Arab-Israeli Conflict—Arab-Israeli Conflict—2020thth Century Century

Mrs. Ann WeeksMrs. Ann Weeks

Modern World HistoryModern World History

Essential Question: Essential Question:

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British White Paper of 1939

British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish

immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

The Nazi HolocaustThe Nazi Holocaust

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

Palestine

Population in 1946

Palestine

Population in 1946

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948

The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949Armistice Signed, 1949

Israel:1947

&Israel:1949

Israel:1947

&Israel:1949

Palestinian RefugeesPalestinian Refugees

Palestinian Diaspora

Suez Crisis (1956) Suez Crisis (1956)

Gamal Abdul Nasser

President of Egypt

Six-Day War (1967)Six-Day War (1967)

UN Resolution 242

UN Resolution 338

Causes of 6-Day WarCauses of 6-Day War

1. Growing nationalism1. Growing nationalism

2. Arms buildup2. Arms buildup

3. Nasser’s order to evacuate UB 3. Nasser’s order to evacuate UB peacekeeping troops from Sinai Peninsulapeacekeeping troops from Sinai Peninsula

4. Nasser closed Suez Canal to Israeli 4. Nasser closed Suez Canal to Israeli shippingshipping

5. LBJ: Diplomacy5. LBJ: Diplomacy

6. Israel: NO! Does not work!6. Israel: NO! Does not work!

6-Day War6-Day War

1. Surprise attack: Israel destroys Syrian 1. Surprise attack: Israel destroys Syrian & Egyptian air forces& Egyptian air forces2. Israeli tanks to Suez Canal2. Israeli tanks to Suez Canal3. Took West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem 3. Took West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem from Jordanfrom Jordan4. Egypt & Jordan want UN ceasefire4. Egypt & Jordan want UN ceasefire5. Israel bombed US ship—34 US sailors 5. Israel bombed US ship—34 US sailors deaddead6. Israel took Golan Heights from Syria 6. Israel took Golan Heights from Syria

US vs. USSRUS vs. USSR

US & USSR provide weapons and US & USSR provide weapons and technical support to Israel & Arab statestechnical support to Israel & Arab states

Arab-Israeli competition make future wars Arab-Israeli competition make future wars inevitableinevitable

US & USSR willing to help their alliesUS & USSR willing to help their allies

Anwar al-SadatAnwar al-Sadat

SadatSadat

President of EgyptPresident of Egypt

Goal: Return of Sinai PeninsulaGoal: Return of Sinai Peninsula

War with Israel: 2 Front OffensiveWar with Israel: 2 Front Offensive

Egypt took SinaiEgypt took Sinai

Syrians took GolanSyrians took Golan

Israel regrouped: Wedge b/ Egypt & Sinai Israel regrouped: Wedge b/ Egypt & Sinai & retook Golan Heights & retook Golan Heights

Cold War PoliticsCold War Politics

US commitment—boiling pointUS commitment—boiling point

Golda Meir asked Nixon for aid: 1 m. Golda Meir asked Nixon for aid: 1 m. tons/daytons/day

USSR sent $ & aid, promised troopsUSSR sent $ & aid, promised troops

Nixon: US military on alert to warn Nixon: US military on alert to warn Russians to stop interfering Russians to stop interfering

OIL: BARGAINING CHIPOIL: BARGAINING CHIP

Oil Embargo against USA of 1973Oil Embargo against USA of 1973World oil prices doubled to $17.00/barrlWorld oil prices doubled to $17.00/barrlUS imports doubledUS imports doubledOPEC raised prices & cut productionOPEC raised prices & cut productionDramatic impact on world economyDramatic impact on world economyGasoline prices jumped 40%Gasoline prices jumped 40%US economic output dropped 6%US economic output dropped 6%Kissinger: shuttle diplomacyKissinger: shuttle diplomacy3/1974: King Faisal Ibn Saud called off 3/1974: King Faisal Ibn Saud called off embargoembargo

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

Peace TalksPeace Talks

President Carter: USAPresident Carter: USA

President Sadat: EgyptPresident Sadat: Egypt

Prime Minister Begin: IsraelPrime Minister Begin: Israel

Camp David, MDCamp David, MD

ResultsResults

Return of SinaiReturn of SinaiEgypt recognition of IsraelEgypt recognition of IsraelUS: $3m to Israel, 1.5m to EgyptUS: $3m to Israel, 1.5m to EgyptForeign aid continuesForeign aid continuesNo mention of refugeesNo mention of refugeesEgypt expelled from Arab League(1945)Egypt expelled from Arab League(1945)Sadat assassinated by Republican Sadat assassinated by Republican Guard--bodyguardsGuard--bodyguards

Affect on US policy in MEAffect on US policy in ME

Egypt in US campEgypt in US camp

Syria & Iraq in Soviet campSyria & Iraq in Soviet camp

US: close ties with Turkey, Saudi Arabia, US: close ties with Turkey, Saudi Arabia, IranIran

Foreign aid to TurkeyForeign aid to Turkey

Investment in Saudi ArabiaInvestment in Saudi Arabia

Palestine Liberation Organization

Palestine Liberation Organization

Yassir Arafat

Yom-Kippur War (Oct., 1973)

Yom-Kippur War (Oct., 1973)

Camp David Accords (1979)

Camp David Accords (1979)

President President Prime MinisterAnwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin of Egypt of the U. S. Of Israel

Camp David Accords (1979)

Camp David Accords (1979)

Palestinian Intifada-Part I

(1987-1993)

Palestinian Intifada-Part I

(1987-1993)

TheExpansi

onof

Israel

TheExpansi

onof

Israel

ISSUES OF AICISSUES OF AIC

1. LAND1. LAND

Golan Heights—SyriaGolan Heights—Syria

Gaza—Palestinians Gaza—Palestinians

Sinai Peninsula—EgyptSinai Peninsula—Egypt

West Bank—JordanWest Bank—Jordan

Issues of AICIssues of AIC

2. Refugees2. Refugees

Right of ReturnRight of Return

3. Jerusalem3. Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Via DolorosaVia Dolorosa

Muslim QuarterMuslim QuarterThe Via Dolorosa is a The Via Dolorosa is a street that crosses the street that crosses the Muslim Quarter from east Muslim Quarter from east to west. It is revered by to west. It is revered by Christian pilgrims as the Christian pilgrims as the route taken by Jesus as route taken by Jesus as he was led to his he was led to his crucifixion, and is the crucifixion, and is the setting for religious setting for religious processions. processions.

Dome of the RockDome of the Rock

Built in the 7th Built in the 7th century, this beautiful century, this beautiful blue-and-gold shrine blue-and-gold shrine houses the rock from houses the rock from which the Prophet which the Prophet took his Night took his Night Journey into heaven. Journey into heaven. The rock is also The rock is also associated with associated with Abraham's near-Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac. sacrifice of Isaac.

Chapel of the AscensionChapel of the Ascension

Chapel of the AscensionChapel of the AscensionBoth a Christian and Both a Christian and Muslim holy site, this Muslim holy site, this Crusader-era chapel Crusader-era chapel marks the spot where marks the spot where Jesus ascended into Jesus ascended into heaven after his heaven after his resurrection. His footprint resurrection. His footprint is imprinted in the floor is imprinted in the floor