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Arctic Navigation Norvald Kjerstad Professor, Nautical Science Aalesund University College N 62°28’19’’ – E 006°14’06’’ [email protected]
2012 PNT – Challenges and Opportunities Symposium Stanford, 13 November 2012
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My presentation: -! Geography and some challenges -! High latitude shipping activity -! Survey and chart quality -! Navigation systems -! Future prospects and climate change
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A random snapshot of activity in ice infested waters (from AISSat-1)
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35000
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45000
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Total 25368 29991 25663 29974 32590 44298 44684 48448Boats 29 25 22 28 28 34 29 30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Passengers visiting Svalbard The trend is similar in Antarctica, Greenland, Russia and Canada
Growth in shipping activity demands implementation of new international regimes !!Polar Code
!!Mandatory IMO guidelines
Norvald©Kjerstad Passenger vessels conflict – attraction vs. safety 4
When technology and humans meets the harsh and remote environment ----- problems occurs
1912
1989
23.11.2007 Norvald©Kjerstad
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Northern Passages – shortcuts between Atlantic and Pacific Waters Northeast-Passage «Open» since 1991
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2011 – a breakthrough for the Northeast passage
17th of July 2012 north of New Siberian Islands 7
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Demanding season extension This is what you see in the winter time (only 1month after min. ice coverage)
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Ridges can easily be seen
Much ice-clutter close to the ship
Blind sector
Close to the North Pole
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Radar can be useful to avoid ice ridges
Navigation
Positioning / Dynamic Positioning (DP)
….. Different needs and requirements •! Accuracy •! Reliability •! Integrity •! Redundancy
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Modes of navigation
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GNSS performance GNSS performance
•! GPS have no significant latitude limitations
•! GLONASS more inclined orbits (64.8 vs. 55°). Improves performance at high latitudes.
•! Needs augmentation for integrity
•! Galileo og BeiDou will improve integrity, geometry and add SAR functionality
•! Signal strength normaly good, but ice on the antenna and auroral activity can reduce performance
Norvald©Kjerstad GPS-HDOP: 24hrs sailing along the Northeast Passage
• GPS
• GLONASS55°). Improves performance at high latitudes.
• Needs augmentation for integrity
Skyplot of GPS and GLONASS at 75°N (24hrs)
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Limit for sat. 120 (15.5°E)
Route
Expected coverage of EGNOS satellites
Main research area at N 78°50’
Polar Circle
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Limited DGPS and SBAS coverage
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Satellites without EGNOS correction
Satellites with EGNOS correction
EGNOS sat. 124
Skyplot from N 71°29’ – E 015°20’
Norvald©Kjerstad Kongsberg DPS-132 receiver (GPS L1+L2+SBAS) 14
Period with correction (DQI > 1). Number of sat. are low. HDOP is high
Period without correction (DQI = 1). Number of sat. are high. HDOP is low
N 74° N 76°40’ DQI
HDOP Satellites
DQI = 1
DQI – timeplot from the Barents Sea (sat. 124) (Software: Kagstrom NMEA-suite / www.kagstrom.no )
13 hrs
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EGNOS sat. 120 (Elevation is 2.2°)
Skyplot from N 78°49’ – W 004°08’
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!"#$
WAAS MSAS
EGNOS
SNAS? CWAAS
SDCM?
!"#$%"$&''$%()$*"'+,$-+./$
•!$%&'()$*&++,-.*(/&-0$$$$.-123).145$(-6$.*2$6(1($$$$6.71).8,/&-$-22626$5$9).6.,+$&)$:;<$5$=;<$>:&'-.4(?$
•!$@'&8('$74712+$*&&)6.-(/&-$
•!$:&)2$A&'()$B9:C$
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5$=;<$>:&'-.4(?$
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All approved compass systems have limitations at high latitudes
Latitude (!) approaches 90°
!!Cos ! approaches 0
!!Error approaches !
Remember !! Errors will propagate to radar, ECDIS, direction-finders, AIS, SatCom, TV, etc.
Error =
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Gyro
FOG
Magnetic
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Satellite compass – have no latitude limitations (but still not approved by IMO) Ref. recommendations in IMO guidelines for ships operating in polar waters.
Display Norvald©Kjerstad Norvald©Kjerstad
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Large and shallow shelf areas. What about the chart quality?
The seachart indicated 300m (Hinlopen, Svalbard)
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New survey, 2007
New location of glacier
Not surveyed
Former unauthoriced chart Navigation in front of glaciers is dangerous due to limited survey and varying depths
Large datum shifts are common
Norvald©Kjerstad New location of glacier
Not surveyed
Navigation in front of glaciers is dangerous due to limited survey and varying depths
Large datum shifts are common
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Margins between ” ingenuous” grounding and disaster are sharp (ref. Exxon Valdez)
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MV Nordkapp grounded in Antarctica
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A paradox:
Reduced ice coverage can contribute to more ice-navigation
•! Cruise / Expeditions
•! Oil and gas
•! Mining
•! Research
•! Fishing
Gradual change from thick multi-year ice to thin first-year ice
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2012 – All time low
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Equivalent to year 2040-50 predictions
“Trans Polar Highway “– a future perspective?
Approx. 1000nm shorter
•! No depth limitations
•! Only international waters
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Bering
NE
NW
Chinese icebreaker Xue Long tested the Trans Polar route over the North Pole (August-Sept.12)
*) Remember – shortest route is rarely the quickest 24
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Obvious need for:
•! Better competence
•! Stricter regulations (national and international)
•! Improved infrastructure and presence
Concluding remarks
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