arc 810: building climatology department of architecture, federal university of technology, akure,...
TRANSCRIPT
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
CLIMATIC DATAAPPLIED CLIMATOLOGY
(ARC 810)
Department of Architecture,Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Ondo State
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Climatic Data
1. Introduction2. Collecting the Data3. Dry bulb temperature4. Humidity5. The psychometric chart6. Vapour pressure7. Precipitation
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Climatic Data
8. Wind9. Sunshine10.Sky conditions11.Other phenomena12.Recording the data13.Variations in climate
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
1. Introduction
• This chapter specifies the Climatic data required for Architectural design and how they should be presented.
• The data include Dry bulb Temperature, Humidity, Vapour pressure, Precipitation, Wind, Sky conditions and other phenomena.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
2. Collecting The Data
Points to be borne in mind during the collection of data are:
• Climatic data for one year is offered.• The unit of measurement should be
ascertained.• Where necessary, conversions should be
performed.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
3. Dry Bulb Temperature
• Temperature readings are usually made in degrees Celsius(C) but sometimes in degrees Fahrenheit recorded with a minimum and maximum thermometer as well as a normal dry bulb thermometer.
• The soil-earth thermometer is used to measure the soil temperature.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Plate x: Exterior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm
3. Dry Bulb Temperature
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Plate x: Interior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm
3. Dry Bulb Temperature
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Figure x: soil earth thermometer
3. Dry Bulb Temperature
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
4. Humidity
• The Humidity is usually measured with the wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer.
• A preferred instrument for the measurement of humidity is the hydrograph, which makes use of a revolving drum for the continuous recording of humidity levels.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Figure x: Whirling Hygrometer
4. Humidity
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
5. Psychrometric Chart
• The psychrometric chart shows relationship between the dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature and relative humidity or vapour pressure.
• The chart comprises of vertical lines representing dry bulb temperatures and curves for relative Humidity.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
5. Psychrometric Chart
Plate x: sling psychrometer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
5. Psychrometric Chart
Plate x: The interior of a Stevenson screen showing a motorized psychrometer.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
5. Psychrometric Chart
Figure x: The psychrometric chart
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
6. Vapour Pressure
• The vapour pressure is defined as the partial pressure of water vapour present in the air.
• When the air is saturated, the vapour pressure (Pv) is equal to the pressure of saturated vapour at the same temperature (Pvs).
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
7. Precipitation
• Precipitation refers to rain, snow, hail, dew and frost and is measured daily.
• Rainfall is measured with gauges in millimeters per hour, day or month.
• Types of recording rain guage are natural siphon and tilting siphon guage.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
7. Precipitation
Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorderSource: http://www.fairmonthweather.com
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
7. Precipitation
Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorder chamberSource: http://www.fairmonthweather.com
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
8. Wind
• The wind velocity is measured by a cup type or propeller anemometer.
• The wind direction is measured by a wind vane.
• It spins on a rod and points in the direction from which the wind comes.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
8. Wind
Figure x: Diagrammatic representation of the wind vane
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Figure 3: Examples of wind roses
8. Wind
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
9. Sunshine
• A campbell stokes is a device used by meteorologists to record the actual duration of sunshine.
• It works by using the optically pure glass ball as a magnifying glass and burning a paper strip.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Plate x: Campbell Stokes sunshine recorder
9. Sunshine
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
10. Sky Conditions
• The cloud cover refers to the presence or absence of clouds.
• The average monthly cloud cover is measured in percentages, eighths or tenths.
• The measurements are taken twice daily.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
11. Other Phenomena
The following may also be obtained from meteorological stations:
• The number of days with thunder.• The number of days with frost.• The number of days with hail.• The duration and nature of earthquakes,
tornadoes, hurricanes and dust-storms.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
12. Recording The Data
• Climate data are recorded in forms, usually climate data sheets or climatic charts.
• Climate data sheets are used for recording the basic climatic data needed by a designer.
• Climatic charts are used for the graphical presentations of climatic data.
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
12. Recording The Data
Figure 4: Climatic data sheet for Zaria
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Figure 4: Climatic chart for Zaria
12. Recording The Data
ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
13. Variations In Climate
Variations in climate are caused by: • Differences in altitude.• The coastal or inland nature of locations.• Nearness to urban centers.• Obstructions caused by ground cover and
topography.