Axes and Polygons A Chronological Architectural History Tour of Greece and Italy

Led by Dr. Steven Fleming, Architectural Historian at The University of Newcastle

5 to 24 June 2011

Axes and Polygons re-enacts tours undertaken by architects of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Stuart, Revett, Soane, Cockerell etcetera), and Modern architects like Louis I. Kahn, who travelled to Italy and Greece in search of inspiration. Participants will see what those architects saw and took to the world: ancient ruins, Classical monuments, and buildings of the Byzantine and Renaissance periods that in turn bear the trace of their Classical antecedents. The itinerary is arranged chronologically to allow participants to see buildings in the order that those buildings were built. Rather than following a tourist trail, or a straight line on a map, the tour tracks a course through the ages, from: Mycenaean to Archaic then Classical Greece; to ancient and then early Christian Rome; through the Byzantine era; from the Romanesque to the Gothic; then decade by decade through each step of the proto-Renaissance, High Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque periods. The journey is linked via the touchstone notion of “Axes and Polygons”, providing a way of seeing beyond the façades, to the planning strategies that give each of these buildings its meaning. The tour is intense. It delivers the deepest possible understanding of the history of architecture in the shortest possible time, and for a lower overall cost than participants could achieve were they to embark on such a trip on their own. For young architects, the tour will provide innate confidence that comes from having seen firsthand where their discipline’s thinking and values have come from.

Tour Leader:

Steven Fleming has a PhD in architectural history and has taught the subject to students at The University of Newcastle for the past decade. He is an active researcher regularly publishing articles and book chapters, who recently co-edited an award-winning book on museum design. He is a member of American and Australasian architectural history societies. He has travelled extensively, both on his own, and as a tour leader when he organiser the inaugural Glenn Murcutt Master Class in 2001. He first led the Axes and Polygons tour in 2010.

Airfares

Please contact Renaissance Tours for airline suggestions and airfares. If extending in Europe, most airfares allow you to return from other European cities at no extra cost (though different taxes may apply). NB. Short term specials may be available – please check with Renaissance Tours for details.

Hotels

Comfortable three-star hotels with private facilities have been selected throughout. Tour prices are based on twin-share. Single and triple-share prices are available. Single travellers may request to share – please advise at time of booking. NB. Prices are based on a minimum of 30 tour participants. In the event of a smaller group

Renaissance Tours reserves the right to reassess the tour prices.

Meals

Breakfast daily in the hotels. Lunch or dinner included on most days, according to the itinerary. Travel

Your travel within Greece and Italy will be by coach. Local guides

Due to local regulations, your visits to sites and museums will be principally undertaken by local guides in conjunction with Steven Fleming. In addition Steven Fleming will give lectures throughout. Weather / climate

June is a great time to visit Europe. Expect warm sunny days, with daytime temperatures between 25 – 30 degrees C, but don’t forget to bring a raincoat for the odd shower or two.

Reading list / study notes / pre-tour materials

A reading list, study notes and comprehensive pre-tour materials will be provided approximately one month prior to the tour departure.

ITINERARY: Sat 4 June 2011 Depart Australia Departure from Sydney. Alternatively, you may choose to travel to Europe ahead of the tour, and meet us in Athens.

Sun 5 June 2011 Arrive Athens Arrive in Athens and make your way to your hotel in the centre of Athens. Tour arrangements will begin this evening at 5.00pm with a welcome briefing with Steven Fleming and fellow travellers followed by a welcome dinner at / near your hotel. (D)

Mon 6 June 2011 Athens - Nauplion Today you will depart Athens for a three-day tour by coach to the principal remaining sites of the Mycenaean period (Mycenae and Tiryns) then Classical Greece (Bassae, Corinth, Epidaurus, Olympia and Delphi). On the way, you will also experience the diversity of rugged landscapes - from coastal to mountainous, with flat plains in between - that influenced and shaped Greek history and culture. First drive to Corinth for a short visit to the ruins of the Temple of Apollo, c. 550 BCE. The temple’s dramatic location and brooding quality have long made it a favourite subject for architects’ sketchbooks. Produce a sketch of your own, and thus engage with the imaginative spirit of the journey ahead. Continue to the ancient citadel of Mycenae, a major centre of power in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age (1600-1100 BCE). Pass through the ‘Lion Gate’ to the Acropolis and also visit the nearby Treasury of Atreus, a beautiful Tholos Tomb known as the ‘Tomb of Agamemnon’. Take a moment to draw a plan and section of this marvellous elementary structure. After lunch, visit the Citadel of Tiryns, a well preserved Mycenaean fortification. Draw a section through the long gallery and consider the structural dynamics of corbelled Cyclopean stonework, so named because it was assumed such large stones could only have been handled by Cyclops. There will be time after for a visit to your first Greek theatre, one with perfect acoustics, at the 3rd Century BCE Sanctuary of Asclepios at Epidaurus. In the late afternoon, a short visit to the Monastery of Aghia Moni will provide a foretaste of the Byzantine phase of the tour, ten days from now. Overnight in the port city of Nauplion. (BLD)

Mycenae - ‘Lion Gate’ Epidaurus - Theatre

Tue 7 June 2011 Nauplion - Delphi Today your coach will take you far from the tourist trail, into the Arcadian mountains and the architecturally significant 5th century BCE Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae. Designed by Iktinos (before he designed The Parthenon), it features the oldest known Corinthian capitol. Draw it, plus the Doric and Ionic capitols found in this temple, and thus re-enact the first lesson in any pre-modern architectural education! Continue to Olympia, the centre for the worship of Zeus since the 10th century BCE. The Altis – the sanctuary to the gods – has one of the highest concentrations of masterpieces from the ancient Greek world. You will also see the remains of all the sports structures erected for the ancient Olympic Games, that were held every four years, beginning in 776 BCE. That evening, drive via Patria to Delphi for overnight. (BLD)

Wed 8 June 2011 Delphi - Athens The ruins at Delphi rival those you will see tomorrow in Athens. There are temples, a tholos (or circular temple), a theatre and treasuries spanning the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, plus a modern museum. Not only was Delphi a site of four-yearly sporting games, famous oracles and the worship of Apollo, it was also the supposed site of the world’s navel, represented by a bizarre carved stone called the omphalos. Have lunch then spend time sketching and enjoying the ambience of one of the ancient world’s most picturesque sites, before departing for Athens. On the drive in to Athens, you will stop by another Byzantine church, the Daphni Monastery. The symbolism and spectacle of the golden era of Byzantine architecture is palpable in the well preserved “hierarchical” mosaics and cross-in-square planning. (BLD)

Thu 9 June 2011 Athens Full day visit to the Acropolis and surrounding monuments. The Acropolis (across=upper / polis=city) is an ancient Mycenaean fort that was redeveloped by the Greek general and statesman, Pericles (c. 500-429 BCE), to celebrate military victory over the Persians. The period’s quest for architectural perfection culminates in the Parthenon by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates - guided by Phidias, a sculptor. The Erechtheum, meanwhile, has fascinated philosophers and architectural theorists, principally because of its human-shaped columns or “caryatids”. Draw sketches of both buildings, plus the Propylaia and Temple of Athena Nike, labelling all those obscure elements with obscure names like: triglyph, metope, entabliture, pediment and frieze.

Below and to the south of the Acropolis are the Theatre of Dionysos, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, the ancient agora and the reconstructed Stoa of Attalos (now a museum). One of the best preserved temples overlooking the Agora built by Pericles is the Temple of Hephaistos (449-430 BCE). The three hills adjacent to the Acropolis - the Areopagus, Pnyx and Filapappou Hill - provide excellent panoramic views of the Acropolis and its surroundings. The Kerameikos is the ancient cemetery for Athens. (BL)

Athens - Acropolis Athens - Acropolis

Fri 10 June 2011 Athens Following a morning lecture (9 – 10 am), transfer to the National Archaeological Museum, the largest museum in Greece and one of the world's great museums. Although its original purpose was to secure all the finds from the nineteenth century excavations in and around Athens, it gradually became the central National Archaeological Museum and was enriched with finds from all over Greece. Its abundant collections, with more than 20,000 exhibits, provide a panorama of Greek civilization from the beginnings of Prehistory to Late Antiquity. The museum is housed in an imposing neoclassical building of the late nineteenth century. Following the tour of the museum, the afternoon is at leisure. Dinner at a local restaurant. (BD)

Sat 11 June 2011 Athens – Naples – Sorrento Transfer to Athens Airport for a midday flight to Naples (Italy). On arrival in Naples, transfer to your hotel in Sorrento. After check-in there will an evening lecture (5 - 6 pm) followed by dinner at a local restaurant. (BD)

Sun 12 June 2011 Pompeii “A fearful black cloud was rent by forked and quivering bursts of flame… darkness fell… as if a lamp

had been put out in a dark room.” Eyewitness account, Pliny the Younger. An otherwise normal day (August 24, A.D. 79) in a typical Roman city (Pompeii), was frozen in time when Mount Vesuvius erupted, covering the city in ash. Thus your introduction to Roman architecture will not only involve examples of Roman civic architecture, but deeply moving encounters with scenes of everyday life, even the forms of citizens and slaves captured at the moment of death. For architects, timeless lessons can be learned from a thoughtful examination of Pompeii’s houses, gardens, footpaths, even traffic calming devices, designed for slowing down chariots! Spend the day sketching plans and drawing sections that document the Roman’s time-honoured patterns of urban development. (BD)

Mon 13 June 2011 Naples – Mt Vesuvius - Rome Depart Sorrento for Mount Vesuvius, one of the most explored and well known volcanoes on earth. Mount Vesuvius has been sleeping since 1944 under the watchful eyes of volcanologists, who regularly measure its temperature. Their observatory lies at a height of 608m high. The crater has a diameter of 700m, a circumference of 12km and is 200m deep. After lunch, continue to Rome. (BL)

Tue 14 June 2011 Ancient Imperial Rome “Now, at last, I have arrived in the First City of the world! Had I seen it fifteen years ago

with an intelligent man to guide me, I should have called myself lucky, but, since I was destined to

visit it alone and trust to my own eyes, I am happy, at least, to have been granted this joy so late in

life.”

Goethe, 1786

Rome - Forum Rome - Arch of Constantine and Coliseum

You will go to Rome twice on this tour. This first two-day visit will be to see monuments of Rome’s imperial greatness, followed by churches built in the wake of the Emperor Constantine’s conversion to Christianity. In architectural terms, The Roman Empire was a kind of franchise, with buildings around the Mediterranean patterned on the buildings in Rome. They developed their own architectural style, one that conveyed a sense of Rome’s sophistication and power. The style takes a thick wall with arches (the arch was a Roman invention) and superimposes half-columns and entablatures that partially mimic Greek temples. In modern cities all over the world, architects have continued to use the style for public and private institutional clients, or any client wishing to convey a sense of their power via their buildings. But the Romans didn’t only invent a new style and the arch. They built aqueducts, roads, networks of plumbing and drainage, and used a material that would not be discovered again until modern times: concrete.

Rome’s power and reach was so great that, under Constantine’s reign in the 300s, it could take a persecuted religious sect and make it the official religion of a vast empire. That religion was Christianity. The first Christian buildings were converted basilicas that were used for group worship, and rotundas that were primarily used as mausoleums or baptisteries. Debate continues over which is superior: the axial basilican form, or the polygonal form of the centralised church. In the remaining two weeks of the tour, you will see examples of both and perhaps judge for yourself. Following a morning lecture (9 – 10 am) your first day in Rome will begin with a morning visit to the Roman forum, located between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. The oldest and most important structures of the ancient city are located in the forum, including its ancient former royal residency the Regia and the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins. Constantine’s Basilica, on raised ground to the North of The Forum, began as a regular basilica entered from a short end. However, after construction had begun, the decision was made to include an entrance in the long wall facing the forum. It thus became a bi-axial, centralised basilica, prefiguring works of the Byzantine era. Beside the forum is Constantine’s Arch and the Coliseum, site of gladiatorial games and other chilling spectacles. When you return to Rome one week from now, you will see how the Coliseum’s fenestration influenced architects during the Renaissance; in anticipation, draw a detailed elevation of a narrow portion of the Coliseum’s external wall, before being taken on a tour of the stadium’s interior.

In the afternoon, walk to the Baths of Caracalla which originally accommodated some 1,600 bathers and included a library, exercise facilities and spaces for hedonistic excess. The underground vaulted facilities for servicing the calidarium (hot baths) and tepidarium (lukewarm baths) were incredibly complex. The impressive ruins have inspired numerous modern day architects. (BD)

Wed 15 June 2011 Early Christian Rome Focusing on ‘Early Christian Rome’, today you will visit five significant churches. Start with Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri that occupies the converted figidarium of the Baths of Diocletian. Next, Santa Costanza, built by Constantine (c. 272 – 337 AD) as a mausoleum for his daughters and constructed in a circular form in the tradition of Roman mausoleums. Continue to Santa Sabina (422 AD), widely considered the best example of an early Christian church in Rome. Although few of its mosaics survive, Santa Sabina is famed for its 5th-century wooden doors carved with biblical scenes. The grounds of the church offer expansive views over the city. Finish the morning with a visit to the basilica of St. Clement which is especially notable for its three historical layers. The 12th-century basilica is built on top of a well-preserved 4th-century church (with many frescoes), which was built next to a 3rd-century Mithraic Temple.

Rome - Exterior of Santa Costanza Rome - Interior of San Clemente

After lunch, you will visit the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Founded in the 4th century, it is one of the five great ancient basilicas of Rome. Its 18th-century exterior conceals one of the best-preserved Byzantine interiors in the city. Finish the day at the basilica of Santa Pudenziana, a 4th century church built over a 2nd century house with a thermal facility. In the 4th century, the building was transformed into a three nave church. The bell tower was added in the 13th century, while restorations of 1588 transformed the three naves into a single one. Today’s exercise is to draw a sketch plan of each building visited, and analyse each in terms of its terstrial and/or heavenward axes and what these might have symbolised. (BLD)

Thu 16 June 2011 Rome - Tivoli - Ravenna Depart Rome for Tivoli and the Emperor Hadrian’s Villa, a 100+ hectare complex of more than 30 buildings; some of these overlap at the corners in a manner that has inspired many modern architects, and may inspire you as you add planning strategies you discover in Tivoli to your architect’s sketch book. Having traveled across the Roman Empire, Hadrian returned to Tivoli to build replicas of the things he had seen, especially the buildings and statuary he had fallen in love with during his travels in Greece. After lunch, continue along the Adriatic coast to Ravenna (360 km, 5 hrs), arriving in the early evening. (BL)

Fri 17 June 2011 Ravenna A thriving seaport in ancient times (it now lies five miles inland), Ravenna rose to power in the 1st century BC under the Emperor Augustus. The town made an early conversion to Christianity in the 2nd century AD and as Rome's power declined, Ravenna took over as capital of the Western Empire (402 AD). The following century it came under the rule of Thedoric and the Arian Ostrogoths, and in 540 AD the city became part of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian. Ravenna's exquisite early Christian mosaics span the years of Roman, Ostrogothic and Byzantine rule. Following a morning lecture (9 – 10 am), begin your exploration of this UNESCO-designated World Heritage site, with a visit to the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. The small brick structure dates from around 430 AD, making it one of the oldest monuments in Ravenna. Galla Placidia, a powerful Roman empress, was never buried here but likely commissioned the building. Adjoining the mausoleum is the basilica of San Vitale which dates from the mid-6th century and contains what are probably the finest Byzantine mosaics in the western world. Draw reflected ceiling plans of each church, noting the rules applying to the use of mosaics in Byzantine architecture. Continue to the Neonian Baptistery, an octagonal building converted from an old Roman bath-house, beginning under Bishop Ursus around 400 AD. The baptistery was finished by Bishop Neone (451-75) in the second half of the 5th century, during which the mosaics were added to the dome. After lunch, drive to the 6th-century basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, just South of Ravenna. The church has a fine collection of early Christian sarcophagi and, like others in Ravenna, is known for its exceptional Byzantine mosaics. (BLD)

The splendid apse mosaics of Sant'Apollinare in Classe Ravenna - Floor plan of San Vitale

Sat 18 June 2011 Ravenna - Pisa - Florence On the East coast of Italy you have seen examples of a kind of architecture, Byzantine architecture, that is associated with Eastern Europe. The fact that Ravenna was not invaded by Islamic iconoclasts, as happened in Constantinople, means you have in fact seen the best surviving collection of Byzantine churches anywhere in the world. This morning you will travel East to Pisa (260 km, approx 3.5 hrs), to see how the region of Tuscany was more influenced by architectural trends playing out in countries like France and Spain. In Western Europe the Roman Basilica had slowly been evolving into a plan type known as the Latin Cross. The Latin Cross was the underlying template for Romanesque, and later Gothic style architecture. Both styles are well represented in the Piazza del Duomo (often referred to the Piazza dei Miracoli – ‘Square of Miracles’) a wide, walled area at the heart of Pisa.

Recognised as one of the world’s foremost centres for medieval art, the Piazza del Duomo is dominated by four great religious edifices built in the Romanesque style between the 11th and 15th centuries AD: the Duomo (Cathedral), the Leaning Tower (the cathedral's campanile), the Baptistery (with Gothic additions) and the Campo Santo. Take some time to sketch the intricate arcading on the Western end of the Cathedral. Before departing Pisa, you will also visit the Pisan Gothic Church of Santa Maria della Spina. Continue to Florence (108 km, approx 2 hrs), arriving early evening. Before you check into your hotel, your bus will stop at a lookout at Piazzale Michelangelo where Steven Fleming will give you a brief talk about the city you will stay in for the following two days. (BD)

Sun 19 June 2011 Florence Florence is the birthplace of The Renaissance, where for the first time clients other than royalty or the church could afford to patronise architecture. The architectural profession as we know it today, arose to service this new kind of “middleclass” patron. Meanwhile, thanks to the invention of the printing press, architects and others of the emerging “artisan class” were becoming scholars of ancient philosophy, even ancient architectural theory, thanks to the circulation of Vitruvius’ texts. It wasn’t long before architects were writing theoretical treatises of their own. Their preoccupations included the “correct” ancient-Roman way of putting arches into walls, and analogies between the human body, buildings and the cosmos at large. Following a morning lecture (9 – 10 am), your first full day in Florence will focus on Proto and early Renaissance examples, especially the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. Begin with a visit to his Foundling Hospital, featuring columnar fenestration that prefigures later Renaissance architects’ fascination with roman precedents, particularly the Coliseum. One block from there, you will find Brunelleschi’s unfinished circular church, Saint Mary of The Angels, with a form designed to echo that of the cosmos. Next walk to Florence Cathedral (the “Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore”, or simply “The Duomo”) where those who are not claustrophobic may choose to climb Brunelleschi’s dome and thus see up close his famous proto-Renaissance lantern (8 Euros, not included in tour cost). Whether you climb the dome, or choose to stay on the ground, make a careful sketch of the lantern, and compare this to the elevation you drew of the Coliseum last Tuesday.

Florence - The Duomo Florence - Palazzo Rucellai (drawing)

You will then visit the Duomo Museum. It documents this building’s successive additions, and houses displays to explain Brunelleschi’s ingenious methods for constructing his dome. From there you will walk to the other major cathedral of Florence, Santa Croce, and see The Patsi Chapel by Brunelleschi, plus Michelangelo’s and Alberti’s burial places. End the day with a walk to Brunelleschi’s other great church, Santo Spirito, with “divine proportions” based on the square and double square solely. You will be led back to your hotel via four great palazzos: the overwhelming Palazzo Pitti, the columnar Palazzo Rucellai by Alberti, the astylar Palazzo Rozzi, and the quintessential Palazzo that was owned by the famous Medici family. You will thus gain a sound understanding of this most influential of building types, that we see replicated in all major cities. (BD)

Mon 20 June 2011 Florence Keeping with the chronological theme of the tour, today you will look at a Renaissance masterpiece, followed by two of the Mannerist period. Alberti’s additions to Santa Maria Novella are emblematic of the so-called “age of humanism”, that was The Renaissance. Characteristic of Alberti’s façades, this one is utterly taut, inviting you to draw a similarly crisp elevation. Where Alberti proclaimed design rules borrowed from ancient Roman precedents, Michelangelo mastered those rules only to break them. You will see how as you enter his Laurentian Library via the famous vestibule and stairs that lead into the reading room. The Uffizi Gallery by Vasari, as well as housing an incredible collection, also features the first fully designed streetscape in Europe. Flanked by buildings that are not quite parallel, the space deliberately fools viewers into thinking the distance to the end is shorter than it in fact is. You will see other examples of “magic suction”, as art historians call this device, when you travel to Rome. Spend the afternoon drawing your favourite buildings in Florence, or visiting other places of architectural interest from a list that will be provided. (BD)

Florence - Santa Maria Novella Florence - Uffizi Gallery

Tue 21 June 2011 Florence - Rome Morning drive to Rome with a stop in the medieval town of San Gimignano. On arrival, visit the church of San Pietro in Montorio, which includes in its courtyard Bramante’s canonical work, the Tempietto of Saint Peter (1502). This small building exemplifies High Renaissance aspirations and has been much copied, for example by William Thornton when designing the United States Capitol Building in Washington D.C. It was also to have been the model for the dome of Saint Peter’s. Produce a plan, section and elevation, noting the Tempietto’s elementary geometry. The rest of the afternoon will be spent at St Peter’s Square. Both outside and in, the first church of Roman Catholicism has been worked on by a who’s who list of Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque architects, including Bramante, Michelangelo, Bernini and Maderno. Be guided about the various additions, such as the colonnade, West entrance, new naves and Bernini’s Baroque style baldacchino. (BD)

Rome - St Peter’s Square Rome - Interior of St Peter’s Cathedral

Wed 22 June 2011 Rome Following a morning lecture (9 – 10 am), today you will walk between examples of Mannerist and Baroque buildings, stretching from the Piazza Venezia to the Piazza Barberini. Start at Michelangelo’s Piazza del Campidoglio (commenced 1546), flanked by the Palazzo Nuovo, Palazzo Senatorio and Palazzo dei Conservatori. Continue to the Quirinal Hill which was largely rebuilt in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in the Baroque style by the Popes and prominent Roman families with major buildings including the Palazzo del Quirinale and the Palazzo Barberini, and churches such as San Andrea al Quirinale, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (where you will draw an axonometric of the curvilinear façade) and Santa Susanna. All these buildings display an increasing fascination with curves and recession. (BLD)

Thu 23 June 2011 Rome Your study of Rome concludes with the late Roman Baroque (17th century) in and around the Piazza Navona. It is one of Rome’s most beautiful Baroque squares, and follows the shape of Domitian’s Stadium which once stood on this site. The architectural highlights of the square and its immediate surrounds are the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, the Palazzo Pamphili and the churches of Sant’Agnese in Agone, Santa Maria della Pace and Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza. A short walk brings you to the church of the Gesù (1568-1584), the first Jesuit church to be built in Rome. Its design epitomizes Counter-Reformation Baroque architecture and has been much imitated throughout the Catholic world.

Rome - Pantheon Rome - Piazza Navona (drawing) The Pantheon has been chosen as the last place to visit on this otherwise chronological tour, to remind participants of the prodigy, intelligence and sheer human effort embodied in the history of architecture. Built during the emperor Hadrian's reign, the Pantheon features the oldest large-scale dome in Rome, built from brick carcasses back-filled with mass concrete. It spans 43.3 metres and defines a precise geometrical sphere. The mysterious coffering pattern on the ceiling has mesmerized viewers for almost two thousand years. Following a special farewell lunch the rest of the afternoon is at leisure to further explore Rome (Vatican Museum, Trevi Fountain, Spanish Steps, etc.). (BL)

Fri 24 June 2011 Depart Rome Tour arrangements conclude after breakfast. Make your way to Rome Airport for your flights back to Australia. (B)

Sat 25 June 2011 In flight

Sun 26 June 2011 Arrive Sydney Early morning arrival in Sydney.

TOUR PRICES: Per person, twin-share $5,500 Reduction for triple-share -$225 Single supplement* $750 * Single travellers may request to share. Please advise at time of booking.

TOUR PRICES INCLUDE: • 19 nights accommodation in 3-star hotels with private facilities and breakfast daily (B) • Many other meals (L=lunch, D=dinner) • Comprehensive sightseeing with your tour leader and local guides, incl. entrance fees as per itinerary • Deluxe air-conditioned coach transport • Economy class flight Athens – Naples • Gratuities for local guides and drivers

TOUR PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE: • Transfers on arrival / departure (convenient airport trains or buses available) • Items of a personal nature (i.e. laundry, telephone, etc.) • Travel insurance • Drinks with meals • Airport and hotel porterage

AIRFARES: Please contact us for airfares.

DEPOSIT – at time of booking $500

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Simply send us the completed booking form together with your $500 pp deposit by Friday 28 January 2011 and you will receive $250 pp off the tour price.

TERMS & CONDITIONS: How to Book:

Complete, sign and return the Booking Form available from Renaissance Tours with your deposit of $500 per person. Upon receipt of your Booking Form and deposit, you will receive confirmation of your place from Renaissance Tours. Deposit / Final Payments

Deposit (at time of booking) $500 Your deposit is used to pay for hotel and other deposits and is non-refundable in the event of your cancellation. Your final payment is due 60 days before departure. Failure to make your final payment by the due date may result in cancellation of your booking and loss of deposit. We reserve the right to charge a late payment fee in the event of late booking and/or payment to cover additional communication and other expenses. Payment by cash, cheque, American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and Visa is accepted. A 3% service charge applies for payment by American Express and Diners Club.

We reserve to right to charge a late payment fee in the event of late booking and/or payment to cover additional communication and other expenses. Cancellation & Refunds

a) Cancellation by You - Cancellation charges will be applied as shown below, calculated from the day written notification is received by Renaissance Tours. In

addition to cancellation fees for tours operated by Renaissance Tours as shown below, airlines, hotels and other third parties may impose up to 100% cancellation

charges.

60 days or more Forfeit of deposit*

59 - 45 days 25% of tour cost

44 - 31 days 50% of tour cost

30 - 15 days 75% of tour cost

Less than 15 days 100% of tour cost

*Includes any flight deposit paid. The above cancellation charges include applicable GST. In addition to the above cancellation charges, the full insurance premium together with any existing administration fees is also payable in the event of a cancellation by the Client. If the reason for cancellation is covered by the insurance policy, you may be able to reclaim these charges. b) Cancellation by Us - We reserve the right to cancel a tour for any reason (such as failure to reach minimum tour participant numbers). Except for force majeure or the Client's failure to pay the final balance, we will not cancel a tour less than 60 days before departure (45 days before departure for domestic tours). Unless the Client fails to pay the final balance, we will return all monies paid, excluding payment for travel insurance and administration fees. No further compensation will be paid in the event of cancellation by Renaissance Tours. A full refund of monies paid for tour costs will be the full extent of our liability. Airlines may impose up to 100% cancellation charges. Travel Insurance

It is a condition of travel that you are covered by comprehensive travel insurance for international tours. You can make your own arrangements or your travel

insurance can be arranged by Renaissance Tours. In either case all participants must provide the following information no later than 60 days prior to

commencement of travel:

• a copy of your travel insurance policy (or details of master policy)

• the emergency telephone number of your insurance company

• next of kin emergency contact.

Fitness and Participation

While our tours do not require a special level of fitness, for the overall benefit of the group, all tour members must possess a moderate level of mobility, including the ability to: - negotiate airports and railway stations without wheelchair assistance - use combined shower/bath facilities (it is impossible to guarantee walk-in shower facilities) - undertake walking tour of 2-3 hours duration, including using stairs, walking over cobblestones and other uneven surfaces - stand for long periods in museums and other sites - embark / disembark coaches, trains and other methods of transportation without assistance - handle your own luggage If you (or we) have any doubts about your ability to participate in your chosen tour, you may be required to have a doctor’s appraisal. This would require a doctor to read the itinerary of your chosen tour and provide you with a written confirmation of your ability to participate. Terms & Conditions

You can find the full terms & conditions on the Renaissance Tours booking form. They can also be found at www.renaissancetours.com.au or we would be happy to post you a copy on request.

TOUR ARRANGEMENTS BY

Level 4, 47 York Street, Sydney NSW 2000 (GPO Box 5068, Sydney NSW 2001)

Tel: (02) 9299 5801 Fax: 02 9299 5805 Toll-free: 1300 727 095

ABN 14 069 591 448 Lic. 2TA4526 E-mail: info@renaissancetours.com.au

www.renaissancetours.com.au