architecture of workplaces 1. lecture 5 size standardization
TRANSCRIPT
Architecture of Workplaces 1. Lecture 5
Size standardization-coordination
Constructions of space separation
external space separation, façades
Dobai János DLA associate professr Bartók István DLA associate professor
Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA, Aero Saarinen, 1966
Big spaces are covered by big façade and roof surfaces > space separation task Two solutions: „carpet principle”: the form is covered by „cut off” surface from a homogenous, endless surface – monolithic solutions „tile principle”: the surface is distributed, paved with a number of coordinated elements – prefabricated, pre-assambled, industrialized solutions
„Tile principle” > Size standardization: When the completing and the placing of the ready-made building elements’ are
separate in time and place > the coordination of the building material: brick module Early (ancient) examples - the 15cm brick module has always been present during
the history of construction Revealed again by the modern movements: For improving efficiency - bulk production of great elements: economic, constant - plant production, prefabrication: better quality - less work on the building site, faster building - ability of multiplying - useful for general purpose - reduces the number of elements But: -high quality detail development -increasing of element size> increasing of weight to lift -uniformity
Pyramid of Cheops 2580-2530 b. C.
Wall detail from Babylon round 600 b. C.: millions of bricks
Crystal Palace, London, 1851, Joseph Paxton cast iron elements, coordinated , moduled dimensions > hierarchy
Plan of a hangar for the US Air Force, 1945 Konrad Wachsmann (1901-1980) modular coordinated bar and joint elements
1M=A
1M
=A
1/6A=B
1/6B=C
The surface, space is paved, „tiled” with uniform elements. In case they were too big, they will be divided in more parts. The grid is distributed due to the structural hierarchy However, the structures are not 0 in extent!
the coordination of the „old” brick: not only the size, the interspace matters as well!
15
65
1 75
Already on the level of one particular construction (e.g. partition walls) turn up several coordination questions! The question of interspace (tolerance).
The place need of joints (details), the precision of production, place need of placement, thermal expansion!!!, other movements
grid
partition wall
In case of different thickness the task is even more difficult!
floor plan
overlapping element parts overlapping element parts
The structural hierarchy causes further problems!
The elements of different size are multipliing.
The line of space separation?
grid
grid
wall element
pillar
overlapping > irregular size element
overlapping > irregular size elements
The elements of different levels of hierarchy are on different grids.
In which group should be the irregular elements?
(here the level of the structure)
mixed (a bit better alternative)
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
2
1 2
1
2
2
1 normal element
irregular 1.
irregular 2.
additional (corner) element too small!
Normal position: 1M=x m Corner 1.
Corner 2.
irregular 3.
additional (corner) element
normal element
The irregular elements are on the lower level>
Less different primary elements are needed
New complications: even the elements of the same level are not homogeneous: coordination of details, layers
And this was only an examination in 2D of a small part of the possible questions...
Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958
Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958
The modular coordination is senseless for itself > Size standardization: premise: size-rows that can be theoratically anything > professional common agreement (eg. brick module) previously the human sizes: inch system, 1 inch, 1 foot, 1 yard stb. 1/12 twelve-based size system (today in the USA) but elsewhere (almost everywhere) the decimal system is general The practice has chosen 10 cm for base module. The suggestion of the Hungarian practice (1949-1991) - not contradicting the common western practice – was: base module: 60 cm, expanded module: 300 cm The result: mainly the coordination of the primary (bearing) structures > prefabrication suiting well the needs en masse, „standard” (6,00-9,00-12,00-18,00m) grids, spans suiting structural subsystems, products: suspended ceilings, light fittings, floors of elements, building service systems But: Alvar Aalto: 1 mm Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm (golden section)
Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm
6x12 meter short main beam skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete
9x9 meter main beam with purlins skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete
„Skeleton panel” multi-storey short main beam skeleton structure of reinforced concrete
Flexibility Size coordination>the possibility to apply replaceble elements It aims during design: changeability, possibility for multipurpose, durability, through these is heading sustainablity without using additional technology equipment is useful, practical and should be applied! To reach this: well considered functional order, rational plans > rational buildings less „architectural gestures, forms”, durable materials... The elements’ size standardization > possibility of replacement didn’t succeed because - of the variaty of sizes and needs - of the producing, storing, coordination of lots of different elements - of developments of different dinamism effected in the end cost increasing.
Size standardization>flexibility, possibility of rearrangement, replacement Processor factory INMOS, Newport, Wales, Richard Rogers, 1982-87
External space separation Roofs Façades - the surface to be placed (between) in front of the skeleton structure Tasks: separation: against wind, rain, safety thermal requirements: thermal insulation: heated temperated (+5 °C) mechanical tasks: weather loads: wind load technology loads: machines, equipment impacts by accident: hurtling architectural requirements: openings: lighting, traffic building technology requirements: possibility of construction, size limits construction time and weather limits cost requirements: thrift, sustainability „aesthetic requirements”: should be nice and proportional image, meaning, modernity, harmony
Chocolate factory Menier, Noisel-sur-Marne, near Paris, Jules Saulnier, 1825-1875
Brick
Vitriol factory, Luban, Silesia, Hans Poelzig, 1911
Brick
Ziegler Wafer Factory, Zsámbék, Hungary, Turányi Gábor, Turányi Bence, 2002
Brick
Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016
Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016
Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016
Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016 terracotta panels
terracotta panels
Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016
G. Ostervig cable plant, Nieporęt, Poland, Stefan Kuryłowicz: 1999
Glass, metal sandwichpanel
Médiathèque Lucie Aubrac, Vénissieux, France, Domeniquie Perrault, 1997-2001
Glasswall, perforated sheet with shading
BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany Zaha Hadid, 2005
Profile and sheet glass, concrete, aluminium trapezoidal sheet
Printing hall, München, Germany Amann+Gittel 2000 Profile glass, aluminium frame structure
Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks
Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks
National Art Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands, Wiel Arets 1989-1993 „Glass concrete” surfaces
Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet
Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet
Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993
Polycarbonate sheet with printed pattern
Acrylic glass (building high)
Factory building, Vitra Campus, Weil am Rhein, Germany, SANAA, 2012
RBS Railway station, Worb, Switzerland Smarch Architekten, 1999-2003 Web of stainless steel stripes
aluminum louvers Breathing (medical) Factory, Osaka, Japan, Takashi Yamaguchi, 2009
Corten steel panels Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller , 2010-13
Corten steel panels Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller , 2010-13
Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal
Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal
Sportshall, Saarburg, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1999 Stainless steel web + glass
BTV Bank building, Wolfurt, Austria, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1989 Unattended wood battens on batten frame
Hydropower Plant Ragn d'Err, Vincenzo Cangemi Architects, Tinizong-Rona, Switzerland, 2016 wooden planking
BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014
Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading
BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014
Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading
Dominus Winery, Napa Valley, California Herzog & de Meuron, 1997
Monolith concrete, gabion, premise of stone
Plastered surface (Dryvit) Sewage works, Berlin, Gustav Peichl, 1980
Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1995 Monolith concrete
Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete
Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete
CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen
CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen
Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs
Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs
Back to the earth... Ordinary structures of today and of the recent past of non-accentuated tasks: Light structure space separation: corrugated, or trapezoidal sheet metal (carpet principle) policarbonate, profile glass (basically tile principle) sandwich panels (tile principle) framed glassed-in constructions (tile principle) Reinforced concrete based space separation: layered mononithic constructions (eg. Thermo-Mass) (carpet principle) standing and lying panels - usually as sandwich panels (tile principle) Visible brick masonry: nowadays only layered constructions – pseudo tectonic! (carpet principle)
Layered light structure 1. – corrugated (sinus) sheet metal
Layered light structure 2. – trapezoidal sheet metal
Layered light structure 2. „Coffer”
trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade cladding, „coffer” back structure
standing trapezoidal sheet metal cladding
wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar)
tie beam (footing)
trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade cladding, „coffer” back structure
lying trapezoidal sheet metal cladding
vertical spacer batten
wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar)
tie beam (footing)
Cargocenter Frankfurt, Germany, 2007, Kölling Architekten trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade
Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, 2008-10 trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade
Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, 2008-10 trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade
Sandwich panels with metal sheet surface
Sandwich panel façade
Sandwich panel façade
Reinforced concrete façade panels
tie beam
wall column
pillar rider
facade panel
Thank you for your attention!