Arab-Israeli Arab-Israeli ConflictConflict

Palestinian/Arab Nationalism vs. Palestinian/Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism Jewish Nationalism (#1)(#1)

Sovereignty: right to self governmentSovereignty: right to self government

ZionismZionism: the : the movement to movement to create a create a Jewish nation Jewish nation in Palestine in Palestine #2#2

Palestinian Palestinian nationalism grew nationalism grew with general Arab with general Arab nationalism in the nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire and with the end and with the end

of WWIof WWI #3#3

Nationalism and Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in Anti-Semitism in Europe Europe stimulated ideas stimulated ideas for a Jewish for a Jewish nation nation #4#4

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism policies, views, or actions that policies, views, or actions that

harm or discriminate against harm or discriminate against JewsJews

Hatred of Jews Hatred of Jews #5#5

ZionismZionism

Theodore Herzl1860-1904Theodore Herzl1860-1904

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

1897: Theodore 1897: Theodore Herzl founded Herzl founded the World Zionist the World Zionist Organization Organization (WZO) (WZO) #2#2

TheodorTheodore Herzl e Herzl

The Zionists The Zionists encouraged encouraged Jewish Jewish settlement settlement in Palestine in Palestine #3&4#3&4

The Zionist The Zionist threat helped threat helped define define Palestinian as Palestinian as separate separate nationalistsnationalists

Despite much Despite much Arab opposition, Arab opposition, most of the land most of the land was purchased was purchased from Arab from Arab ownersowners

Palestine: Palestine: British British mandate mandate after WWI after WWI #3#3

British Promise to the Jews: British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917Balfour Declaration, 1917

British Promise to the Jews: British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917Balfour Declaration, 1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

× In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

× By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

× In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

× By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

1917: 1917: The The Balfour Balfour DeclarationDeclaration::--supported the creation of a Jewish homeland--leads to more Jews move to Palestineleads to more Jews move to Palestine #4 & 6#4 & 6

Hatred and Hatred and distrust grew distrust grew between Arabs between Arabs and Jews under and Jews under British controlBritish control

Palestine Arab Revolt: Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 1936-1939 Palestine Arab Revolt: Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

Their Goals:Their Goals:

The 1936-1939 The 1936-1939 Arab Arab Palestinian Palestinian Revolt was a Revolt was a turning point.turning point.

Haganah, a Haganah, a defense force, defense force, was formed was formed against Arabagainst Arab violence.violence.

By 1936 it By 1936 it had 40,000 had 40,000 troopstroops

Britain, caught Britain, caught between Arabs between Arabs and Jews, and Jews, restricted restricted

immigrationimmigration..

The Holocaust The Holocaust united Jews (esp. united Jews (esp. the U.S.) for the the U.S.) for the idea of a Jewish idea of a Jewish state and WWII state and WWII weakened the weakened the British. British. #4#4

1946: Irgun 1946: Irgun bombed the King bombed the King David Hotel, the David Hotel, the British military British military

headquartersheadquarters..

90 90 people people were were killedkilled

The British The British decided to leave decided to leave and turn over and turn over the problem to the problem to the U.N.the U.N.

The U.N. Partition The U.N. Partition Plan 1947 Plan 1947 Palestine divided Palestine divided between the Jews and between the Jews and the Arabs; Jerusalem the Arabs; Jerusalem internationalized internationalized #7#7

The Jews The Jews accepted the accepted the partition.partition.#7#7

1948: David 1948: David Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion announced announced Israel’s Israel’s independenceindependence

Israel Becomes a Nation:May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,1st President

Chaim Weizmann,1st President

The Arabs The Arabs rejected the rejected the partition. Egypt, partition. Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq Syria, and Iraq attackedattacked.#7.#7

1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red.)

From Lebanon and Syria

From Transjordan and Iraq

From Egypt

War for Israeli War for Israeli IndependenceIndependence

19481948 Israel defeated Israel defeated ArabsArabs#8#8

Israel became Israel became a multi-party a multi-party parliamentary parliamentary democracy.democracy.#8#8

II. Effects of creation of Israel

Palestinians became refugees in other countries throughout the middle east.

Map of Palestinian RefugeesMap of Palestinian Refugees

Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion became became Israel’s first Israel’s first prime prime minister.minister.

Three More WarsThree More Wars War in the SinaiWar in the Sinai (1956) (1956) - Raids and reprisals - Raids and reprisals

between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations.Nations.

Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt after Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt after the Suez canal was nationalized and Israel the Suez canal was nationalized and Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula for a short timeoccupied the Sinai Peninsula for a short time

9a9a

Six Day War (1967 War):Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later (which Israel later annexed), and Gazaannexed), and Gaza. The . The war ended by a U.N.-war ended by a U.N.-arranged cease-fire. The arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did occupied territories but did not specify how much land not specify how much land it should give up. it should give up. #9b#9b

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War (1973) (1973) - Egypt - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the dominant military power in the regionregion 9c9c

1958-1960 1958-1960 Yasser Arafat Yasser Arafat founded founded FatahFatah: The : The Palestinian Palestinian National National Liberation Liberation Movement took Movement took control of PLOcontrol of PLO

1964: 1964: Palestinian Palestinian Liberation Liberation Organization Organization (PLO) is founded.(PLO) is founded.#10#10

19701970

19741974

2004: 2004: Arafat Arafat DiedDied

Mahmoud AbbasMahmoud Abbas became the became the next leader of next leader of the PLO the PLO #10#10

Camp David Accords Camp David Accords 19791979

U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established two nations also formally established diplomatic relations. diplomatic relations. #11#11

Sadat Assassinated 1981

IntifadaIntifada (1987) (1987)

mass uprisings by the Palestinians in mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)

the shakingthe shaking Causes: Causes:

Palestinians were angered by years of Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli military rule Israeli military rule #12a#12a

First Intifadah, 1987-First Intifadah, 1987-19931993 In 1987, Palestinians became In 1987, Palestinians became

frustrated with their living frustrated with their living conditions and lack of conditions and lack of progress.progress.

““They maintain that the Intifada They maintain that the Intifada was a protest of Israel's brutal was a protest of Israel's brutal repression which included repression which included extra-judicial killings, mass extra-judicial killings, mass detentions, house demolitions, detentions, house demolitions, indiscriminate torture, indiscriminate torture, deportations, and so on.” deportations, and so on.”

Often Palestinians fought the Often Palestinians fought the Israelis with low tech weapons Israelis with low tech weapons like rocks, but over time, they like rocks, but over time, they gained access to guns and gained access to guns and other explosives.other explosives.

By 1993, 1,162 Palestinians By 1993, 1,162 Palestinians and 160 Israelis had died. and 160 Israelis had died.

Oslo AccordsOslo Accords 1993 1993

Secret negotiations between Israel Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO resulted in a treaty that and the PLO resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestiniansself-rule for Palestinians

Arafat and Israeli Prime Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a agreed to work towards a Palestinian state Palestinian state #13#13

Arafat and Arafat and Rabin were Rabin were awarded the awarded the Nobel Peace Nobel Peace Prize Prize #13#13

The Palestinian The Palestinian Authority (PA) was Authority (PA) was

created with created with autonomy over the autonomy over the

West Bank and West Bank and Gaza Gaza (#13)(#13)

Rabin Clinton Arafat 1993 Rabin Clinton Arafat 1993 Olso Accords considered greatest Olso Accords considered greatest

hope for peace hope for peace #13#13

#14

Israel and Jordan Sign a Israel and Jordan Sign a Peace Treaty 1994Peace Treaty 1994

Jordan became the second Arab country Jordan became the second Arab country to recognize Israelto recognize Israel

Trade, business relations, tourism, Trade, business relations, tourism, cultural exchanges, and scientific cultural exchanges, and scientific cooperation between the two nations cooperation between the two nations have increased have increased

but at a slower pace than hoped for but at a slower pace than hoped for initially.initially.

IntifadaIntifada (2000) (2000)

mass uprisings by the Palestinians in mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)

the shakingthe shaking Causes: Causes:

Palestinians were angered by years of Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli military rule Israeli military rule

Failed Camp David Summit & Ariel Sharon’s Failed Camp David Summit & Ariel Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount/visit to the Temple Mount/Haram al-SharifHaram al-Sharif the holiest Islamic site in Jerusalem the holiest Islamic site in Jerusalem #12b#12b

Camp David Summit 2000Camp David Summit 2000 Camp David IICamp David II unsuccessful Middle East Peace Summit unsuccessful Middle East Peace Summit

in 2000 in 2000 took place between:took place between:

United States President Bill ClintonUnited States President Bill Clinton Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and the Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat the Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat

in which in which

Israel was willing to give up most of the Israel was willing to give up most of the occupied territoryoccupied territory #15#15

Israel Begins Israel Begins Constructing a Security Constructing a Security Barrier 2002Barrier 2002

build to separate its citizens from terrorist build to separate its citizens from terrorist groups in the West groups in the West

effective in dramatically reducing the number effective in dramatically reducing the number of suicide bombings in Israel of suicide bombings in Israel

It has been criticized for dividing some It has been criticized for dividing some Palestinians from their land and places of Palestinians from their land and places of work or study and requiring these individuals work or study and requiring these individuals to wait to pass through security checkpoints. to wait to pass through security checkpoints.

““Road Map” to Peace Road Map” to Peace 20032003

A plan developed by the European A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state.creation of a Palestinian state. #17#17

Road Map to Road Map to PeacePeace the plan called for a three the plan called for a three

phase peace process that phase peace process that culminates with the creation culminates with the creation of a Palestinian stateof a Palestinian state

2005: Israel 2005: Israel removes all Jewish removes all Jewish settlers from Gaza settlers from Gaza (occupied (occupied territory)territory)

HamasHamas Hamas is the largest and most Hamas is the largest and most

influential Palestinian militant influential Palestinian militant movement. movement.

Social services and Terrorist factionSocial services and Terrorist faction In January 2006, the group won the Palestinian Authority's In January 2006, the group won the Palestinian Authority's

(PA) general legislative elections, defeating Fatah, the party (PA) general legislative elections, defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, and setting the of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, and setting the stage for a power struggle. Since attaining power, Hamas stage for a power struggle. Since attaining power, Hamas has continued its refusal to recognize the state of Israel, has continued its refusal to recognize the state of Israel, leading to crippling economic sanctionsleading to crippling economic sanctions

#16#16

In 2006 Fatah lost In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the elections for the PA to the Islamic PA to the Islamic fundamentalist fundamentalist

party Hamasparty Hamas

2007:2007:Hamas Hamas wins wins election election and and control control Gaza.Gaza.

Fatah and Fatah and Hamas forces Hamas forces began fightingbegan fighting

Abbas dismissed Abbas dismissed the Hamas the Hamas government and government and currently rules currently rules by decreeby decree

Annapolis Conference Annapolis Conference 2007 – Two-State 2007 – Two-State SolutionSolution

The two-state solution to the Israeli-The two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the consensus Palestinian conflict is the consensus solution that is currently under discussion by solution that is currently under discussion by the key parties to the conflict, most recently the key parties to the conflict, most recently at the Annapolis Conference in November at the Annapolis Conference in November 2007. The proposal is supported by many 2007. The proposal is supported by many international figures and agencies.international figures and agencies.

establishment of an independent Palestinian establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israelstate alongside Israel #18#18

Possible return to pre-1967 Borders

Upgraded U.N. statusUpgraded U.N. status The United Nations General Assembly in November 2012 The United Nations General Assembly in November 2012

endorsed an upgraded U.N. status for the Palestinian endorsed an upgraded U.N. status for the Palestinian Authority, despite intense opposition from the United States Authority, despite intense opposition from the United States and Israel.and Israel.

The resolution elevates their status from "non-member The resolution elevates their status from "non-member observer entity" to "non-member observer state," the same observer entity" to "non-member observer state," the same category as the Vatican, which Palestinians hope will category as the Vatican, which Palestinians hope will provide new leverage in their dealings with Israelprovide new leverage in their dealings with Israel

Israel states the move largely ignores the specifics of Israel states the move largely ignores the specifics of longstanding issues, such as settlements in disputed lands, longstanding issues, such as settlements in disputed lands, and cannot substitute for direct negotiations between Israel and cannot substitute for direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.and the Palestinians.

Today’s PlayersToday’s Players

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu

Palestinian National Authority interim self-government body

established to govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip

President of the State of Palestine - Fatah

Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh – Hamas - Gaza

Remaining Issues to Remaining Issues to PeacePeace

Control of JerusalemControl of Jerusalem Palestinian Statehood (West Bank & Palestinian Statehood (West Bank &

Gaza - Borders?)Gaza - Borders?) Palestinian Refugees Right to returnPalestinian Refugees Right to return Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Security of Israel - Terrorism Security of Israel - Terrorism #19#19