Arab-Islamic Empires and the Indian Ocean Basin

Arab/Islamic Kingdoms and Indian Ocean TradeBy: Rain Cinco, Theodora Danias, Michelle Fong, Alyssa Iglesias, Katrina Kerolus, Anumta RaheelPeriod 8

The Rise of Islam7th century C.E.- Islam emerged in Arabian PeninsulaArab conquerors were able to expand the empire within one century- from N. India to Iberian PeninsulaIslam spread to three continents: Asia, Africa, and EuropeRapid expansion influenced development of trade and the exchange of ideas.Caliphates: Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid

Islamic Trade Routes- Post Classical Era (600-1450 AD)The Islamic Empire was a center for tradebuilt an enormous and profitable trade network over land and seaMediterranean Sea to EuropeCaspian Sea and Volga River RussiaIslamic traders made it all the way to the shores of China by sailing the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

Trade and TransportationOverland trade:Travel mostly done by camel caravanUsed extensive road networks that were built during the classical era by India, Persia, and the Mediterranean BasinMaritime TradeBorrowed compass from ChineseBorrowed the lateen sail from Southeast Asian and Indian MarinersBorrowed Astrolabe from Hellenistic Mediterranean Arab and Persian mariners sailed throughout the Indian Ocean Basin

Islam and Medieval Europe: Political, Social, and Economical Impacts PoliticalBattle of Tours in 732 AD stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and left only Spain in Muslim control. In 1096 Western Christians marched through the Byzantine Empire to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims. This conflict brought about the end of the feudal system in Western Europe.

Islam and Medieval Europe Cont.Economic Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire during the Crusades led to a revival of European trade with Asia. This trade led to a rise in the economic prosperity of Western EuropeIntellectual/ArtsIncreased interaction with the Islamic Empire as a result of the Crusades opened Europeans up to new knowledge of science, medicine, and technology from the Muslims. the Europeans discovered their own past within a different region of the world Renaissance.Europeans adopted Hindi numerals from the Muslims

Arab/Islamic Empires and ChinaIn 751 CE, the Abbasid Dynasty defeated a Chinese army at the Battle of Talas RiverThis ended expansion of Tang Dynasty into Central Asia and allowed the spread of Islam among Turkish peoplesBorrowed compass from the ChineseSilk Road trade flourished Silk and ceramics from China

Trans and Sub-Saharan TradePoliticalTrade kingdoms emerged in West Africa Ghana, Mali, & Songhay and rulers converted to Islam to gain trade advantagesEastern coastal city-states gained power as rulers converted to Islam EconomicCrossed the Sahara by camel caravan to trade salt, steel, copper, glass, and slaves from West AfricaAnimal skins from Eastern Africa

Arab/Islamic Empires and AfricaIntellectual/Arts & ReligionThe Trans-Saharan trade routes helped to spread Islam to West AfricaMali ruler Mansa Musa observed Islamic tradition by making his pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) in 1324-1325.Local beliefs mixed with Islamic beliefsSwahili mix of Bantu and Arabic became widespreadArabic became the first written language in West Africa

Muslim and Hindu Societies in South AsiaArab forces entered India as early as the mid 7th century before the establishment of the Umayyad caliphateentered South Asia via merchants and later conquered Northern territories of India and eventually spread to Southeast AsiaFew Islamic converts were won forcefully but easily converted lower castes through the ideas of equality of the believers. The Hindu social structure was more restrictive than that of the Muslims. Muslims living in India adopted many aspects of Hindu culture.

South Asia/India and the Islamic EmpiresMahmud of Ghazni, leader of the Turks in Afghanistan, led raids of India between 1001 and 1027.Mahmud demolished Hindu and Buddhist sitesBuddhism declined. Mosques or Islamic shrines were constructed on the sites where Hindu and Buddhist structures were destroyed.The Sind (Northern India) were conquered by Arab Muslims and passed to Abbasids

Indian Ocean Trade NetworkThe Indian Ocean Trade Network thrived as Muslim merchants traded with Indian and Chinese merchants.

Indian Ocean Trade area of rapid Muslim expansion.Maritime trade network across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Maritime trade in India expanded due to the rising prosperity of Asian, European, and African states and the resulting demand for luxury goods.Cross-Cultural trade in the Indian Ocean BasinWhat did they trade?Silk and porcelain from ChinaSpices from southeast AsiaPepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from IndiaIncense and horses from Arabia and southwest AsiaGold, ivory, and slaves from east AfricaMaritime technology: Lateen sail and new ship-building techniquesDhows and junks--large ships involved in maritime trade in Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean TradeTrade took place in three distinct regions:The South China Sea- Chinese and Malays dominated tradeFrom the east coast of India to the islands of Southeast Asia- Indians and Malays dominated trade.From the west coast of India to the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa- Persians and Arabs dominated trade.Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire during the Crusades led to a revival of European trade with Asia. This trade led to a rise in the economic prosperity of Western Europe.

MonsoonsMonsoon winds changed direction at regular and predictable timesIndians were the first people to ride the monsoon windsSouthern monsoons brought rainfall for crops and farmingSupplement to irrigation systems

Assessment!!To what three continents did Islam spread to (during the post-classical era)?Europe, Australia, and AsiaEurope, Africa, and CanadaEurope, Africa, and AsiaNone of the aboveCORRECT ANSWER: CAssessment2) Which West African ruler performed the Hajj?Genghis KhanMansa MusaMuhammadMarco PoloCORRECT ANSWER: BASSESSMENT3) True or False:Islam traded with Russia through the Volga River and Caspian Sea.CORRECT ANSWER: TRUEASSESSMENT4) What were the names of the ships used in maritime trade in the Indian Ocean?CORRECT ANSWER: DHOWS AND JUNKSASSESSMENT5) True or False? Islam was dominant in southern India.

Answer: False, Islam spread to the Sind sultanate in Northern India, Southern India remained predominantly Hindu.ASSESSMENT6) Arab Muslims imported ______ from ChinaSilk, onlyBananasSilk and ceramics (chinaware)None of the aboveCORRECT ANSWER: CThe Islamic Empires and Indian Ocean TradeThere's lots of commotionIn the Indian OceanMust be the tradeThe Arabs madeOverland or maritime, they were both successfulThe Indians and Arabs were ever so fruitful

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