, is needed before proceed for the design and development process. This is important to ensure the project done according to the main idea of each part discuss in this chapter.

CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionTo accomplish an objective and intend to achieve this extend, a philosophy is paramount to focus the undertaking will effectively or not. All arrangements are incorporated in this undertaking technique will characterize every strategy to create as it help to verify the venture running easily as per the task course of events. This venture will utilize a few stages as a part of planning a Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor and Ultrasonic Sensor with surveillance camera for data center security framework. In this project will use the concept of the waterfall as a methodology. This research methodology has a five stage to complete the project and it was a Problem definition, Information gathering, identify project requirement, development and the last stage is the result and finding. With the suitable research methodology, it will guide us as researcher to complete the project phase by phase and do not mix up everything at the same time. Below in Figure 3.1 will show the phases of the methodology in this project.

Figure 3.1: Phases of research project3.2 Information GatheringAt this stage, is very important and first phase to conduct a project because researchers can get lots of information can be used in this project. Moreover, the researcher is collecting the all informations that was similar to the project by reading journal, article and previous related project. For this project, required to comprehend the learning about the electrical structure for the equipment improvement for the configuration circuit methodology of movement sensor and surveillance camera framework.3.3 Identify Project Requirement

After done with information gathering phase, move to identify the project requirement phase. This phase will determine all devices and software that need to complete this project. This project has two processes of development, that is hardware and software development. With the reading from previous project that have been developed, its really helping the researcher to identify the device and software that can implement in this project. Other than that, this phase can help the researcher to identify the amount of budget that need in this project and overall budget for this project is approximately RM550.00. In the next subtopic will show the lists of device and software requirement for this project.

3.3.1 Hardware Requirement

The hardware improvement was partitioned into two stages as demonstrated in the block diagram underneath. The info phase of this framework was the PIR and ultrasonic sensors. The second stage was the controller unit, which was the Arduino microcontroller. The purpose of using this microcontroller was to control the whole operation system by sending images to PC that captured by surveillance cameras.

i. Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)In this project, PIR is used to detect movement that passes through within sensor range using infrared radiation. The maximum distance that can sense by PIR sensor is 290 cm and not able to detect any movement when the human movement is more than 290 cm apart from it (Ab-Rahman, et al., 2013).

ii. Ultrasonic SensorUltrasonic is used to detect any object motion that passes through within sensor range. The maximum distance that this sensor can sense and detect is approximately 295 cm and not able to detect any movement that is more than 295 cm apart from it (Ab-Rahman, et al., 2013).

iii. Microcontroller Circuit (Arduino Uno)Microcontroller will start function when it receives signals from PIR and ultrasonic sensor. When the both sensors detect any movement in sensing range, the microcontroller will trigger the camera to capture. The microcontroller will connect to PC using the USB / Serial cable to activate the camera. The using of Arduino Uno as microcontroller because is a widely used used on controlling devices due to its flexibility.

iv. Surveillance CameraThrough-the-lens (TTL) camera will be used in this project acts as a surveillance camera. The maximum image size it can take is 640x480 pixels. And it is sensitive to infrared light, which changes the colour version somewhat Camera will need to test to make sure it is working correctly. Other than that, this testing to make sure that the camera will function correctly when there is an interface process between microcontroller and PC.

The list below shows are summarized that all the hardware required specification and also the additional tools that will be used in this project.1. Laptop(a) Operating System (OS): Windows 7(b) Microsoft Office 20102. Arduino Uno microcontroller board3. PIR sensor4. Ultrasonic sensor5. TTL camera6. USB/Serial cable7. Breadboard8. Jumper Cable

3.3.2 Software Requirement

i. Arduino IDEIn this project, the researcher will use the Arduino IDE that for the programming the Arduino Uno microcontroller board. The Arduino IDE holds a editor which we can use to compose draws in a basic programming language displayed after the Processing language. Using the IDE the program we wrote is converted to C language and then compiled using avr-gcc (Arduino, 2012). Arduino IDE is software used to write the coding for controlling the process that will be running to receive signal from PIR and ultrasonic sensor to activate the camera. This programming will kept and embedded in microcontroller which is the microcontroller is the main part of this project.

3.4 Development

3.4.1 Hardware Development

In the development phase has two segments of development. Firstly, the researcher must wait until finish the hardware development before to program it software to make it function. Below in Figure 3.2 will show the two segments of development in this project.

Figure 3.2 : Division of development

3.4.2 Project Flow DiagramThis project is to develop a surveillance system with motion detector. By the Figure 3.3 show below that the step involve from the beginning of the process until the camera start to capture and send that image to the PC. If the both sensors are not detect any movement in sensor range, the surveillance camera will be in idle state and when the both sensor decet any movement in sensor range, it will trigger the surveillance camera to start capturing the image and send that image to PC storage.

Figure 3.3 : Flow chart of the process

3.4.3 Project ArchitectureThe diagram below show the architecture of this project. The main elements that involve in this project are the microcontroller, PIR sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and surveillance camera.

Figure 3.4 : Block diagram of the project

3.5 TestingThe last part to make sure the project is functional and working properly, is the full testing. It means the hardware will interface with software to make it function. This project will be successful when the sensor can detect human movement and it can trigger the surveillance camera to start capturing. The image will be stored in the PC storage.

3.6 ConclusionThis chapter of methodology is about the step that the researcher to follow to complete this project successfully. With this methodology, it will make the flow of the project will complete a task phase by phase without mix up everything at the same time.

REFERENCES1. Abros Noori , Anvardeen(2008)Room monitoring system using radio frequency (RF) technology and passive infrared sensor (PIR).Undergraduates Project Report (PSM) thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.2. Abd. Rani , Mior Mohammad Hafiizh(2007)Active infrared motion detector for house security system.Undergraduates Project Report (PSM) thesis, Universiti Malaysia 3. Ab-Rahman, M. S., Asmir, A. H., & Jumari, K. (2013). Development of camera and GSM interfacing system for home security surveillance.Scientific Research and Essays,8(38), 1858-1871.4. Bai, Y.-W., Xie, Z.-L., & Li, Z.-H. (2011). Design and implementation of a home embedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert power. IEEE Trans. on Consum. Electron., 57(1), 153-159. doi: 10.1109/tce.2011.57354965. Koay, Su Yeong(2003)Web Camera Application For Motion Detection.Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.6. Park, K. Y., Jeon, J. H., & Park, G. M. Integrated Surveillance System and Field Test in Urban Transit System.7. Q. Hao, D. J. Brady, B. D. Guenther, J. Burchett, M. Shankar, and S. Feller, Human tracking with wireless distributed radial pyroelectric sensors, IEEE Sensors Journal, submitted, 2005.8. Tong, L., Yaqi, C., Jun, L., Min, L., & Guoli, W. (2010, 7-9 July 2010). Distributed infrared biometric sensing for lightweight human identification systems. Paper presented at the Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), 2010 8th World Congress on.9. Qi, H., Fei, H., & Yang, X. (2009). Multiple Human Tracking and Identification With Wireless Distributed Pyroelectric Sensor Systems. Systems Journal, IEEE, 3(4), 428-439. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2009.2035734 10. Varesano, F. (2011).Using arduino for tangible human computer interaction (Doctoral dissertation, Doctoral dissertation, Masters thesis, University of Torino).11. S. B. Lang, Pyroelectricity: from ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool,Physics Today, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 31-35, Aug. 2005.12. S. J. Kang, V. B. Samoilov, and Y. S. Yoon, Low-frequency response ofpyroelectric sensors, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.,vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1255-1260, Sept. 1998.13. Subash Luitel (2013).Design and Implementation of a Smart Home System 14. Varghese, S. S., & Premi, M. G. User-Controlled Low Power Home Surveillance System.15. Yusfaizal, Mohamed Yusof(2009)Surveillance system using AVR ATMEGA16.Undergraduates Project Report (PSM) thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.16. Zin, T. T., Tin, P., Hama, H., & Toriu, T. (2014, March). An integrated framework for detecting suspicious behaviors in video surveillance. InIS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging(pp. 902614-902614). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

APPENDICESAPPENDIX A: Gantt chart to Complete Chapter 1 until Chapter 3

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