archaeology of the holocene in the upper paraná river

8/8/2019 Archaeology of the Holocene in the upper Paran River

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PERGAMON Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67-86

Archaeology of the Holocene in the upper Parana River, Mato Grosso do SuI State, Brazil Emilia Mariko Kashimoto a,*, Gilson Rodolfo Martinsb

a Laboratory of Archaeological Research of the Dom Bosco Museum, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo GramlelMS, Brazilb Laboratory of Archaeological Research of the History Department of AquidauLlna, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sui, Brazil

AbstractThe results from the Porto Primavera Archaeological Project, Mato Grosso do SuI, involving survey and rescue research

developed in the upper Parana River, are presented. The analysis discusses the environmental variables related to the implantation of archaeological sites, the material culture and the correlation between archaeology and geochronology: from groups ofhunters- gatherers- fishermen (6400 years BP) to the indigenous ceramists (at least 1500 years BP). 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved .

1. IntroductionThe de la Plata river basin drains an area of about

2,800,000 km 2 and 3780 km in extent. I t is made up,potentially, of a large link axis in the centre-southdirection of South America, interconnecting distinctlandscapes such as the Cerrado, the SemideciduousSeasonal Forest, the Pantanal, and the Gran Chaco. Inthis landscape multiplicity, past cultural processesdeveloped, the analysis of which evokes observation ofthe close connection between environment and culture.

From this perspective, the present article aims tofocus on the results originating from the correlationbetween archaeology and geochronology of the upperParana River, especially those originating from thePorto Primavera Archaeological Project, Malo Grosso doSui State (PAPPMS), with the intention of contributingto the analysis of the landscape and cultural dynamics inthe hydrological basin of the Parana River.

For the development of this focus, syntheses will bepresented of regional landscape, ethnohistory, archaeological knowledge previous to PAPPMS and resultsobtained through this project. Then, the relationshipbetween archaeology and geochronology will be analysed, as well as the connections between scenictransformations and regional cultural panorama.

'Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:[email protected] (E .M. Kashimoto), Ipa@nin.

ufms.br (G.R. Martins).

The Porto Primavera Archaeo logical Project, MatoGrosso do Sui State fitted in with the mitigation impactmeasurements, on the archaeological patrimony of theright margin of the upper Parana River, originatingfrom the construction of the hydroelectric plant,Engineer Sergio Motta-UHESM (Porto Primavera) .This plant, together with other similar undertakings inthe valley of the upper Parana River (I1ha Solteira, Jupiaand Itaipu) as well as others along tributaries, causedprofound modifications in the regional landscape. TheUHESM reservoir was formed in 1998, covering part ofthe area, in relation to its right margin, up to 192,000 ha.This area is demarcated by the geographical coordinates2224'OOISj5258'OO"W and 20 0 47'27I Sj51 37'58"W.The PAPPMS was developed in the period from 1993to 1999, including the Survey and Rescue Phases,originating from two technical-scientific service contracts agreed to between the Electricity Company of SaoPaulo-CESP, responsible for the undertaking, and theFoundation for Support to Research, Teaching andCulture-F APECjMS.

2. Upper Parana landscape, Mato Grosso do SuiIn the correlation archaeology and landscape of the

upper Parana River, the area is divided into threegroups demarcated by state hydrographic sub-basins,according to Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso doSul- SeplanjCrn (J 993). The area of each sub-basin wasconsidered as being composed of a sizeable tributary of

1040-61 82/03/$-see front matter 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.doi: 10 .10 16/S I 040-6182(03)00043-0
mailto:addresses:[email protected]:addresses:[email protected]


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68 E. Mariko Kashimolo, G. Rodolfo Marlins I Qualernary Iniernalionall14 (2004) 67-86the Parana River, with its respective tributaries and thetributaries of the margin of the Parana River near themouths of this tributary.

Flowing in the general direction NE-SW, the upperParana River included archaeological evidence ofdistinct characteristics and differentiated landscapesbecause of the latitudinal variation of its course. Anatural frontier between two scenic contexts was definedby the course of the Pardo River (approximate latitude21 0 S) according to the characteristics of the vegetationand soils (Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso doSul- SeplanjFiplanjIbge , 1989), geology (Governo doEstado de Mato Grosso do Sul-SepJan, 1990) andclimatology (Zavatini , 1992).

The northern region, the sub-basins of the Pardoand Verde rivers, lies within the regional climatecontrolled, essentially, by equatorial and tropicalmasses. The predominant covering vegetation wasformerly the cerrado, nowadays substituted in greatpart by the reality of agriculture and cattle ranching.The area covered by the middle and upper courses of themain tributary of the Parana River is underlain byCaiua sandstone, the basis for the pedogenesis of theDark-red Latosol and Quartz Sands . Tn the sub-basin ofthe Verde River, there is a sharp decrease in the width ofthe flood plain of the Parana River. The Parana riverbedshows abrupt inflexions and deeper incision, in theupstream direction, with margins elevated to more than8 m on average above the surface, resulting in anincrease in the number of riverside archaeological sites,in comparison with the southern segment.

The area to the south of the Pardo River has a climatemarked by the predominance of polar and tropicalmasses, the transition of cerrado predominated over thepresence of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, latterlyreplaced by agriculture and cattle ranching. Tn thiscontext, up to the confluence with the Ivinhema River,the Parana River presented, in comparison to thenorthern segment, a more rectilinear outline, a decreasein the incision of its course and smaller tributaries . Tnthe meridional portion of the Mato Grosso do Sui State,the sub-basins of the Ivinhema and Iguatemi rivers,forest coverage developed abundantly on Dark-redPodsolic soils and Dark-red Latosol , originating fromCaiua sandstone.According to Souza Filho and Stevaux (1997), thestructural alignment of Guapiara marks a blockdivision: Lagoa Sao Paulo and Baia river compartments.The first includes the sub-basin of the Verde River andpart of the Pardo , while the second substantially coversthe sub-basins of the Pardo and Tvinhema rivers.

PAPPMS focussed essentially on the extensive fluvialterraces on the right margin of the Parana River, with anelevation of 3- IOm above the river channel and up to12 km wide (240-260 m a.s.l.). The terraces are formedby Quaternary accumulation capped by Gley soils and

alluvial quartzous sands. The vegetation cover isdominated by herbs and palm trees, together with theSemideciduous Seasonal Alluvial Forest (Campos andSouza, 1997).

The area of this project covered the geomorphologicalcompartments defined by Stevaux (1993) : the ParanaRiver Unit (flood plain, main channel, islands andsand bars); the Boa Vista Farm Unit (alluvial terracewhich was delimited by a descending fracture whichcharacterized the border (with heights above sea level of244--246 m) named Boa Vista Alta Farm sub-unit); andthe Taquaruqu Unit (colluvial covering) . In the PAPPMSarea, the heights above sea level corresponding tothese units were, respectively, 238-253, 241-249, and255-300 m.

The right margin of the Parana River presented aasymmetric profile in relation to its left margin due tothe fact that structural palisades of Caiua sandstonepredominated, elevated to more than 20 m above thefluvial bed, with Podsolic and Latosol soils covered bythe Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, now replaced byagriculture and cattle ranching. The right margin plainof the Parana River was delimited to the west, with ageomorphological compartment of heights above sealevel of between 260 and 320 m of Dark-red Latosol,developed on substrate of the Caiua Formation , andcovering vegetation of Semideciduous Seasonal Forestwhich , in turn, formed contact with the Cerrado in thePardo and Verde river contexts (Governo do Estado deMato Grosso do Sul-SeplanjFiplan jIbge, 1989).

3. EthnohistoryWhen the archaeology of this stretch of the Upper

Parana is considered, reflection on the regional ethnichistory is necessary , which, due to the environmentaltransition already mentioned, superimposes an ethnicaltransition. The cerrado area, to the north of the fluvialchannel , constituted the meridional Kayapo habitat. Tothe south , the landscape of the Semideciduous SeasonalForest and riparian forests was Guarani territory(Martins , I992a, b). Nowadays , there is a markedpresence of Kaiowas and Nhandevas in the sub-basinsof the Iguatemi and Tvinhema rivers. The area of thissub-basin was incorporated, in the 17th century , into theJesuit province of Guaira.

At the end of the 19th century, when the GuaraniIndian ceramists no longer existed in this region, theOfaie-xavantes fished, hunted and camped along thebrooks and creeks where the Combate, Tres Barras andSamambaia streams flow, in an extensive occupation ofthe upstream Pardo river (Ribeiro, 1951). Thus , theOfaie-xa vantes occupied practically all the space covered by the inundation of the present area of theUHESM, probably after the disappearance of the


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69. Mariko Kashimoto, G. Rodolfo Marlins I Qualemary International 114 (2004) 67-86

Guaranis and meridional Thisethnic group dominated the context of the sub-basin ofthe Pardo and Verde rivers until its extinction in themiddle of the 19th century, about 50 Indianslive on the Ofaie-xavante reserve in BrasiHindia (subbasin of the Verde River),the left margin of the Parana River, the

used to occupy, until the of the 20thcentury, the plateau between the Grande and Tiet:and the Kaiowas lived in the forests to the southof the Tier: River (Monbeig, 1952). The 1""-1111:;."-11i""lived the left margin of the Paranaforest areas (Leite, 198 as well asinhabitants of the cerrados and wooded areas1 The Dourados Mountain range, to theRiver, was theseminomadic h u n t e r ~ g a t h e r e r s who, around I

and used lithic artifacts1978),

4. Previous archaeological researchThe of cultures of the pre-discoveryupper Parana River indicates an extensiveassociated with the Guarani

of this fluvial segment. From amongthe locations those which stand out arethe Samambaia River I

of the of thesouth of the UHESM (Chmyz, 1974); along the leftof the Parana the reservoir area of theItaipu plant (Chmyz, 1974, 1976, I1980), the Canuto 1 close to the confluence with the(Kunzli, 1987), and the Sao Paulo1984); in the context of the Ivai1959; Blasi, 1967; Noelli,

River (Pallestrini,1992; Kashimoto, I

Occupation is indicated byremains of cobbles, predominantly of silicate andartifacts such as lesmas shaping tools

with a flat base and convex surface), planers,arrowheads, bifacial and scrapers. In many cases,these horizons make up beneath those ofthe ceramists, such as in the Sao Paulo Lagoon site,where level depths between 80 and 110 cm are datedC I42500 70 years DP by (Gif),according to Pallestrini (1984).

The region was the of even older occupations. Inthe upper Sucuriu River, Mato Grosso do Sui State, tothe northwest of the UHES:"v1 area, remains of occupation in shelters under rocks resulted in dating of about10,000 years BP (Silva, I Thus, it is

lJV""IVl'" to observe that the archaeological ofthe upper Parana River in Mato Grosso do Sui waspreliminary before the development of the PAPPMS.

5. Results of theConsidering the area of influence of the UHESM,practically unknown in relation to its archaeologicalcontent, the PAPP:"v1S aimed mainly at the construction

of an of the upper ParanaRiver, based on the elucidation of the types of sites andtheir distribution. To understandthe question of the in this area, acarried out. With the extension ofsurvey to contexts away from thedirect area of influence of this sites were registered from dozens of kilometres to the dam downstream.

In this area of inundation of the UHESM, anintensive archaeological survey was carried out following two main axes: the Parana River andtributaries, and roads on the inundation plain,A selected range of environmental variables was definedas criteria for the definition of for prospectingand investigation: 350 were searched and plottedwith to archae

surveys inthe Rescue group wasto a total of 125 locations1, Table I) . From and theresults obtained from the survey carried out in the area,24 sites were selected for excavation,as a priority the most withreference to the cultural remains, the environmental

diversity and the geographical distribution,Following variable dimensionscharacteristics of each site, trenches wereof between 5 and 50 m, as well asareas of up to 2500 m2, The basicincluded the removal of sediments infollowed by observation of color,and then sediment for the retention of archae-

Thematerial was registered by means ofmetre annotation and of thein which it was contained. Geomorphologicaltion, and its relation to the archaeological material, wascarried out plani-altimetrical surveys on theexcavated sites.

Along with the field the dating processing in174 collected in the researched sites was carriedout, at a wide recognition of pastand the definition of a referential for theestablishment of a of theupper Parana River


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70 E. Mariko Kashimoto, G. RodolJo Martins I Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67-86

ThlJNDATION AREA OF THE PORTO PlIDIAVERARYDROELECTRIC PLAlW A:\] ARCHAEOLOGICAL sm s.5.3"0\1'

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KEY ELABORATION:EMll.lA MARIKO KASHTMOTO: 3 Archaeological site - Porto Primavera DOMIlOSCO CATIIOUC UNIVERSnyProject, MS (FAPECI FUf';lSIL'CDB) GILSON ROD OLI'O MAR'J1NS

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CARTOGRAPlllC PRODUCTION:AIda Monteiro BarbosaL09andra Borges de Moraes, ' .

: til?' 1" ",Hipsom ctry o[Sao P,lUio Slale. sr, t982 Wagncidc RodriguesGeocol',,;ronm cnltl l MaCTo-7.oning orSo uth Molo GroBSO , S E P L j \ ~ J P L t \ N , MS, 1988 PA-SALVSM Geoprocessing LabUl'G Anthropological Museum - -.. ;-

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5

10

15

20

25

30

71. Mariko Kashim%, Rodolfo Marlins I Qua/ernary Inlemalionall14 (2004) 67-86

Table IPAPPMS archaeological sitesCl Archaeological sile Geographical I mplanlal ion EV MAT

coordinatesMS-JV-06 (Caleto Stream site I-CTI ) 2225'27"S Cate to stream (r) 15 L

52 59'00"W2 MS-JV-07 (Caleto Stream site 2-CT2) 2224'59"S Cate to stream (r) 16 L/C

5258'35"W Combate lagoon (w)3 MS-IV-08 (Custodio Lagoon site I-COl) 2223'04/1S Custodio lagoon (w) 16, 17 L/C52 52'08"W4 MS-IV-04 (Tres Barras Brook site I-TBI) 2220'17"S Tres Barras brook (r) II C

525I'42"WMS-IV-05 (Machado Stream site I-MCI) 2218'IO"S Machado stream (r) 17 C5246'04/1WMS-PR-06 (Anaurilfll1dia site 2-AN2) 22 18'05"S Parana river (r) 2, 8 L

5241'31"W7 MS-PR-07 (Anaurihlndia site I-ANI) 22 18'58"S QuiteroI brook (r)/Parana river (r) 1,2,8 L

5241'00"W8 MS-PR-08 (Quiteroi Brook site I-QTl) 22 12'26"S Quiter6i brook (r) II, 12 L/C5237'41"W9 MS-PR-09 (Quiteroi Brook site 2-QT2) II'II"S Quiter6i brook (I) 11,13 C

52 37'36"WMS-PR-IO (Quiteroi Brook site 3-QT3) 2210'45"S Quiter6i (I) II , 13 L5237'51"W

II MS-PR-II (Quiter6i Brook site 4-QT4) 220


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72 E. Mariko Kashimoto, G. Rodolfo Marlins I Quaternary Iniernational1l4 (2004) 67-86Table I (continued)cr Archaeological site Geographical Implantation EV MAT

coordinatesMS-PR-32 (SantaTerezinha Stream site I-STl) 2146'54"S Santa Terezinha stream (I) 6 L52019,48"W

33 MS-PR-33 (Upper Parana site 6-AP6) 2148'17"S Parana river (r) 2 L52 Il'13"W

34 MS-PO-O I (Santa Rita do Pardo site I-SR I) 2145129"S Pardo river (I)/Parana river (0 L52 IO"02"W35 MS-PO-02 (Bataguas;u site 3-BT3) 2143'35"S Pardo (r) 15 L5214125"W36 MS-PD-03 (Bataguas;u site I-BTl) 2143121"S Pardo river (r) 18 L

15'07ff W37 MS-PD-04 (Pardo River site 4-PD4) 2J037'42"S Pardo river (I) 12 L/C52J8'26/1W38 MS-PO-05 (Bataguas;u site 2-BT2) 214O"2O"IS Pardo river (I) 13 L5226'30/lW39 MS-PD-06 (Balaguas;u site 4-BT4) 2142'II"S Pardo river (r)/Uere stream (r) 1, 12 L/C

5230'00"W40 MS-PO-07 (Santa Rita do Pardo site 2-SR2) 2142'25"S Pardo river (1)/Aroeira stream (r) I, 12 L/C5237'17"W41 MS-PR-34 (Upper Parana site 7-AP7) 2138'46"S Parana river (r) 3,6 L/C

5203f 11"W42 MS-PR-35 (Upper Parana site 8-AP8) 2137'53I1S Parana river (r) 3, 6 L/C5203'301fW43 MS-PR-36 (Upper Parana site 9-AP9) 2135'53"S Paran a river (r) 6 L

5204'191fW44 MS-PR-37 (Upper Parana site 10-APIO) 2135'24 f1 S Parana river (r) 3 L5204f40 fl W45 MS-PR-38 (Upper Parana site I I-API I) 2135'09"S Parana river (r) 3, 6 L5204'58If W46 MS-PR-39 (Upper Parana site 12-API2) 2 J032'28 f1S Parana river (r)/Remanso stream (I) 1,4,19 LiC5206'2IffW47 MS-PR-40 (Upper Parana site 13-API3) 21 30" 14"S Parana river (r)/Parediio stream (I) 1,4, 19 L/C5204'25 f1W48 MS-PR-41 (Azul Stream site I-AZI) 21 29' 30"S Azul stream (r)/Parana river (r) I, 19 L/C

5204'03!1W49 MS-PR-42 (Brasilandia site 3-BR3) 2130'401'S Parana river (r) 3,6,9 L/C

5159'30"W50 MS-PR-43 (BrasiHindia site 4-BR4) 2130'05"S Parana river (r) 3,6,9 L/C5158'32ffW51 MS-PR-44 (Upper Parana site 16-API6) 2129'07f1 S

51 057'40"WParana river (r) 3,8,9 L

52 MS-PR-45 (Taquari Brook site 1-TQI) 2127'15" S Taquari brook (r) II , 18 L/C520I'44"W53 MS-PR-46 (Taqu ari Brook site 2-TQ2) 2125'40" S Taquari brook (r) 10,19 L/C520I'06"W54 MS-PR-47 (Taqu ari Brook site 3-TQ3) 2125/24'1 S Taquari brook (I) II , 12, 19 L/C520I'06"W55 MS-PR-48 (Taquari Brook site 4-TQ4) 2125'00" S Taquari brook (I) II , 13, 19 L/C520I'07"W56 MS-PR-49 (Upper Parana site 17-API7) 2125'29"S Parana (r) 8 L/C5155'24ff W57 MS-PR-50 (Upper Parana site 18-API8) 21 22"20'" S lagoon without denomination (1') 3, 16 L5154'37"W58 MS-PR-SI (Upper Parana site 19-API9) 212I '20"S Parana river (r)/lagoon 3, 16 L/C5153'25"W59 MS-PR-52 (Brasilandia site 7-BR7) 212O"05 11S Parana river (r) 3,6,8 L/C

515I f 58"W60 MS-PR-53 (Brasilandia site 8-BR8) 2115'40"S Parana river (r) 6 L

5151'34"W61 MS-PR-54 (Upper Parana site 22-AP22) 21 J4'30"S Parana river (r) 6 L515I'51"W62 MS-PR-55 (Cabeceira Perdida site I-CPI) 21 14'I7I1S Cabeceira Perdida (r) 13 L/C5158' 15"W


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E. Mariko Kashimoto. Rodolfo Martins / Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67-86

Table I (continued)CI Archaeological site Geographical Implantation EV MAT

coordinates63 MS-PR-56 (Brasil andia site 10-BRIO) 2113'55"S Verde island (w) 6, 10 L

S1051'47"W64 MS-PR-S7 (Brasilandia site II-BR II) 21 I 2' 34"S Verde island (e) 6, 10 Lj C

5152'40"W65 MS-VD-Ol (Brasilandia site 12-BR(2) 21111/51"S Verde river (r) 6, 9 L5153'24"W66 MS-VD-02 (Brasilandia site 13-BRI3) 2111'22"S Verde river (r)/Piranha 6,16 L

5153'42/fWMS-VD-03 (Tres Lagoas site 2-TL2) 21II'02"S Verde river (I) II L/ C

SJ053'21!{W68 MS-VD-04 (Tres Lagoas site 3-TL3) 21I0'56"S Verde river (I) 6,10 L

5155'03"W69 MS-VD-05 (Verde River site 5-VDS) 2111'03//S Verde river (r) 6, II L

5Jo55'31"W70 MS-VD-06 (Verde River site 6-VD6) 2110'57"S Verde river (1) 6, II L

515S'34"W71 MS-VD-07 (Verde River site 7-V07) 21II'02/1S Verde river (r) 11 L

Sl056'06"W72 MS-VD-08 (Verde River site 8-VD8) 2110'55"S Verde river (1) I I L

5156'20"W73 MS-VD-09 (Brasiliindia site 16-BRI6) 2110'36//S Verde river (r) 6,11 L5156'47/1W

74 MS-VD-iO (Verde River site 10-VDI0) 21 10'08//S Verde river (r) 6, II , 14 L5157'17"W

75 MS-VD-II (Verde River site II-VDII) 2106'29"S Verde river (I) II LSJ Q 59'28"W

76 MS-VD-12 (Verde River site 12-VO 12) 2106'28"S Verde river (r) II L5201'17/1W

77 MS-VD-13 (Verde River ,ite 13-VOI3) 2106"22"S Verde river (r) 6, II L5201'33/1W

78 MS-PR-58 (Upper Parana site 23-AP23) 2110'15"S Parana river (r) 3, 8 L5152'50"W

79 MS-PR-59 (Upper Parana site 24-AP24) 2109'57"S Parana river (r) 7 LSlo52'53"W

80 MS-PR-60 (Upper Parana site 25-AP25) 2108'37/1S Parana river (r) L51 0 52'56"W

81 MS-PR-61 (Upper Parana site 26-AP26) 21 07'33"S Parana river (r) 6 L515I'24"W

82 MS-PR-62 (Upper Parana site 27-AP27) 2107'29"S Parana (r) 7, 9 L/C5150'18/1W83 MS-PR-64 Limpa Island site J-1A I) 2107 '05" S Limpa island (w) 7, L/C

5149'26"W84 MS-PR-66 Limpa Island HA3) 2106'56"S Limpa island (n) 6,8, 10 L

5148'54"W85 MS-PR-63 (Upper site 28-AP28) 2106'54"S Parana river (r) I, 7, 9 L

5149'26"W86 MS-PR-6S Limpa Island site 2-IA2) 2107' 18"S Limpa island (e) 6, 10 L

5149'OI"W87 MS-PR-67 (Upper Parana site 29-AP29) 2106'28"S Parana river (r) 8,9 L/C5148'38/1W88 MS-PR-68 (Upper Parana site 30-AP30) 2106'05"S Parana river (r) 8 Lj C

5147'40"W89 MS-PR-69 (Upper Parana site 31-AP31) 2105'54"S Parana river (r) L/ C

5147'30"W90 MS-PR-70 (Upper Parana site 32-AP32) 2105'IS/IS Parana river (r) 6, L

5147'16"W91 MS-PR-71 (Upper Parana 33-AP33) 2100'41"S Parana (r) 8 C

5145'24"W92 MS-PR-72 (Upper Parana site 34-AP34) 200 59'56"S Parana river (r) 6, 8 L

S1044'48"W93 MS-PR-73 (Upper Parana site 35-AP35) 2059' III/S Parana river (r) 6, 8 L

5144'17"W


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74 E. Mariko KashimolO, G. Rodolfo Marlins I QUulernary Iniernalional114 (2004) 67-86Table I (continued)CI Archaeological site Geographical Implantation EV MAT

coordinates94 MS-PR-76 (Tn:s Lagoas I-TLI) 20 0 57'58"S Parana river (r) 1,6,8 L

5142'54"W Palmito brook (I)95 MS-PR-74 (Palmito Brook site I-PM I) 20 0 57'55"S Palmito brook (I) 6, II , 12 L

51 0 43'14"W96 MS-PR-75 (Palmi to Brook site 2-PM2) 20 57'20"S Palmi to brook (I) 11. 12 L51 0 42'58''W97 MS-PR-77 (Upper Parana site 37-AP37) 20 0 57'21/1S Parana river (r) 6,8,9 L5141'57/1W98 MS-PR-78 (Comprida Island I-ICI) 20 0 57'28"S Comprida island (w) 6,8,10 L/CSl o 41'40"W99 MS-PR-79 (Comprida Island site 2-IC2) 20 0 58'05"S Comprida island (e) 6,8,10 L/C5140'54/1W100 MS-PR-80 (Comprida Island 3-1C3) 200 57'52"S Comprida island (e) 6,8, JO LjC

5139142"W101 MS-PR-81 (Comprida Island site 4-1C4) 200 57'32"S Comprida island (e) 6,8, 10 L

5139'18"W102 MS-PR-82 (Comprida Island site 5-IC5) 20 0 57'17"S Comprida island (e) 6,8, 10 L/C5139I 03"W103 MS-PR-83 (Comprida Island site 6-1C6) 20 0 56'16"S Comprida island (w) 8, 10 L/C

51 Q 40'18"W104 MS-PR-84 (Upper Parana site 38-AP38) 20 56'04"S Pa rana river (r) 9 L5140'27"WlOS MS-PR-85 (Comprida Island site 7-IC7) 200 55'57NS Comprida island (w) 6,8, 10 L/C5139'59/1W106 MS-PR-86 (Comprida Island site 8-IC8) 200 55'53"S Comprida island (e) 8, 10 L/C5137'22"W107 MS-PR-87 (Comprida Island site 9-IC9) 200 55'II"S Comprida island (e) 6, 8, 10 L/C5137'22"W108 MS-PR-88 (Upper Parana site 39-AP39) 200 54 158"S Parana river (r) 7 L5l o 39'09/1W109 MS-PR-89 (Comprida Island site 10-ICI0) 200 54'27"S Comprida island (w) 6,8, 10 L

SI 0 38'SO"W110 MS-PR-90 (Upper Parana site 40-AP40) 20 0 53'19"S Parana river (r) 6, 8, 9 L/C

5138'22/1WII I MS-PR-91 (Comprida Island site II-ICII) 20 0 52'59"S Comp rida island (e) 6,8, 10 L

S1 0 37'14"W112 MS-PR-92 (Compr ida Island site 12-ICI2) 20 52'38"S Comprida island (n) 10 L5137'30"W113 MS-PR-93 (Upper Parana site 41AP41) 20 52'30"S Parana river (r) 8, 9 L/C5137'50"W114 MS-PR-94 (Upper Parana site 42-AP42) 20 0 51'15"S Parana river (r) 6, 8 L5138'06/1W115 MS-PR-95 (Upper Parana site 43-AP43) 20 0 50'43"S Parana river (r) 6, 8 L5138'IO"W116 MS-PR-96 (Upper Parana site 44AP44) 2050' II"S Parana river (r) 6, 7 L/C5138'15"W117 MS-PR-97 (Upper Parana site 45-AP45) 20 0 48'42"S Parana river (r) 7 L

5138'13"W118 MS-PR-98 site I-ITI) 2335'48"S Parana river (r) 4, 9 L/C5402'30"W119 ON I (Onya Lagoon site I) 2223"52"S Onya Lagoon (w) 16 L/C5255'46"W120 MS-PR99 (Palmi to Brook site 3-PM3) 20 57'50"S Palmito brook river (r) II, 12 L5143126/1W121 MS-PD-08 (Pardo River site 8-PDS) 2139' 40'IS Pardo river (I) II, 12, 19 L/C

5212'14"WVerde Island site I (lEI) I 12'24"S Verde island (w) 10 L/C5153'05"WMS-VD-16 (Piranha Lagoon site I-PII) 211 [l39"S Verde river {r)/Piranha Lagoon 16 L/C5153'29/1WMS-VD-15 (Verde River site IS-VDIS) 2109'56"S Verde river (t) II , 14 L/C51581 11"WIvinhema River 9 23 14'40"S Ivinhema river river (r) L/C

5342'53"W


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E. Mariko Kashimoto, G. Rodolfo Martins / Quaternary In lerna tional 114 (2004) 67-86 75The dating of charcoal samples, using the l4C method,was carried ou t at the Laboratoire des Sciences duClimat et de I'Environnement-Laboratoire MixteCEA-CNRS UMR 1572, in Gif-sur-Yvette, France,under the responsibility of Dr. Michel Fontugne, beinghere referenced by the Gif code. Samples of ceramicfragments were dated, through the thermoluminescencemethod, in the Glass and Dating Laboratory of theFaculty of Technology of Sao Paulo-FATEC, under thecoordination of Prof. Dr. Sonia Hatsue Tatumi.5.1. Environmental variables and implantation ojarchaeological sites

In the group of sites situated within the sphere of thedevelopment of PAPPMS, most noticeable, because ofthe quantity, is the occurrence of open air archaeologicalsites associated with groups of ceramists, whoseenvironmental insertion and profile of material cultureallow them to be characterized as belonging, predominantly, to the Guarani sub-tradition. The locationsselected by the Guaranis for their settlement werehumid, along the margins of fluvial courses, borderinghigh lands, with good visibility, fertile soils, andabundant food resources.

Together with this type of environmental selection,the archaeological locations registered by PAPPMSwere also located according to attributes such astopography, hydrography and soils. Most of thelocations were at the borders of the more elevatedgeomorphological areas, so they were not affected bynormal or exceptional floods, mainly in the intervalswhere those borders were sectioned by perennial watercourses. This being the case, the main geomorphologicalcompartments selected by past populations were: BoaVista Alta Farm Sub-unit, Taquaruqu Unit (bordering onthe water meadow), and Parana River Unit (marginallevee), according to the nomenclature of Stevaux (1993).

The spatial insertion of archaeological sites in theUHESM reservoir is illustrated in the geoarchaeologicalsketch (Figs. 2 and 3) elaborated from the analysis of theTM-LANDSAT5 images, at high water dates (10/04/91,outflow: 19,120 mJIs) and draining (20/08/90, outflow:5890 m3/s). The identification codes of the sites (CI) arereferenced in Table 1.From among the environmental variables related tothe establishment of archaeological sites, emphasis canbe given to the inflection points in the fluvial course(node points), where stretches of basalt or sandstonesurfaced forming locations favouring access to the river/terrace and vice versa. The relevance of these places tothe environmental selection for human establishmentincreased when they were associated with deposits ofoutcropping gravel, potential sources of raw material forthe manufacture of lithic tools, mainly lithologies suchas quartzite, quartz, flint, agate, and silicified sandstone,

which form the Quartzitic and Agate Generationsaccording to the designation of F{tlfaro (1974) andBoggiani (J 991).

According to the characteristics of the selectedlocations for settlement (archaeological sites), it ispossible to conclude that they were protected fromnormal/exceptional floods, permitted visibility of theterrain, were favourable to fishing/hunting/gathering,and constituted natural "harbors" and/or sources oflithic raw material. Table 1 shows the locations of thearchaeological sites in relation to the hydrography, onthe respective right margin (r), left (1), west (w), east (e),north (n); the classes of archaeological material (mat.)chipped/knapping lithic (L) and/or ceramic (C); and theenvironmental variables (EV) relevant to the location ofthe sites, described as follows:

1. Tributary mouth margins (Fig. 4);2. Parana River marginal levee, with accentuated topo

graphy in this fluvial context (elevated to less than5 m from its present riverbed)-Parana River Unit;3. Parana River terrace, more than 5 m above its

present riverbed;4. structural terrace of the Parana River, more than

10m above its present riverbed;5. structural terrace of the Parana River, more than

10 m above its present riverbed, with gravel pit;6. area of outcropping deposits of cobbles (gravelpits/conglomerates) on the fluvial margin (Fig. 5);7. substrate outcrop area on the fluvial terrace (node

point);8. extended beach and sediment deposits on the margin

of the fluvial course (fluvial bar), resulting fromerosion which exposed characteristics of thicknessand texture of the pedological body of the margin;

9. fluvial terrace facing the island;10. margins of islands more than 5 m above the present

fluvial riverbed;11. fluvial terrace without swamps, topography favour

able to the watershed dislocation/channel;12. fluvial terrace (predominant ly alluvial) a little

affected by the normal floods, made up of anaccentuated concave margin;

13. medium watershed (predominantly colluvial) of thetri bu tary, a little affected by normal floods;14. terrace contiguous to the fluvial canal rapids;

15. accentuated topographic elevation in the watermeadow noticeable for having originally, arboreal/bushy vegetation different from its surroundings(Fig. 6-BT3 site);

16. lagoon margin (Figs. 7 and 8);17. Boa Vista Alta Farm Unit border (Figs. 7 and 8);18. Taquaruqu Unit border, finishing at the watermeadow (Fig. 6-BTI site);19. Taquaruqu Unit border, finishing at the water

meadow, forming the watershed of the tributary.


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76 E. Mariko Kashim%. G. Rodolfo Martins / Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67- 86

u

. . do (PI seCO/-


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--

K'EY TO GEOARCHAELOGICAL OUTLINE(CONTEXT OF COMBATE STREAM TO QUITEROI BROOK)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND HYDROGRAFHYrr=:;:l Archaeological Sires (according to table~ " A r c h a e o l o g i C a l Sitcs located along the HighParanariver -MS/SPIPR')I ~ : . 'IPerennial nuvial coursc

Fluvial course in area of alluvial sedimentationwith oOzing from waler table where, evcnrually,there are topographical elevations with thepredominance of arboreal/bushy species orgramineous speciesd 1Lagoon (active ordty)

GEOMORPHOLOGYI)/{I LimitbetweengeomOlphologieal unitsX Altirnctrical measuremcntsabove sea level

A - PARANA RlVER UNITre t The Parana river Wlit, is composed of the mainL::..J channel of the Parana river (with islands andbars) and alluvial plains (with marginal dikes ,sandy cordons, water meadows andpalcocanals), ptedominantly inunda.ted in10/04/199 J. Those wich stllnd out:A l l u v i a l fans ill 10/04/1991: imUldalcd or noti n u n d a t c d ,

r:77A Paleoislands (inundated in 10104/91, under theinnuencc oftllc U HEPP dam)r:::::lFrontaJ or larcral bars (recent sedimentaryL..::.iJ deposits in the Parana river inLlndatcd10/04/91 , in its course upslream of the Pardoriver falls)

Ij- 1opographical elevations WiOl predominantarboreallbushy vegetation covering (sandycordons or isolated features), not inundated in10/04/9 I

r-=! Present marginal dike (limited by the linc), andnon-imUldatcd area (in black) in 10/04191

B -BOAVISTAFARMUN1TIII Boa Vista Alta Farm Sub-unit, characterized by~ ' c l e v a t e d topography, sandy sedimentation ofcream tonality, vegetation covering of thepredominantly arboreal/bushy species or

predominantly Grarnincolls/hcrb aeeo usvegetationassociatedwith well drained soils andoccasional occurrences of arboreallbushyspecies

r -o l Boa Vista Baixa Farm Sub-unit, characterized byt:illIJlJ less elevated topography, sandy sedi mentatioll,sometimes swampy, gramineouslherbaceouscovering: together with isolated topographiclllelevations presenting covcring vegetationpredominantly arboreallbushy species orpredominantly gramineous/herbaceous coveringin well drained soils

I i ' l Boa Vista Lcque Sub-unit, made up of sandyo:::J scdmcntation produced by alluvial fans,individualized or coaicseent, ot by deposits oftalus, presents the predominant coveringvegetation of gramineons!herbaeeons species inwell drained soils, associated with the areas ofcovering vegetation predominantly oflrecslbnshes

C - TAQUARUC;U UNITTIle TaquaDl9u Unit" !nade lip of predominantly,L....:-J colluvial-alluvial , sandy and rcddishsedimentation (associated with the Caiua :::,Formation substratc), forming scveral\agoons, It c"'"is situated away from the inundation area; withthe extraction of the Semideciduous Seasonal '"Forest, covering pasture predominates,nowadays c->oD - PORTO RICO UNIT :>;,c1s"'"" 11 Porto Rico Unit, made up of predominantly. 'S;L.::..J colluvial, sandy and reddish sedimentation c(associated with lhe Caina Formation substrate),fonning palisades along the Parana river, the unit -.has small fluvial courses and the absence of lagoons, It is situated away from the inundation area; wirh the extraction of the Semideciduous tel Seasonal Forest, covering pasture predominates, s:'"owadays

ELAHORATION:EMiLIA MARlKO KASHL\lOTODOM ROSCO CATHOLIC UNiVERS1TYGILSON ROOOLFO MARTf\'S[,EDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH MATO GROSSO

CA RTOGRAl'HJC l ' R ( ) J ) U C T I O ~Aida Monteiro Uarbos.L o ~ a n d l l l Borges de '"tor.e,Wagncide Rodrigues PA-SALV-S\t Gcoproccssing Lab UFO AnthroJlotogicat :'.luscwn

SOURCE:t ~ P E llTh3gc't1s ("",


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78 E. Marika Kashimata, C. Radalfo Marlins / Quaternary Internatianal1J4 (2004) 67-86

Fig . 4. Santa Rita do Pardo site I (MS-PD-OI) , situa ted a t the mouth of the Pardo river (seen in the back).

Fig. 5. B a ~ i i < i . n d i a ~ i t e 3 (MS-PR-42), ~ i t u a t e d in front of the Ba ndeirantes Island.

5.2. Archaeological material cultureThe classes of archaeological rema in s collected in the

upper course of the Parana River included chippedand/or polished lithics, ceramics, bones, and bonfirecharcoals. Knowledge of the Gu arani presence in thevalley of the Parana River occurred , in a northerlydirection, from the sub-basin of the Iguatemi River upto the Moeda stream in the sub-basin of the Verde River(Martins and Kashimoto, 1998).

The Gu arani occupation horizons present archaeo logical material predominantly characterized by potterywith clay cords with digital decoration (for example,corrugated or ungulated, Fig. 9) or with polychromat icpaintings (black and/or red lines over the white slip),including vessels such as the cambuxis (La Salvia andBrochado, 1989; Scatamacchia, 1990). In smallerquantity, together with these are lithic pieces such astembetas, anvils (for breaking small palm nuts) , sharpeners, polished axe blades, chips, and artifacts , of which


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79. Mariko Kashim%, G. Rodolfo Martins / Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67-86

Fig. 6. Context of Bataguayu site 3 and Batagua


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80 E. Mariko Ka shimotu. G. Rodolfo Martins I Quaternary InLernalional1l4 (2004) 67-86

Fig . 8. Custodio Lagoo n site I, decapage area 2.

Fig. 9. Corrugaled ceramic vessel (high Parana site 8, deca page area I) .

border segment of terrace with elevated topography,tangential to the west margin of the Custodio Lagoon,this being formed by an abandoned channel of formerdrainage on the right margin of the Parana River.According to the class ification of Stevaux (1993), therelief of the location area was inserted in the Boa VistaAlta Farm sub-unit and the lagoon in the Parana riverunit (Fig. 7).

Custodio Lagoon site I was included in the regionalreference, due to the sequence of occupations presented.Its stratigraphy was virtually intact at the moment of

research, which made possible archaeological excavations, analysis of the horizons of past occupations of theplace, and its determina tion of its temporal duration .Ceramic samples collected from trench I indicate thefollowing results in the corresponding depths: 520 60(O-IOcm; Fatec-159), 83590 (l0-20cm; Fatec-162) ,950 115 (20-30 cm; Fatec-163), 1.170 140 years BP(40-50cm; Fatec-164). At a distance of 47m fromtrench I, the AD2 (Fig. 8) spread over an area of 48 m2and 320 cm deep, making up the profile presented inFig. 12.


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81. Mariko Kashim%, G. Rodolfo Mar/ins I Qualernary Iniernalional1l4 (2004) 67- 86

Fig. 10. Choppers (tools made from the knapped cobbles).

The site was characterized by stratified sandysedimentation, marking a sequence of cultural horizons.Up to 50 cm depth, there was a great concentration ofceramic remains and sparse lithics which integrated theGuarani ceramists horizons, evidence of occupationswhich came to an end, probably, because of theexpansion of the exploration movement in the 17thcentury.

In this ceramics collection, fragments of edges, walls,bases, with distinct morphology, were prominent,illustrating the diversity of ceramic implements produced by the Indians who lived there. The decorativestandards are identified as constituents of the Guaranisub-tradition because of the similarity to what is foundin many other sites of the Upper Parana and nearby. Inconjunction, some lithic pieces such as corticous flakesof pebbles, pebbles with percussion or fire marks, andpolished axe blades were found.Beneath the ceramic level, the sequential presence ofarchaeological layers with chipped lithic materialindicated that the place was occupied by groups ofhunter- gatherers who took advantage of the favourabletopography of the place and the great availability ofnatural resources. The ages obtained related to theseoccupations are in the range of 3140-4230 years BP.The site stratigraphy presented changes of tone which,associated with the distinction in the density of the lithic

material, registered environmental and cultural variations (Fig. 12). The pre-ceramic horizons presented alarger abundance of chipped lithic material , at depths ofbetween 136 and 180 cm, and at depths of between 181and 315 cm (limit of the excavation), the cultural

Fig. 11. Lithic arrow-head (Cust6dio Lagoon site }- 165 cm deep). witnesses were restricted to scattered lithic fragments.


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00IV

em MATERIAL COLOR OF DATING SEDfMENT (YEARS BP.) o

M

,cc;)

_. __ ~ ~ ? _ .. ...._........ ............._..._..................~ . . ! . ~ ~ . : J : . ? 9 . . ( ~ f : ! . ~ ~ ! l L :>:J cli S 00 10YR4/6(darkyellowishbrown) c'-S ;120 00 c130 00.... ..t ? ' _ ~ . ~ . ~ _ ..._........................_...... ......... ~ : . ~ ~ ~ . ~ 1 ? . ( g j f : ! J ~ ! ! L 10YR 5/6 (yellowish brown) tC)IS;;;:;;.,

?;;;6 .....,:,235 6 10YR7/6 (yellow) 240 6 [255 6

-..260 ts ..........10YR 7/8 (yellow) ".0275 6 :5280 6 ...'--I OYR 7/8 (yellow) 0 ,295300315 1 OYR 7/6 (yel low)

Fig. 12. Decapage area 2 profile (AD2)--Cust6dio Lagoon site I.


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83Mariko Kashim%, G. Rodolfo Mar/ins I Qualemary International 114 (2004) 67-86The characteristics of this material follow the classicstandards of the lithic industry technology on cobbles of

the Parana River. With reference to the preeeramic levels found in the AD2, there was an outcollection of remnants made by thethe location with the presence ofchopping tools, racloirs,lithic arrow-heads.

63. Sub-basin of the Pardo RiverThe sub-basin of the Pardo River was researchedthe stretch touched by its low course and by the

of the of the Parana Riverto its confluence. The context"''' ' ' ' ' ' ' '-Hv,">l""al sites with indigenous horizons

or others characterized by smooth and precolonial hunter gatherers, according to the

6.3.1. Bataguaqu site 3-BT3 (MS-PD-02)The Batagua9u site 3 location, referenced thecoordinates 2143'35/1S 52 1 was

inserted in an accentuated topographic elevation inthe water meadow, height above sea level of 255 m, onthe limit of the Taquaruqu Unit border to thedesignation of Stevaux, 1993) (Fig. 6).exploited for the extraction of sediments,the sandy profile, a lithic horizon at adated at 6400 560 years BPevidence of the camping ofclimatic optimum.

The Brasilandia site 3coordinates 21above sea level of 259 m, covered an area of36,400 m2, It occupied the of the Paranain the terrace area elevated to more than 8 m over theold riverbed of that where an extensive outcrop ofconglomerate of and cobbles at the level of thewater surface was visibleWith the oscillations of the level of the Parana River,

the margin had been the emergenceof abundant material (chipped/knappedlithics) on the extensive beach of and cobbles.The investigation carried out on that demonstrated that the higher of remnants was foundalong the strip of the terrace to the ParanaRiver, becoming less in the section whieh gentlydescended to the water meadows and close to thelagoon in the interior of the terrace. Thus, theexcavation was carried giving prior ity to thesegment of the of the Parana River.The location was characterized as an inflexion (nodepoint) of the course of the Parana River, facing

Bandeirantes Island and the mouth of the Peixe River.The Brasilandia site 3 was about I km in extension, in itsdivided into four sectors. The profilearea I (ADI 2 (Fig. I

of occupations, chronologicallyof samples of archaeological

texture soil, layers from 40 to 50 and 260more powdery than the others,which, in turn, were super( 5 0 ~ 6 0 and 27(}280 This

was also sccn at a depth of between 230 andsituated at 53 m from the AD 1, therewere remains of evidenced by ofceramics detected at the following depths: 6(}-80

and I \Ocm. From this depth, the n r "_ l ' p ' r awere delineated.The collection of ceramic fragments was characterized

the smoothed surfaces on both faces, The lithicmaterial, originating from the chipping/knapping ofincluded chippings and artifacts such as theIn the collection the large manifestation of

bonfires, at distinct depths from 20 to300cm was outstanding.6.4. Sub-basin of the Verde River

Following along the stretch downstream ofthe Pardo River), in this segment demarcated by thelower course of the Verde River, the Parana Riverformed terraces rising between 5 and 8 m abovewater level, with abundant deposits of cobbles and

at the base. Archaeological sites werewith indigenous horizons, predominantly markedsmooth ceramics and pre-colonial6.4.1. Comprida Island site 7Island site 7that island of the referenced bythe geographical coordinates 5139' 59"Wand at a of 261 m above sea level, was notaffected by normal floods,

The fluvial formed a fluvial terrace, whichrose to around 8 m above the subject toan intense erosive process. In the area facing theoutcropping of next to thewater surface an of cobbles andpebble conglomerates was a potential source ofraw material for which also favours fishingactivities.The profile of trench the sequence ofoccupations 14). The defined layers at depths of0 ~ 7 0 , 9 0 ~ \ O O , 1 1 0 ~ 1 and 135-170cm had sandy andtexture. The other layers presented a thinner


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84 E. Mariko Kashimolo, G. Rodolfo Marlins I Qualernary Inlernational Il 4 (2004) 67- 86DATING COLOR OF MATERIAL em

(yEARS D.P.) SEDIMENT olOYR 413 (brown/dark brown) 106

10YR 4/6 (dark yellowish brown) 6 6 606 6 706 6 80

7.SYR 5/6 (strong brown) 6 6 9084040 (Gif-I 1226)................................. 6 6 6 100............. ...... -............... ........ _ . ..6 is--",'j"

2.240 (Gif1l227) .. ---..' 7 : 5 V R 5 1 6 ( S t i o ~ g b ; ( ; W D y ......is--1302.76S 35 (Gif.11228) 6

Fig. 13. Decapage area I profile (AD l /sector 2}--Brasilandia site 3.

texture and clay bands were observed at depths of100-110 and 130-135cm.The excavation of this site made possible therecognition of bonfire structures and remains of chippedlithics in different layers of the soil. The lithicsoriginating from chipping/knapping of pebbles/cobblesinclude fragments of rocks, chippings and artifactssuch as the choppers. Fragments of pebbles/cobblessplit by thermal action were seen in combustionstructures, located at different layers , between 10 and220cm deep.

Fragments of ceramics were collected on the beachfrom this site, originating from the erosion of the marginof the Parana River. These pieces, dated at 57040(Fatec-195) and 950 100 years BP (Fatec-93) , hadsmooth surfaces . Throughout the archaeological excavations other remains of this category were not detected ,which suggests their low density, as well as the advanceddegree of destruction of the evidences of ceramisthorizons of this site. The archaeological excavationsdeveloped at this site permitted the clarifying of severallithic levels, similar to other sites in the surroundings,suggesting similar occupation processes, both on the

right margin of the Parana River and on CompridaIsland.

7. Final commentsSeveral remnants of the material culture of settlements and archaeological camps, which reconstitute thepre-colonial period, were found in the fluvial environ

ments of the upper Parana River, Mato Grosso do SuIState. The preferred places for such establishments wereselected according to the attributes of the proximity ofperennial fluvial channel(s) and geomorphologicalcompartments of elevated topography, not subject toflooding. In these compartments, the archaeologicalsites were found, preferentially, along the borders andmarginal dikes.The similarity of the transition which is representedby the sub-basin of the Pardo River, between theSemideciduous Seasonal Forest to the South (associatedwith the Gu aranis) and Cerrado to the North (of theKayapos) , a gradual archaeological transition wasobserved, with the Guarani remains extending, with


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85. Mariko Kashimoto, G. Rodolfo Martins I Q;Jalernary International 114 (2004) 67-86

DATING COLOR OF MATERIAL cm(yEARS B.P.) SEDIMENT

0101OYR 5/4 (yellowlsb brown) 20

c"c,,(),

IOYR S/6 (yellowish brown) c,,()'c. 50c"c"c" 60c.c"c" 701OYR 4/6 (dark yellowish 80

1.130 75 (Gif-1I220) brown) c"c" 9010YR5/6 (yellowish brown)

1.7]5 35 (Gif-1I221) 120-.-.-.................-............-.................... -.--...-.-.-.-.-... .--.. i - 3 0 - - ~ - - - - , . - - 7.5YR 5/6 (strong brown)

7.5YR 6/8 (reddish yellow)7. 5YR 6/8 (reddish yeUow)

1607.5YR 5/6 (strong brown) 1701803.140 60 (Gif-11222) 190lOYR 516 (yellowisb brown) 200210

7.5YR 5/6 (strong brown)7.5YR 5/6 (strong brown) 230

Fig. 14. Trench I profile (TI)-Comprida Island site 7.rare occurrences, in the Alluvial Semideciduous Seasonal Forest of the upper Parana River, up to the contextof the sub-basin of the Verde River. This is where sitesof ceramist populations are predominant, characterizedby sparse ceramic remnants without decoration, whichcan be associated to the Macro-ges peoples.

Characterizing a pre-colonial ceramic period whichcorresponds to different ceramist occupations in theupper Parana River, the essentially referenced ages areof 1600200 years BP (Fatec-259-Brasilandia site 11)and 50060 years BP (Fatec-143-Cust6dio Lagoonsite I). The post-discovery ceramic period includes thefirst three centuries of contact of the indigenous culture,predominantly Guarani in the area, with the Europeanculture; the more recent dates in locations far fromthe valley of the Parana River were observed, such asthe Bataguayu site 4, dated at 240 30 years BP(Gif-I0038).

These indigenous ceramist peoples occupied theterritories of ancient hunter-gatherer-fishermen in theupper Parana River. Bonfires and chipped/knappedlithics, from among which the arrow-heads stand out,constitute cultural remnants from those hunters-gatherers-fishermen from the pre-ceramic period. From theanalysis of the lithic remnants, from along the marginsof the Parana River, it was observed that there was

an intensive production of lithic tools, associated withan abundant discarding of pieces, which was notobserved in the locations on the margins of the lagoonswhere the pebbles, particularly, were chipped up to theend. The occupations registered reached the maximumage of 6400 560 years BP (Fatec-472; Bataguayusite 1).

Thus, the obtained results up to the moment, in thesphere of the PAPPMS, indicate that groups of huntersgatherers-fishermen occupied the Holocene landscapealong the right margin of the upper course of the ParanaRiver, after establishing a plentiful supply of environmental resources originating from the conditions ofbiostasy of the climatic optimum (between 8000 or 7500and 3500 years BP, according to Stevaux, 1997). Thesequence of cultural evidence indicates that the area was,successively, reoccupied, with the presence from at least1500 years ago of indigenous ceramists (when theenvironmental conditions were characterized, as beingthose of the present day, according to Stevaux, 1997).With the conclusion of the laboratory work, concerningthe material collected from the excavations, as well asthe establishment of comparative analyses at regionallevel, new data will be added to this presentation for thegrowth of knowledge related to the archaeology of theupper Parana River.


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86 E. Mariko KashimolO, G. Rodolfo Martins I Quaternary International 114 (2004) 67-86

References

Blasi, 0. , 1967. 0 sitio arqueol6gico de Estirao Comprido, RioIvai- Parami-Estudos complementares. Arquivos do MuseuParanaense, Nova Serie, Arqueologia 3, I-59.

Boggiani, P.e. , 1991. Proveniencia dos cJastos silicosos das cascalheiras dos rios Parana e Araguaia. In: Sociedade Brasileira deGeologia. Trabalho apresentado no 2 Simp6sio de Geologia doSudeste, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1-7.Campos, J.B., Souza, M.e., 1997. Vegeta

archaeology of the holocene in the upper paraná river

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