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Archaeology 101 Definitions and Methods

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions

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Layer: This designates a level of earth, ashes, stones or other materials. Successive layers differ in their appearance and contents and thus can usually be clearly distinguished.

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Floor- A floor is a type of artificial layer made by beaten earth or paving stones. Each floor level relates to a building, whether inside or outside: surfaces of streets and open spaces can thus be called floors. A floor is a level defined by human use.

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Stratum- A stratum is a layer of occupation, created by the construction of buildings and their consequent habitation and destruction. A stratum is thus defined by architecture, and usually includes different layers from the time of its construction, continued use and destruction.

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Megiddo - NW

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Megiddo - W

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Phase- A stratum can be divided into several phases if the pattern of building and occupation was altered during its course. A stratum is usually indicated by Roman numerals, with phases identified by additional uppercase letters; but this convention is not always observed. Building alteration expansions; part of a phase.

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Locus- A locus is a particular area of working, and its extent is precisely defined, in depth as well as length and width. All the loci in an excavation are numbered sequentially.

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Find numbers (AKA Basket number)- All finds are numbered consecutively and registered in comprehensive list. Through buckets have now replaced baskets for this purpose, basket number as a collective find number still remains in use. Single irems from these baskets can be assigned individual numbers, e.g. 96/3= sherd 3 from basket no. 96.

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Level- Each layer, each find and each wall is given a vertical measurement, known as its level, which is calculated as being above or below fixed reference points on the tell.

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Squares- Fieldwork is conducted in squares, usually 5 meters. Before excavation begins, a grid system is superimposed on the tell. Area (Field)- A number of connected squares make up an area. Areas are usually designated by uppercase letters, but they can also be called fields and be numbered in Roman numerals. Section- Sections are the vertical faces within the square, which remain throughout the excavation.

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions C.How archaeological sites are created? 1.Two Ways a.Cultural b.Nature 2.Cultural (Human) 3.Nature (Nature Disaster)

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions C.How archaeological sites are created? D.How are archaeological sites discovered or selected 1.Non Intrusive/Non Destructive methods a.Field Survey b.Remote Sensing

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Capernahum

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions C.How archaeological sites are created? D.How are archaeological sites discovered or selected E.Preliminary Observations

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions C.How archaeological sites are created? D.How are archaeological sites discovered or selected E.Preliminary Observations F.Excavation Techniques

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation A.Opening Videos B.Definitions C.How archaeological sites are created? D.How are archaeological sites discovered or selected E.Preliminary Observations F.Excavation Techniques G.Documentation

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list) C. list D.Locus list E.Locus map F.Drawing of sections

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list)

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list) C. list

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list) C. list D.Locus list

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list) C. list D.Locus list E.Locus map

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation A. Area plan B.Daily list of finds (basket list) C. list D.Locus list E.Locus map F.Drawing of sections

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis J.Metal analysis K.Publication of the excavation

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis J.Metal analysis K.Publication of the excavation

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis J.Metal analysis K.Publication of the excavation

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology)

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis J.Metal analysis

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I.Definitions and Methods of Excavation II.Notes Made During the Excavation III.Misc. Items A.Drawing of buildings B.Photography C.Treatment of finds and index of finds D.Scientific Analysis E.Anthropological analysis F.Analysis of animal bones (osteoarchaeology) G.Analysis of plant remains H.Classification of types of wood I. Pottery analysis J.Metal analysis K.Publication of the excavation