Arbeit und Wirtschaft im östlichen Mitteleuropa. Die Spezialisierung menschlicher Tätigkeitim Spiegel der hochmittelalterlichen Toponymie in der Herrschaftsgebieten von Piasten,Přemysliden und Arpaden by Christian LübkeReview by: Martyn RadyThe Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Apr., 1992), pp. 344-345Published by: the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School ofSlavonic and East European StudiesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4210960 .

Accessed: 14/06/2014 15:56

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

.

Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and EastEuropean Studies are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Slavonic andEast European Review.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.38 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 15:56:40 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

344 THE SLAVONIC REVIEW

the Soviet population. Encyclopedia of Soviet Life could be said to derive from the same theory, but with the opposite ideological purpose. It is a follow-on to the same author's Lexicon of Soviet Political Terms, which was dedicated to Ronald Reagan and subtitled 'A Guide to the Soviet Orwellian Alteration of the Russian Language'.

Both of these volumes should be seen as important antidotes to what might figuratively be termed the poison of Soviet Communist political rhetoric. The essence of that phenomenon has been established beyond reasonable doubt. Orwell, Il'f and Petrov, Zoshchenko, Solzhenitsyn and Zinov'ev have examined it in various literary modes. FranSoise Thom, Michael Heller and Olivier Reboul have analysed it philosophically and linguistically. Zemtsov analyses it on the lexical level. His approach in the Encyclopedia is the same as in the Lexicon. He has selected approximately 240 terms drawn from Soviet socio-politico-economic life and provides each with a more or less detailed commentary, each designed to demystify the concept for the non-Soviet reader. His main purpose is to attempt to show what each entry means in its Soviet context. Since the Soviet context is changing, however, Zemtsov is aware that his encyclopedia may not stand the test of time and, indeed, he openly presents his readers with the challenge of determining which of the contents of his encyclopedia will retain their validity and which will need to be revised.

The Encyclopedia has a slightly odd appearance, since the entries are given in their English translation with the Russian equivalent in brackets. It will be of much less use (although still of considerable interest) to the reader who knows no Russian. What will the reader who does not know Russian make of entries such as 'Accepting Decisions Enthusiastically' or 'Direct Dialling'? On the other hand, since the explanatory articles seek first to give a Soviet definition and then a non-Soviet commentary, apparently esoteric concepts quickly become meaningful, even without a knowledge of the Russian equivalent. This is a timely volume, coming as it does when the era of Soviet rhetoric associated with Orwellian 'Newspeak' may be coming to an end. School of Slavonic and East European Sudies MICHAEL KIRKWOOD University ofLondon

Liibke, Christian. Arbeit und Wirtschaft im ostlichen Mitteleuropa. Die Speziali- sierung menschlicher Tatigkeit im Spiegel der hochmittelalterlichen Toponymie in der Herrschaftsgebieten von Piasten, Premysliden und Arpaden. Glossar zur friih- mittelalterlichen Geschichte im 6stlichen Europa, vol. 7. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart, I99I. II5 pp. Notes. Tables. Charts. Bibliography. Index. DM 68.oo.

THIS glossary gives terms relating to occupations and activities in Bohemia, Poland and Hungary during the period of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Terms are arranged into categories such as craftsmanship, forestry and service at court, and then further broken down into specific occupations. No index is provided however. The author extracts fresh significance from this material by combining it with a study of place-names. This reveals that, in Bohemia and

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.38 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 15:56:40 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

REVIEWS 345

Poland, the majority of toponyms which relate to economic activity concern forestry (eighteen per cent) and timber (twenty-four per cent). In Hungary, however, the largest category (twenty-four per cent) involves the performance of services for the court. The author's analysis is supported by a considerable number of diagrams and charts, but no maps, and he firmly refuses to draw any conclusion from his findings. School of Slavonic and East European Studies MARTYN RADY University ofLondon

Bonkalo, Alexander. The Rusyns. Translated by Ervin Bonkalo. Classics of Carpatho-Rusyn Scholarship, no. 3. East European Monographs, no. 293, Boulder, Colorado. Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York, I990. xx + i6o pp. Maps. Notes. Appendix. Bibliography. Index. $40.50.

THE editorial preface to this work explains that the series, Classics of Carpatho-Rusyn Scholarship, 'is intended to make available in English translation some of the best monographs dealing with Carpatho-Rusyn culture'. It goes on to warn, however, that individual authors may favour a particular national, political or ideological stance, but that the publication of such works 'is the best way to improve our understanding and appreciation of Carpatho-Rusyn culture' (pp. v-vi). This caution is particularly appropriate, given the publisher's list. Certainly, Pavlo Markovyc's Rusyn Easter Eggs from Eastern Slovakia (I 987) proved an uncontroversial first volume to the series. In contrast, Aleksei Petrov's seminal study of fifteenth-century texts relating to the Orthodox church in the Carpathians, which was first published in I930 and is soon to be added to the series, is likely to renew the inter-war debate led by Niederle and Dvornik on the antiquity of Rusyn (Ruthenian) settlement in the Carpathian region.

The present volume, a translation of a work first published in Hungarian in I940 (A rutenek, Budapest), may also cause some consternation. The author, Sandor Bonkailo (i88o-i959), composed the original work to celebrate the Hungarian annexation of Ruthenia in I 939. Bonkalo always evinced a strong sensitivity towards the Rusyns of Subcarpathia; his mother was herself a Rusyn. Nevertheless, he was strongly convinced that the Rusyns were, as a people, destined by their history and culture to be a part of the Hungarian state. This opinion coloured virtually all of his writing, from the doctoral thesis on Hungarian loan-words in Rusyn, which he presented in I9IO, to the radio broadcasts he gave in the I920S on Rusyn literature.

The thesis of Bonkailo's The Rusyns is straightforwardly partisan. Until the thirteenth century, so he claimed, the Subcarpathian region was uninhabited and formed a no-man's land (gyepuelve) protecting the Hungarian kingdom. After the Mongol invasion of I24I-42, Rusyns were first settled on the lowlands by contractors. Over the following period, and in particular between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, a second wave of Rusyn colonization took place. Because the newcomers hailed from a variety of places in Galicia, the Bukovina, Podolia and Volhynia, they never established a common

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.38 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 15:56:40 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions