Bilingual Dictionaryfor ESL Beginners

English/KhmerA

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The work on this production was supported by a large number ofESL teachers who assisted in the choice of lexicon.

© 2001 New South Wales Department of Education and TrainingStudent Services and Equity Programs, Multicultural Programs Unit,Level 14, 1 Oxford Street Darlinghurst NSW 2010

Phone 9244 5764 or 9244 5324

RESTRICTED WAIVER OF COPYRIGHT

The printed material in this publication is subject to a restricted waiverof copyright to allow the purchaser to make photocopies of thematerial contained in the publication for use within schools orinstitutes subject to the conditions below.

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2. The school or college shall not sell, hire or otherwise deriverevenue from copies of the material, nor distribute copies of thematerial for any other purpose.

3. The restricted waiver of copyright is not transferable and may bewithdrawn in the case of the breach of any of these conditions.

ISBN No: 0 7310 77539

Contents

Introduction i

How to use the dictionary ii

Dictionary 1

Appendices

1. Numerals and ordinals 80

2. Common countries/states and their adjectival forms 81

3. Common irregular verbs 82

4. Times 84

5. Days of the week/months of the year/units of time 85

6. Weights and measures 85

Bibliography 85

Introduction

The Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners has been developedfor use by students in the early stages of learning English as asecond language.

The list of words contained in this dictionary includes the mostcommon words that students use in everyday communicationand in the classroom. This list provides a scaffold for furtherlanguage acquisition.

The Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners takes intoconsideration the Australian culture and way of life includingfrequently encountered colloquial words and phrases. It isexpected that students will use this publication as a referencepoint for the first 12 to 18 months of English languageacquisition.

A companion volume titled Thematic Picture Dictionary for ESLBeginners may be used in conjunction with this volume. Itcontains over 400 illustrated words, all of which can be foundwith their translations in this volume.

The two dictionaries are designed for individual student use atschool and at home to support English language acquisition.

The skills of many ESL teachers were utilised in the choice oflexicon for this dictionary. Their enthusiastic participation hashelped to produce a valuable teaching and learning resourcesuited to the needs of beginner ESL students.

i

How to use this dictionary

Notes for the teacher

The information in this dictionary is presented simply showing part of speech, headword in bold,definition if required and phrases for words which need to be read in context for clarity of meaning.You will find explanations regarding the organisation of the dictionary below.

Page Header

The page header is found at the top left of each page in bold for easy identification of the pagecontents. It shows the first and last English entry on the page.

Example from page 1:

a - afterwards indicates that the first entry on this page is a and the last entry is afterwards.

The Headword

The headword is the word being defined in an entry. It appears in large bold type and isalphabetically ordered. Definitions of the headword appear under the headword (if applicable) andare numbered. Phrases, colloquial phrases, phrasal verbs and interjections containing theheadword are translated in full and appear under the definitions.

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationpart of backspeechn Definition 1. body part only the word back is translated as a noun with

the meaning body partadv Definition 2. opposite front only the word back is translated as an adverb

with the meaning opposite frontphrase 3. give it back the phrase give it back is translated in full

Example from page 31:

Headword Translationpart of helpspeechn Definition 1. aid only the word help is translated as a noun with

the meaning aidphrase 2. help yourself the phrase help yourself is translated in full with

(serve yourself) the meaning serve yourself colloq 3. I can't help it (I have the colloquial phrase I can't help it is phr no control over it) translated in full with the meaning I have no

control over it

Where there is more than one meaning for an item of lexicon but only one is in common usage themeaning for translation has been included next to the headword in brackets.

Example from page 2:

Headword Translationn angle (mathematical usage) only the word angle is translated as a noun

with the meaning mathematical usage

Abbreviations

Words commonly found in the lexicon as abbreviations appear in the dictionary as abbrev and arenot translated. They indicate the full spelling of the word where the translation may be found.

ii

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationabbrev barbie *see barbecue no translation - translation is found at the entry

barbecue

Common present and past tense verb forms

Commonly used irregular present and past tense verb forms have been included in the body of thedictionary as they may not be recognised by the student as a derivative of the base form. Theseare not translated however and indicate the base form where the translation may be found.

Examples from page 2:

Headword Translationprt v am *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

beprt v are *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

be

Appendices

Six appendices have been included and may be found at the end of the word list. These are:

1. numerals and ordinals2. common countries/states and their adjectival forms3. common irregular verbs showing the base form, past tense and past participle forms4. times in analog and 24 hour format5. days of the week/months of the year/units of time6. weights and measures.

These appendices have not been translated.

Parts of speech

Parts of speech are abbreviated and found in the left hand column of the English text in thedictionary. Other descriptors such as colloquialism are also abbreviated. A full list of abbreviationsused is shown below.

Abbreviations used in this dictionary

Abbreviation Meaning

abbrev abbreviationadj adjective

adv adverb

colloq colloquialism

colloq phr colloquial phrase

conj conjunction

det determiner

int interjection

n noun

phr v phrasal verb

prep preposition

pron pronoun

prt v present tense verb form

pt v past tense verb form

v verb

iii

a – afterwards

A det a/an KuNnamEdl²tmane¨bIk~¬gPasaExµr mann&yfa mYyn ability smtÄPaB

ablev 1. be able to Gacadj 2. talented EdlmansmtÄPaBn Aboriginal person CnCatiedIm

aboutadv 1. approximately ¨bEhlprep 2. concerning GMBI

aboveprep 1. over BIelIphrase 2. the example above ÓTahrN_xagelIadj absent minenA; Gvt‘manadv absolutely Cadac’xatn accent karbeJÍjsemÂgv accept ¨BmTTYladj acceptable KYryl’ BmVnn accident e¨KaHf~ak’adj accidental EdlekIteLIgeday«cdn´v accompany eTACamYyn account KNnIv ache QWv achieve se¨mcVnn achievement karse¨mcVnprep across qÂgkat’v act sMEdgn activity skmµPaBn actor tYGgðv add bEnÄmn addition karbEnÄmn address Gasyd½ann adjective KuNnam

admitv 1. tell the truth about sarPaBv 2. allow to enter GnuJïat[cUlv adopt (take on) TTYlykn adult mnus§eBjv&yn advantage GtÄ beyaCn_n adventure karp§ge¨Bgn adverb kiriyaviessn_n advice {vaTn aerobics karhat' VNEdlmanelgt¨n‘In aeroplane yn‘ehaHv afford «llkrkVnadj afraid xÂacprep after e¨kayn afternoon resoladv afterwards Caxage¨kay

1

again – argue

adv again (one more time) m‘geTotagainst

prep 1. next to Cab’nwgprep 2. anti ¨bqSgnwgn age Gayuadv ago mun (eBl)v agree yl’ sb

aidn 1. help CMnYyv 2. help CYyv aim (try) manbMNgn air x´l’n airport ¨Blanyn‘ehaHadj all (every) TSgGs’v allow GnuJïatadv alone Etägadv aloud xÂSg (semÂg)n alphabet Gk§r¨kmadv already rYcehIyadv also (too) pgEdrconj although eTaHCaadv altogether TSgGs’adv always CanicÍprt v am *see be n ambulance rfyn‘eBT´n amount cMnYnn amphibian flClik (stÃrs’k~¬gTwkk*Vn eKakk*Vn)v analyse (study) viPaKconj and nign angle (mathematical usage) mumadj angry xwgn animal stÃn ankle keCIgadj annual ¨bcSq~S

answern 1. reply cemÂIyv 2. reply eqÂIyadj any NamYyadv anymore NamYyEfmeTotpron anyone nrNamYypron anything GÃINamYyadv apart (separate) EbkBIK~an apology xmaeTasv appear (come into view) elcecjeLIgn apple EpÂeV”mn appointment karNat’CYbprt v are *see be n area tMbn’v argue ¨bEkkK~a

2

argument – autumn

n argument kar¨bEkkK~av arise ekItmaneLIgn arm (part of body) «dn army eyaFaprep around CMuvij

arrangev 1. put in order erobs¨mYlv 2. make plans erobcMv arrest (take into custody) cab’xÂçnv arrive eTAdl’n arrow ¨BYjn art silº:n artist G~ksilº:adv as (to such a degree) dUcnwgn ash epHadj ashamed Gam”as’muxv ask sYrv assemble p‘¬Mn assembly ¨bCMun assignment (for school) kicÍkarv assist CYyn assistant G~kCMnYyprep at enA; äpt v ate *see eat n athletics Gt‘Blkmµphrase athletics carnival ¨Bwt‘ikarN_kILaGt‘Blkmµn atom GatUmv attach cgPØab’

attackn 1. fight karvay¨bharv 2. fight vay¨bhar

attemptn 1. try karxitxMv 2. try xitxMv attend cUlrYmn attendance karcUlrYmn attention karykcit‘Tukdak’v attract Tak’Tajadj attractive EdlTak’Tajcit‘n aunt mIgabbrev Aussie *see Australiann Australia ¨beTsGU s‘alIadj Australian GU s‘alIn Australian flag Tg’CatiGU s‘alIn Australiana vtĬecjBIGU s‘alIn author G~kniBnìn autumn srTrdUv; rdUvsÂwkeQI CuH

3

average – basketball

averagen 1. arithmetical mean mF´mPaKadj 2. ordinary mF´m; samJïv avoid ecosvagadj awake PÆak’adv away ecjeTAprep away from ecjBIadj awful KYr[xÂacpt v awoke *see awaken axe BUefA

Bn baby Tark

backn 1. body part x~g; cegûHadv 2. opposite front xage¨kayphrase 3. give it back ¨bKl’[vijn backbone qíwgx~gn background savtar; «pæxage¨kayn backpack esºagsõayn backyard FÂaxage¨kayadj bad Ga¨kk’n badminton kILavaysI; Vt’mIntunn bag esºag; kJÍb’v bake dutv balance eFÃI[manlMnwgn balcony y”r; ranhaladj bald TMEBk

balln 1. toy Vl’colloq phr 2. have a ball (good time) CYbCMurSkMsan‘n balloon eb”geV”gn banana eckn band (music group) ¨kumt¨n‘In bangle kg«dÉkgeCIgn bank FnaKar

barn 1. place to drink rgðsalv 2. stop from something rarSgn 3. metal rod dMuEdkmUl¨TEvgn barbecue kardutsac’eFÃImúèbabbrev barbie *see barbecueadj bare enAkN‘alvaln barrier rnSgn base (bottom) mUld½ann basin (wash) epIgn basket k¨n‘kn basketball Vl’eVH

4

basketball court – bid

n basketball court FÂaVl’eVHbat

n 1. sporting equipment ¨Bng’n 2. animal ¨beCovn bath kargUtTwkn bathroom bnæb’gUtTwkn battle kar¨byuTìn bay (inlet) QUgabbrev BBQ *see barbecuev be Ca; KWn beach eq~rx§ac’n beach towel kEn§geBaHeKae¨bIenAeq~rx§ac’n beach umbrella q& te¨bIenAeq~rx§ac’n beak cMBuH

beam n 1. ray of light BnÂWn 2. wooden plank Fw~mn bean sEN‘kn beard Bukcgûa

beatv 1. win Q~Hv 2. hit vayn 3. rhythm cgÃak’adj beautiful síat; EdlmanesaP&NPaBpt v became *see becomeconj because BIe¨BaHv become eTACan bed E¨Kn bedroom bnæb’TTYlTandMeNkn bee Xµ¬Mn beef sac’eKapt v began *see beginv begin cab’ep‘Imn beginner G~keTIbcab’ep‘Imv behave ¨b¨Bwt‘n behaviour ²riyabfprep behind enAxage¨kayn bell kN‘wg; CYgv belong Carbs’n belt Ex§¨kvat’n bench ekAGIEvgv bend Bt’; eFÃI[ekagpt v bent *see bendadj best líbMputv bet P~al’adj better líCagprep between rvagn bicycle kg’; eTac¨kyanv bid edj«fÂ

5

big – boat

adj big FMabbrev bike *see bicycle

billn 1. money ¨kdas¨Vk’n 2. account sMbu tKitluyn 3. of a bird cMBuHn bird stÃsÂab

birthn 1. act of being born s¨malkUnphrase 2. date of birth «f©ExkMeNItn birthday «f©xYbn biscuit nMbßésðI

bitn 1. small piece bMENktUc@phrase 2. a little bit bn‘icbn‘çcpt v 3. *see bitev bite xSadj black (colour) exµAn blackboard k‘arexonn blade Ep (kSbit); Fag; sÂwk

blamen 1. censure karcab’BiruTìv 2. lay responsibility with dak’kMhusadj blank EdlKµanGÃIeLIyn blanket PYyv bleed ecjQampt v blew *see blow

blindadj 1. unable to see xÃak’n 2. window covering rnSgn blindness PaBxÃak’

blockn 1. child's toy dMusMrab'ekµgelgv 2. stop from doing something XSgphrase 3. a block away rMlgmYypÂèvphrase 4. block of flats b¬kpæHElÃgadj blond EdlmanBNáTg’Edgn blood Qamadj bloody EdlecjQam

blown 1. hit karvayv 2. pertaining to wind bk’ (x´l’)phr v 3. blow up pæ¬HEbkxÍay

blueadj 1. colour exovcolloq 2. sad ¨sgUt¨sgat’n board (stiff material) k‘arn board game ElºgelgelIk‘arEdlmans~amKUsBiessn boat TUk; kaNUt

6

body – break

n body ragkayv boil dS ([BuH)

boldadj 1. as typeface ²teGonxµas’adj 2. daring ²tekatjejItn bomb ¨Kab’Ebkn bone qíwgn book esovePAn bookshelf eF~Irdak’esovePAn boomerang dMbgbßUemIr”ag

bootn 1. of car kEnÂgdak’²v”an’k~¬grfyn‘n 2. footwear EsºkeCIgkEvg

bordern 1. as of country, state ¨BMEdnn 2. edge Cayadj bored Fuj¨Tan’adj boring eFÃI[Fuj¨Tan’v borrow xÍI

bossn 1. person in charge G~k¨tYUt¨tav 2. tell what to do ¨tYt¨taadj both TSgBIrv bother rMxann bottle db

bottomn 1. body part KUTn 2. lower edge Vtpt v bought *see buyv bounce elatn bowl can (e¨CA)n box ¨bGb’n boy ekµg (¨bus)abbrev bra *see brassieren brain xYrkºal

branchn 1. of tree Emkv 2. separate Ebkn brassiere Gav¨Tnab’ (¨sI)adj brave kÂahanadv bravely y”agkÂahann bread nMbu&gn breadth TMhM

breakn 1. pause karQb’s¨makmYyry:xÂIv 2. opposite of fix bMEbkphr v 3. break down (as in car) xUcphr v 4. break down (as health) xUcxat; QW

7

breakfast – bus stop

phr v 5. break in (as housebreak) lYcKas’TÃarÉbgíçccUlphr v 6. break up (for holidays) Qb’s¨makn breakfast GahareBl¨Bwkn breath degúImv breathe dkdegúImv breed begûItkUnn brick ²d½n bridge sõan

brightadj 1. shiny PÂWadj 2. clever qÂatv brighten bMPÂWadj brilliant cMNanv bring ykmkadj broad FMTUlayn broccoli pûa«sõm ”agehAfa ¨bUkUlIpt v broke *see breakcolloq broke (penniless) ¨kx§t’phrase broken arm «dVk’n brother bgÉbíèn¨buspt v brought *see bringn brush ¨casn bucket Fugv build sagsg’pt v built *see buildn bulb (electric light) GMBUlePÂIgn bullet ¨Kab’kSePÂIg

bullyn 1. person who harasses others mnus§sm¬teFÃIVbeKv 2. harass sm¬teFÃIVb

bunchn 1. group ¨kumphrase 2. bunch of flowers Vc’pûa

burnn 1. injury caused by fire rlakv 2. be on fire dutv burst pæ¬Hv bury kb’n bus rfyn‘FMdwkmnus§ É rfyn‘ kug

bushn 1. outback tMbn’CnbTn 2. small tree Kuemõat«¨B

businessn 1. company GaCIvkmµcolloq phr 2. mind your own business emIlEtkicÍkarxÂçnägVnehIyn bus stop cMNtLan¨kug

8

bust – cardboard

bustcolloq 1. break bMEbkn 2. female body part edaH (¨sI)adj busy rvl’conj but b”uEn‘n butcher G~klk’sac’n button eLvv buy Tijprep by Cit; eday

Cn cabbage «sõek‘abn cable Ex§kabn cafe kaehÃn cage ¨Tugn cake nMVrSgv calculate KNnan calculator m”asIunKitelxn calendar ¨b¨ktiTin

callv 1. name ehAn 2. as for phone TUrs&Bæphr v 3. call for GMBavnavphr v 4. call off lb’ecalphr v 5. call out E¨skehA

calmadj 1. peaceful s©b’s©at’phr v 2. calm down s©b’pt v came *see comen camera m”asIunftv camp CMrM

canv 1. able to Gacn 2. steel container kMb”ugn candle eTonn canteen (tuck shop) Gahard½antUc@enAtamkEnÂgeFÃIkar É salaeron

capn 1. headwear mYkn 2. top K¨mb

capitaln 1. important location rd½FanI; raCFanIphrase 2. capital letter Gk§rFMn capsicum emæseVÂkm "agn capsule ¨Kab’f~SmUl¨TEvgn captain GnuesnIy¨tIn car Lan; rfyn‘n card ebon cardboard kartug

9

care – chalk

v care EfTSadj careful ¨by&t~adv carefully y”ag¨by&t~n carnival ¨Bwt‘ikarN_Gß·kFwkmanElºgelgkMsan‘CaedImn carrot kar”ut

carryv 1. take kan’ É yYrphr v 2. carry on (keep going) eFÃIteTAeTot

casen 1. bag ¨bGb’phrase 2. just in case E¨kgelan cash ¨Vk’; luy

cassettephrase 1. audio cassette Ex§Gat’semÂgphrase 2. video cassette Ex§Gat’rUbPaB

castn 1. of a play G~kedIrtYv 2. throw ecaln castle ¨VsaTadj casual Fmµtan cat stÃqµa

catchphrase 1. catch a train CiHrfePÂIgphrase 2. catch a cold ekIteraK¨Kunp‘asaycolloq phr 3. catch on (understand) yl’dwgphr v 4. catch up (reach) Tan’pt v caught *see catch

causen 1. reason mUlehtuv 2. make happen bN‘aln cave rUgabbrev CD *see compact discn ceiling Bidann cell bnæb’ (k~¬gKuk)n cent esnadj central kN‘al

central processing unitn 1. pertaining to computer e¨KOgsMxan's¨mab'dMeNIrkarkMuB èT&abbrev 2. CPUn centre mNëln century stvt§r_n cereal FJïCatin ceremony BiFIadj certain ¨Vkdadv certainly y”ag¨Vkdn chain (jewellery) ¨cvak’n chair ekAGIn chalk dIs

10

chance – cigarette

n chance {kaschange

n 1. money luyrayv 2. alter pÂas’phrase 3. change one's mind pÂas’cit‘phrase 4. change clothes pÂas’exaGavadj changeable EdlGacpÂas’Vnn change room bnæb’pÂas’n channel pÂèvTwkn chapter CMBUkn character (literary) TYGk§r

chargen 1. cost «fÂv 2. as for battery bJÍèlePÂIgphr v 3. in charge TTYlxus¨tUvv chase edjtamadj cheap efakv cheat lYcbnÂMv check EqkemIln cheek (body part) fõal’colloq cheeky (naughty) xil

cheerv 1. make happy eFÃI[sbºayn 2. sound expressing enthusiasm sE¨mkGbGrsaTrn chemist G~kKImIn cheque Esk; mUlbºTanb& tn cherry EpÂsWrIh§n chess Gukn chest ¨TUgn chewing gum sûekAsßU

chickenn 1. animal man’colloq 2. not brave kMsakn child ekµg; kumaradj childish dUckUnekµg; ep‘sp‘asn chin cgûa

chipsn 1. hot variety dMLègecon ehAfa QIbn 2. cold crisps dMLègecon¨sYyn chocolate sUkULan choir ¨kumG~kce¨mogv choose e¨CIsyk

chopn 1. meat cut cMNitsac’v 2. cut kab’pt v chose *see choosen church viharsasna¨Kis‘n cigarette VrI

11

cinema – coin

n cinema eragPaByn‘n circle vg’mUladj circular mUln circumference vNëmNëln city ¨kug

claimn 1. assertion karGHGagv 2. assert GHGag

clapn 1. loud noise s~èrTH«dv 2. show appreciation TH«dn class (group of students) f~ak’n classmate sis§eronf~ak’CamYyK~an classroom bnæb’eronphrase classroom block b¬kbnæb’eronn claw degû¿bn clay dI²d½

cleanv 1. remove dirt smíatadj 2. opposite dirty síatadj clear cºas’adj clever «vqÂatn cliff ¨cSgfµecatv climb eLIgv cling etagn clock naLika

closev 1. shut biTadj 2. near Citadj closed biTn cloth sMBt’n clothes exaGavn clothes line Ex§halexaGavn clothing sem¿kbMBak’n cloud BBkadj cloudy manBBk

clubn 1. group of people kÂwbn 2. implement ¨Bng’n clue t¨muyn coal F ègfµn coast eq~rsmuTæadj coastal «neq~rsmuTæn coat GavFMn cockatoo stÃsÂamm "agmanduHeramkºaldUc¨tesHn coconut dUgn coffee kaehÃn coin kak’

12

cold – concern

coldn 1. illness eraK¨Kunp‘asayadj 2. opposite hot ¨tCak’adj cold-blooded EdlmanQam¨tCak’n collar ¨beLAv collect ¨bmUln collection kar¨bmUln college mhaviT´al&y

colourn 1. hue BNáv 2. make colourful labBNáadj colourful EdlmanBNáeqItqay

combn 1. hair accessory ¨kasv 2. do one’s hair sitsk’

comev 1. move towards mkphr v 2. come from mkBIphr v 3. come out (as in sun) ecjmkcolloq phr 4. Come on! (Let’s go.) ts’ !adj comfortable sux¨sYln comic kMEbÂgn comic strip erOgkMEbÂgv command bJØaadj common rYmn commonsense suPvinicÏ&yn communication karTak’TgK~an community shKmn_n compact disc fastUcsMEb"tn company (business) ¨kumhßunv compare e¨bobeFobn compass ¨tIvis&yn compasses (geometry EdkQan

equipment)v compete ¨bkYtn competition kar¨bkUYtv complain eFÃIbN‘wg; tíèjEtírn complaint Bak´bN‘wg; kartíèjEtír

completev 1. finish bMeBjsBà Kb’adj 2. finished rYcehIyv complicate eFÃI[sµ¬Ksµajadj complicated sµ¬Ksµajn complication PaBsµ¬Ksµajn composer G~kEtgePÂgn composition karEtg; smasPaBn computer kMuB èT&rn concern esck‘IVrm

13

concerned – couple

adj concerned Vrmn concert kar¨bKMn condition sÄanPaB; lkÅx&Nën cone (geometrical shape) ekaNv confuse eFÃI[¨cLMv congratulate sEm‘gnUvesck‘IsresIrv connect PØab’n connection kartPØab’adj conscious dwgxÂçnv consider BicarNaphr v consist of mann consonant B´JØn:v contain mann container LSg; Fugn contents (as of a book) matikav continue bn‘

contrastn 1. difference PaBpæ¬yK~av 2. find differences eFÃI[eXIjPaBpæ¬yK~av control ¨tYt¨tan conversation karsnæna

convictn 1. person convicted of a crime G~keTas; TNëitv 2. find guilty of a crime maneTasv cook cMGin

cooladj 1. opposite warm ¨tCak’colloq 2. trendy xÆg’; esOg

copyn 1. imitation karcmÂgv 2. imitate cmÂgn corner ¨Cug

correctv 1. make right Ekt¨mUvadj 2. right ¨twm¨tUvn corridor rebog; Efvv cost «fÂn cotton GMeVHn cotton wool sMLI

coughn 1. the act or sound of coughing sUrkíkv 2. expel air from the lungs kíkn council ¨kum¨bwk§an counsellor G~kBie¨KaH{vaT

countryn 1. political division ¨beTsn 2. opposite city CnbTn couple KUsÃamIPriya

14

courage – crush

n courage esck‘IkÂahanadj courageous Edlmanesck‘IkÂahan

coursen 1. set of lessons muxviCØan 2. way to go pÂèv¨tUveTAphrase 3. of course (naturally) h~wgehIyn court (as tennis court) FÂan cousin bgbíèn (CIdUnmYyÉCITYtmYy)

covern 1. outside of a book ¨kbv 2. put cover on something ¨Kbn coward mnus§kMsakn crab k‘amv crack eFÃI[e¨bH

craftn 1. vessel navaÉyn‘ehaHn 2. handiwork karbiun¨bsb’

crashn 1. collision karFÂak’; karb”HTgðicv 2. shatter FÂak’adj crazy qûçtn creature stÃn creek E¨BktUc@v creep varlUnn crescent (shape) vtĬmanragdUccMNitelakEx

cricketn 1. insect stÃc¨gitn 2. sport kILavaykUnVl’m ”agehAfa ¨KIkxit

criminaln 1. person who commits crime Ó¨kid½Cnadj 2. against the law xagbTÓ¨kid½n crocodile ¨keBIadj crooked min¨tg’n crops ksipl

crossn 1. a symbol of two intersecting GÃIEdlkat’ExÃgK~a

linesadj 2. angry xwgv 3. move from one side to another qÂgkat’phr v 4. cross out (delete) lubecaln crossword Bak´ExÃg¨Vs~an crowd hÃègadj crowded cegí¿tadj cruel eXareXA

crushv 1. flatten bMEbkcolloq 2. a liking for someone Tak’cit‘nwgnrNam~ak’

15

cry – darkness

cryn 1. loud utterance sUryMv 2. weep yMn cube KUbn cucumber ¨tsk’n cupboard TUcanv cure B´aVladj curious cg’dwgcg’eXIj

curln 1. ringlet of hair rYjGgûaj’v 2. form curls eFÃI[rYjGgûaj’n currency (money) rUbiyvtĬ

currentadj 1. topical bcͬbºn~n 2. moving water Ex§n curtain vSgnnn curve bnæat’ekagn custom TMenomTMlab’n customer ePÆ¿v; GtifiCnv cut kat’adj cute KYr[¨sLaj’

cyclev 1. ride CiHkg’n 2. circular event karekItman¨cMEdln cylinder sIuLSg

Dabbrev dad *see fatherabbrev daddy *see fatheradj daily ¨bcS«f©

damagen 1. injury karxUcxatv 2. cause injury eFÃI[xUcxatadj damp esImn damper (type of bread) nMb&ugm ”agEdlminsUveLIg

dancen 1. social gathering for dancing BiFIrSErkv 2. rhythmical movement rSn danger e¨KaHf~ak’adj dangerous EdlGac[mane¨KaHf~ak’adj daring hßan

darkadj 1. opposite light ggwtadj 2. opposite fair ¨sGab’n darkness PaBggwt

16

date – dependable

daten 1. calendar «f©Exn 2. fruit EpÂelµ¬In daughter kUn¨sIn day «f©adj dead sÂab’; gab’adj deaf fÂg’

dealn 1. amount TMhM; cMnYnv 2. give out Eckn death mrNPaB; karsÂab’n debt bMNul

decayn 1. decomposition karBukpuyv 2. rot Bukpuyv deceive eVkbeJÏatv decide sMercn decimal elxTsPaKn decision esck‘IsMerccit‘n deck (of house) ranhalv declare ¨bkas

decreasen 1. diminution karkat’bnÄyv 2. become smaller in number kat’bnÄyadj deep e¨CA

defeatn 1. loss braC&yv 2. beat pÍaj’; Q~Hv define [GtÄn&y

degree n 1. of temperature dWe¨k; Gg§an 2. amount k¨mit

delayn 1. hold up karBn´arv 2. put off till later Bn´arabbrev deli *see delicatessenn delicatessen haglk’múèbcMNI sab’n delight esck‘IrIkrayadj delightful ¨bkbedayesck‘IrIkrayv deliver ykeTA[

demandn 1. urgent requirement karTamTarv 2. ask for with authority TamTarv demonstrate bgúajn demonstration karbgúaj; Vtukmµn dentist Tn‘eBT´v depend BwgEpíkadj dependable EdlGacBwgEpíkVn

17

dependant – discussion

adj dependant k~¬gbnæ¬kn depth CMerAv descend cuHv describe BNánan description esck‘IBNána

desertn 1. hot, dry place valx§ac’v 2. leave rt’ecalv deserve smnwgTTYl

desiren 1. longing karb”g¨Vf~av 2. wish for ¨Vf~acg’Vnn desk tuv destroy bMpÂajn destruction karbMpÂaj

detailn 1. minute part esck‘IlMGitv 2. describe fully eFÃIesck‘IlMGitn detective G~kGegûtn detention (pertaining to school) karXat’XSgv dial r«vn diameter viCÎma¨t É bnæat’pÍit

diamondn 1. precious stone eB¨Cadj 2. shape ragdUceB¨Cn diary kMNt’ bcS«f©n dictionary vcnanu kmpt v did *see don didgeridoo ÓbkrN_elgePÂgm ”agrbs’CnCatiedImv die sÂab’; gab’n diet Gaharadj different xusK~aadj difficult lMVkv dig CIkn dingo stÃDIgehðan dinner GahareBll©acn dinosaur stÃdayenIs&rn direction TisedAn dirt FUlI; dIadj dirty kxÃk’v disagree ExÃgKMnitK~an disagreement karExÃgKMnitK~an disc (round, flat object) fas (sMEb”t)n disco DIsûè; kEnÂgrSkMsan‘v discover rkeXIjn discovery karrkeXIjv discuss BiPak§an discussion karBiPak§a

18

disease – drop

n disease eraKn dish can; fasn dishwasher (appliance) m”asIunlagcann disk (of computers) fas (kMuB èT&r)n disk drive rnìdak'fas«nkMuB èT&rv dislike mincUlcit‘v dismiss bdiesFecaln distance cm©ayv disturb rMxanv dive eVHBYyv divide EbgEckn division karEbgEckv divorce ElglHK~a

dov 1. perform eFÃIphrase 2. What does she do? etIKat’eFÃIkarGÃIeTA?

(what's her job?)phrase 3. How do you do? (greeting) sUmCMrabsYr!n doctor evCØbNëitn document äksarn dog stÃEqûn dollar dulÂarn door TÃarv double eFÃI[eLIgCaBIr

doubtn 1. uncertainty karsg§&yv 2. hesitate to believe sg§&yv drag GUsTajn dragon stÃnaKpt v drank *see drinkv draw KUrn drawer fttu

dreamn 1. images during sleep karyl’sb‘iv 2. imagine yl’sb‘ipt v dreamt *see dream

dressn 1. woman's clothing Gavm”adS (¨sI)v 2. to put on clothing es¿kBak’pt v drew *see draw

drinkn 1. beverage ePsCØ:v 2. swallow liquid pwkv drive ebIkn driveway pÂèvsMrab'rfyn‘ecjcUl

dropn 1. small amount of water tMNk’v 2. let fall TmÂak’

19

drought – email

n drought PaBrSgs©çtpt v drove *see drivev drown lg’TwksÂab’n drug f~S; e¨KOgejonn drum sðrn drunk (person who drinks too mnus§¨svwg

much alcohol)adj dry s©çtpt v dug *see digadj dumb K; el©Iprep during Gm¬g

dustn 1. dirt FUlIv 2. clean of dirt smíatFUlIn duster ¨bdab’eVsFUlIn duty (something you must do) krNIykicÍ

En eagle stòånæIn ear ¨tecokadj early muneBlv earn rkVnn earring ¨kviln earth EpndIn east TisxagekItadj easy gay¨sYlv eat briePaKn echidna stÃGU s‘alIm "agdUcstÃkS¨bmarn edge EKmv edit Binit´epæ¿gpæat’n education karGb’rMn effect plb”HBal’n effort kicÍ bwgE¨bgn egg sßut; Bgadj either mYyNak*Vnn elastic Ex§yWtn elbow Ekg«d

elderadj 1. older than cas’Cagn 2. older person mnus§cas’TMun election kareVHeq~atn electrician CagGKðisnIn electricity GKðisnI

emailn 1. Internet letter lixittamGIunFWNitv 2. send an Internet letter epÆIlixittamGIunFWNit

20

embarrass – excellent

v embarrass eFÃI[xµas’eKadj embarrassed xµas’eKn emergency ¨KaGasn~n emigrant CnEdleTArs’enA¨suke¨kAn emotion karrMCYlcit‘v employ CYln employee nieyaCitn employer nieyaCkn employment karCYl; kargaradj empty TeTn emu stÃsÂabFMm ”agrbs’GU s‘alIv encourage CMrujTwkcit‘

endn 1. termination karbJÍb’v 2. finish bJÍb’n enemy s¨tUv

engagedadj 1. busy Cab’rvl’adj 2. soon to be married PØab’Bak´n engine m”asIunv enjoy rIkrayadj enormous FMsMebImadj enough ¨Kb’ Kan’v enquire saksYrv enter cUlv entertain p‘l’karkMsan‘n entertainment karkMsan‘n entrance TÃarcUln entry karcUln envelope e¨samsMbu tn environment brisÄanadj equal esµIK~an equator eGkÃaT&rn equipment e¨KOg¨bdab’

escapen 1. an act of escaping karrt’eKcv 2. get away rt’eKcadv even (divisible by two) esµIK~an evening eBll©acn event ¨Bwt‘ikarN_adj every ral’abbrev exam *see examinationn examination kar¨bLg; karBinit´emIl

examplen 1. illustration ÓTahrN_abbrev 2. e.g.adj excellent ¨besIr

21

exchange – factory

exchangen 1. act of exchanging karpÂas’b‘èrK~av 2. give up for an equivalent pÂas’b‘èrK~av excite eFÃI[rMCYlcit‘adj excited EdlrMCYlcit‘n excitement karrMCYlcit‘adj exciting EdleFÃI[rMCYlcit‘n excursion dMeNIrkMsan‘

excusen 1. justification esck‘IedaHsav 2. pardon Gnue¨KaH[int 3. Excuse me! sUmeTas !

exercisen 1. physical work karhat’ VNn 2. class work lMhat’n 3. exercise book esovePAlMhat’

exitn 1. way out pÂèvecjv 2. go out ecjv expect rMBwgadj expensive «fÂ

experiencen 1. thing undergone bTBiesaFn_v 2. undergo BiesaF

experimentn 1. science trial karsaklºgv 2. try something saklºgv explain Bn´l’n explanation karBn´l’v explode pæ¬Hv explore rukrk

expressadj 1. fast elOnv 2. say sMEdg

expressionn 1. on face Twkmuxn 2. in words karsMEdgadj extra bEnÄmn eye EP~kn eyebrow cieJÍIm

Fface

n 1. part of body muxphrase 2. face the front Tl’muxcolloq phr 3. Face it! (believe it) eCOCak’eTA e¨BaHvaCakarBit !n fact ehtukarN_n factory eragc¨k

22

fade – fence

v fade sabrlabv fail FÂak’

faintadj 1. not dark ¨Bag@; PÂWtic@v 2. become unconscious snÂb’

fairadj 1. just ¨twm¨tUvadj 2. light s (Esºk)adv fairly (quite) KYrsm(cMNuH, cMnYn)n fairy eTBFItav fall FÂak’adj false EkÂgkÂayadj familiar FÂab’sðal’

familyn 1. kin ¨KYsarn 2. family tree sac’jatiadj famous lºIlºaj

fann 1. great admirer G~kekatsresIrn 2. equipment to blow air pÂitadj far q©ayn fare (cost for trip) «fÂQ~çlyanCMniHn farm ksid½ann fashion m”UdkMBugniymadj fashionable m”UdTMenIb

fastadv 1. quick rh&sadv 2. forward in time elOnv 3. go without food tm (Gahar)v fasten bn‘wgadj fat Fat’n father ÒBukn fault kMhusn favour lMeGogadj favourite EdlcUlcit‘CageKn fax TUrsar

fearn 1. feeling of impending danger karP&yxÂacv 2. be afraid xÂacn feather sÂab É eramstÃv feed ciJÍwm

feelv 1. as emotion manGarmµN_v 2. touch sæabemIlpt v fell *see fallpt v felt *see feeladj female (of gender) ¨sI; jIn fence rbg

23

ferry – flashing

n ferry navacmÂg; saLagn festival BiFIbuN´n fever Cm©W Kunadj few tictYc

fieldn 1. where sport is played FÂakILan 2. open land TIvaladj fierce sahav

fightn 1. battle kar¨byuTìv 2. engage in battle ¨byuTì

figuren 1. number tYelxn 2. person tYGgðphr v 3. figure out (understand) rkemIl[yl’dwgv fill bMeBjn film hÃIladj final CabJÍb’v find rkeXIj

fineadj 1. not raining ¨sLH (GakasFatu)adj 2. opposite thick es‘Igadj 3. well (healthy) lí (suxPaB)n finger ¨mam«d

finishn 1. end point TIbJÍb’v 2. end bJÍb’

firev 1. cease to employ edjecj (BIkargar)v 2. shoot Vj’n 3. something burning ePÂIgn fireworks kS¨CYcadv first dMbUgn first aid CMnYydMbUg

fishn 1. water creature ¨tIv 2. catch fish ensaT¨tIn fishing rod dgsnæèc

fitadj 1. healthy mansuxPaBlín 2. size dMeNIr¨tUvm”ac’phrase 3. fit in with (match well) smK~anwgv fix CYsCuln flag Tg’Cati; Tg’C&yn flame GN‘atePÂIgn flash (bright light) karbeJÍjBnÂWadj flashing EdlbeJÍjBnÂW

24

flat – form

flatn 1. dwelling pæHElÃgadj 2. shape sMEb”tn flavour rsCatipt v flew *see flyn flight karehaHehIrv float GEN‘tn flood TwkCMnn’

floorn 1. part of a room k¨malpæHn 2. level of a building Can’n floppy disk fasragbYn¨Cuge¨bIs¨mab’kMuB èT&rv flow hUrn flower pûaabbrev flu *see influenza

flyn 1. insect stÃruyv 2. move through the air ehaHehIrn fog (weather condition) G& Padj foggy manG&Bæv fold bt’n folder ¨kbv follow tamn font Gk§rBumõmYyQut@n food cMNIGaharn fool mnus§PÂIePÂIadj foolish ecalem§¿tn foot eCIg (¨bGb’eCIg)n football kILaVl’Tat’n footwear EsºkeCIg

forphrase 1. for us s¨mab’eyIgphrase 2. for NSW s¨mab’rd½jèvesaFEvlphrase 3. for $5 mant«m VMdulÂar

forcen 1. strength kmÂSgv 2. impose on bgÅMadj foreign (not native) breTsn foreigner CnbreTsn forest «¨Bpt v forgave *see forgivev forget ePÂcv forgive elIkeTaspt v forgot *see forgetn fork sm

formn 1. paper you fill in ¨kdasbMeBjv 2. make begûItCarUbrag

25

fortnight – funeral

n 3. shape rag; ¨Tg’ Tayn fortnight BIrGaTit´adj fortunate EdlCaP&BÃlíadv fortunately CaP&BÃlí

fortunen 1. large amount of money luye¨cInn 2. luck kuslpt v fought *see fightpt v found *see findn fountain ¨bPBTwkn fraction ¨bPaKn frame Ke¨mag

freeadj 1. costing nothing ²tKit«fÂadj 2. unoccupied TMenrv 3. let go edaHElgn freedom esrIPaBv freeze bgûkn freezer (appliance) m”asIuneFÃI[kkadj frequent d*jwkjab’adj fresh fµI@abbrev fridge *see refrigeratorn friend mit‘Pk‘iadj friendly rak’Tak’n fright esck‘Irnìt’v frighten eFÃI[rnìt’

fromphrase 1. from Sydney BIsIudnIphrase 2. from my grandmother BIyayrbs’xƬMphrase 3. from $10 cab’BIdb’dulÂareLIgeTA

frontadj 1. opposite back xagmuxprep 2. in front of enAxagmuxn front door TÃarmuxn front steps CeN‘Irxagmuxv frown ¨CYjcieJÍImpt v froze *see freezen fruit EpÂeQI

fulladj 1. opposite empty eBjadj 2. not hungry Eqítn full stop (punctuation mark) x&Në

funn 1. mirthful amusement esck‘IsbºayrIkraycolloq phr 2. make fun of (ridicule) cMGkesIcelgn funeral buN´exµac

26

funny – girl

funnyadj 1. humorous EdlkMEbÂgadj 2. strange cEmÂkn fur eram (stÃ)n furniture e¨KOgtuTUadj further EfmeTotn future GnaKt

Gv gamble elgElºgsIusgn game Elºgn gaol *see jailn gap cenÂaHn garage (of house) eragctrfyn‘n garden sYncºarn garlic xæwmsn gas Ósµ&nn gate TÃarrbgv gather CYbCMuK~a; ¨bmUlpt v gave *see give

gayadj 1. happy rIkrayadj 2. homosexual EdlrYmr&kCamYyePTdUcK~an gender ePT

generaladj 1. usual TUeTAn 2. rank in army Ót‘mesnIyadv generally CaTUeTAn generosity cit‘sbº¬rsadj generous Edlmancit‘sbº¬rsadj gentle f~m@

getv 1. become eTACav 2. receive TTYlv 3. possess manv 4. arrive eTAdl’v 5. obtain Vnphr v 6. get on with (like) cuHs¨mugphr v 7. get out (leave) cakecjphr v 8. get together (meet) CYbCMuK~aphr v 9. get up (arise) egIbeLIgphr v 10. get rid of (dispose of) kMcat’ecj

giantn 1. huge mythical being yk§adj 2. very big FMsMebImn gift GMeNayn girl ekµg¨sI

27

give – grain

givev 1. hand to [phr v 2. give in (hand in) [mkcolloq phr 3. give in (surrender) cuHj”mphr v 4. give out (distribute) Eckcayphr v 5. give up (surrender) cuHj”mphr v 6. give up (stop as for smoking) lHbg’adj glad rIkray

glassn 1. window material kJÍk’n 2. drinking vessel Ekvn glasses (for eyesight) Ev”ntan glove e¨sam«d

gov 1. move eTAphrase 2. go by bus eFÃIdMeNIrtamrfyn‘FMdwkG~kdMeNIrphrase 3. go out with ecjeTAedIrelgxage¨kACamYyphr v 4. go wrong ¨b¨Bwt‘eTAedaymin¨twm¨tUvphr v 5. go on with (continue) bn‘phr v 6. go well ¨b¨Bwt‘eTAeday¨besIrphr v 7. go over (check) emIlmYy¨tYsphr v 8. go through (check) EqkemIleBjeljphr v 9. go after (chase) edjtamn god ¨BHn gold masadj golden eFÃIBImas; BNámas

goodadj 1. opposite bad líphrase 2. vegetables are good for you bEnÂCaGaharlís¨mab’G~kcolloq phr 3. Good for you! (congratulations) líehIyG~käg !int 4. Good afternoon (greeting) TivasYs‘Iint 5. Goodbye CMrablaint 6. Good day (greeting) sYs‘Iint 7. Good morning (greeting) GaruNsYs‘Iint 8. Good night (farewell) ra¨tIsYs‘I

goodnessn 1. virtue PaBlí besIrint 2. My goodness! ¨BHeGIuy É gab’ehIy !

(expression of surprise)n goods TMnijn gossip karniyayreGcrGUcpt v got *see getv govern ¨Kb’ Kgn government rd½aPiVln governor GPiVlv grab cab’ykadv gradually bn‘icm‘g@n grain ¨Kab’; FJïCati

28

grand – habit

adj grand FM É sMebImn grandchild ecAn granddaughter ecA¨sIn grandfather CItan grandmother CIdUnn grandparent CIdUnÉCItan grandson ecA¨busn grape TMBSgVyCUrn graph ¨kahÃikn grass esµAadj grateful EdldwgKuNn grave p~èradj great d*eq~Imn greed esck‘IelaPln’adj greedy EdlelaPln’adj green «btgv greet CMrabsYrn greeting karsMEdgkarKYrsmpt v grew *see growadj grey BNá bepHn grief TukÅ BYyy”agxÂSgv grieve esakse¨ggv grill (cooking) GSg

grossadj 1. total srubcolloq 2. disgusting K¨mSg

groundn 1. earth dIadj 2. bottom (as for ground floor) xage¨kamn group ¨kumphrase group of students ¨kumsis§v grow lUtlas’n grown-up mnus§eBjv&yv guard yamlºatn guardian G~kyamlºatv guess sµann guest ePÆ¿v

guiden 1. leader G~knSpÂèvv 2. show the way bgúajpÂèvn guilt BiruTìPaB; PaBmaneTasadj guilty EdleFÃIxusn guitar hðItan gum tree edImeQITalm ”agabbrev gym *see gymnasiumn gymnasium ¨KwHsÄanhat’ VN

Hn habit TmÂab’

29

had – have

pt v had *see have n hail (weather condition) ¨Biln hailstorm B´¬H¨Biln hair sk’n haircut karkat’sk’adj halal múèbsac'm "agrbs'sasna²sÂam

halfadj 1. equal part of Bak’kN‘alphrase 2. half-past eight em”ag¨VMbIknÂHn hall mhasaln hallway pÂèvedIrk~¬gmhasalv halve EckCaBIrn hamburger nMb&ugEhmebßIrehûIrn hammer jjçr

handn 1. body part «d (¨bGb’«d)n 2. hand-out ¨kdasEck[phr v 3. hand in ¨bKl’[n handbag kabUb«d (sMrab’ s‘I)n handball kILaVl’Kb’m ”ag

handlen 1. thing that may be held dgv 2. touch kan’adj handsome sgúar (¨bus)n handwriting Gk§rsresreday«d

hangv 1. suspend B´çrphr v 2. hang around (loiter) E¨tt¨ttphr v 3. hang onto (hold) etagphr v 4. hang up (put receiver down) dak’cuHint 5. Hang on! (wait) cSbn‘icsin !v happen ekIteLIgn happiness suPmgðladj happy sbºayn harbour kMBg’Ep

hardadj 1. difficult lMVkadj 2. not soft rwgadv hardly (rarely) esæIrEtv harm eFÃI[mane¨KaHP&yn harvest kar¨bmUlpln hat mYkv hate síb’

havev 1. own manphrase 2. have a headache QWkºalphrase 3. have dinner briePaKGahareBll©acphrase 4. have a hair cut kat’sk’phr v 5. have on (wear) Bak’

30

have to – his

phr v have to (be compelled to) ¨tUvEtpron he Kat’; va (¨bus)

headn 1. body part kºaln 2. leader ¨bFann headache QWkºaln heading (title) cMNgeCIgn health suxPaBadj healthy mansuxPaBlín heap (pile) KMnrv hear s‘ab’; ¾pt v heard *see hearn heart ebHdUg

heatv 1. warm kem‘An 2. warmth kem‘An heater (appliance) e¨KOgkem‘Aadj heavy F©n’n height kMBs’pt v held *see holdn helicopter ÓTìmaKc¨kint hello sYs‘I

helpn 1. aid CMnYyphrase 2. help yourself (serve yourself) eFÃIedayxÂçnägcolloq phr 3. I can't help it (I have no xƬMminGacTb’VneT

control over it)adj helpful Edlman¨beyaCn_n hemisphere GDÎeKal

herphrase 1. ask her sYrKat’eTA (¨s‘I)phrase 2. her book esovePArbs’Kat’adv here TIenHn hero vIrCnv hesitate sæak’esæIrn hexagon qekaNint hi CMrabsYrpt v hid *see hidev hide lak’

highadj 1. tall xõs’adj 2. as for musical note xõs’¨KlYcphrase high-heeled shoe EsºkeCIgEkgecaTn high school salamF´msik§an hill kUnP~Mpron him Kat’; va (¨bus)n hip cegûHv hire CYlpron his rbs’Kat’; rbs’va (¨bus)

31

history – however

n history ¨bvt‘isa¨s‘hit

v 1. strike vaycolloq 2. winner eCaKC&yd*FMv hitch-hike QrtampÂèvsMuedaysarLaneKn hobby kareFÃIGÃImYyCakarkMsan‘

holdv 1. grasp kan’n 2. hold-up (robbery) bÂn’n 3. hold-up (delay) Bn´areBlint 4. Hold it! (stop) Qb’ !colloq phr 5. hold on (wait) rg’cSn hole ¨behagn holiday vis§mkaladj hollow ¨behagk~¬gadj holy Bisid½n home pæHadj homesick nwkpæHn homework (school work kicÍkar¨KUdak’[eFÃIenApæH

you do at home)n honest esµaH¨tg’

hookn 1. curved piece of metal TMBk’v 2. catch fõk’

hopen 1. expectation sgôwmv 2. wish sgôwmn horizon eCIgemX

horn n 1. animal part Es~gn 2. car part sIuepÂadj horrible KYr[rnìt’n horror esck‘Irnìt’n horse esHn hospital mnæIreBT´n host G~kTTYlePÆ¿vn hostel sN½aKar

hotadj 1. very warm ek‘Acolloq 2. very good líNas’n hotel sN½aKarn hot-plate «pæxagelIrbs'c¨gûans¨mab'cMGinGaharn hour em”agn house pæHn housework (domestic work) kicÍkarenApæH

howadv 1. in what way y”agNacolloq phr 2. how come? (why) ehtuGÃIeTA?conj however y”agNak*eday

32

huge – industry

adj huge FMsMebImhuman

adj 1. of people «nmnus§elakn 2. human being mnus§n humour karkMEbÂgpt v hung *see hangadj hungry XÂanv hunt edjcab’

hurryv 1. move quickly eFÃIedayrYsran’colloq phr 2. hurry up ¨bjab’ bjal’

hurtv 1. injure eFÃI[QW É ¨tUvrbYsadj 2. wounded ¨tUvrbYsn hut xæm

Ipron I xƬMn ice Twkkkn ice-cream kaer”madj ideal Ót‘mKticonj if ebIadj ill QWadj illegal xuscºab’n illness Cm©Wn illustration rUbPaBs¨mab’lMG É Bn´l’v imagine nwkk~¬gcit‘adj immediate PÂam; bnæan’adv immediately PÂam; bnæan’n immigrant CnGen‘a¨bevsn_adj important sMxan’adj impossible EdlminGaceFÃIeTAVnv improve EklMG

inprep 1. indicates enclosed place k~¬gphrase 2. in Australia k~¬g¨beTsGU s‘alIphrase 3. in January k~¬gExmkraphrase 4. in English CaGg’eKÂsphrase 5. in pencil edayexµA«dphrase 6. in love FÂak’k~¬gesck‘Ies~haphrase 7. in danger k~¬ge¨KaHf~ak’phrase 8. in time (not late) Tan’eBlv include rYmbJÍèl; mann income ¨Vk’cMNUladj incorrect min¨twm¨tUvv increase begûInn index taragerogtamGk§radj indoor enAk~¬g (GaKarÉpæH)n industry Ós§ahkmµ

33

infect – is

v infect eFÃI[kÂay; cmÂgn infection dMe×kÂayv influence man²TìiBln influenza ¨Kunp‘asayF©n’v inform ¨Vb’; [dMNwgn information Btáman; dMNwgprep in front of enAxagmuxv inhabit enAn inhabitant G~k¨suk

initialadj 1. first edImdMbUgn 2. first letter of name B´JØn:CaedImGaTi«neQµaHn injection karcak’f~Sv injure eFÃI[rbYsn injury rbYsadj inner xagk~¬gadj innocent KµaneTasn insect stÃlíitv insert sßk; bJÍèlprep inside xagk~¬gv insist TTUc

instantn 1. moment mYy¨sbk’adj 2. immediate PÂamadv instead CaCMnYseTAvijv instruct bgúat’n instruction karbgúat’n instrument (musical) e¨KOg; ¨bdab’n insurance karFanar”ab’rgadj intelligent Edlman¨VCÆav intend manbMNgn interest cMNab’GarmµN_adj interested Edlcab’GarmµN_adj interesting KYr[cab’GarmµN_n Internet GIunFWNitv interrupt bJÎb’n intersection ¨bsBÃn interview sMPasn_prep into eTAk~¬gv introduce ENnS[sðal’n introduction (of a book) esck‘Iep‘Imv invent ¨bDitn invitation karGeJØIjv invite GeJØIj

ironn 1. metal Edkn 2. household appliance q~SgGßutv 3. as for clothing Gßutprt v is *see be

34

35

island – keyboard

n island ekaHit

pron 1. subject vapron 2. object vapron its (possessive) rbs’va

Jn jacket GavFMxÂIn jail BnìnaKar; Kukn jar ¨kLadj jealous ¨bc&Nën jeans exaxUvbßyn jet yn‘ehaH¨btikmµn jewel vtĬmant«mÂn jewellery e¨KOgGlgûarn job kargar; kicÍkarv jog rt’¨twk@n jogger G~krt’ twk@

joinv 1. unite PØab’v 2. as a club cUlrYmadj joint cUlK~an joke erOgkMEbÂgn journey dMeNIrn joy esck‘IsbºayrIkray

judgen 1. person in court ecA¨kmv 2. make a decision about kat’k‘In judgment karkat’k‘In judo kILayUdUn juice TwkEpÂeQIv jump elatn jumper (clothing) Gav«dEvgsßkBIelIkºal

justadv 1. only Etb”ueNöaHadj 2. fair ¨twm¨tUv

Kn kangaroo stÃkg’hûarU

keepv 1. hold on to rk§aphr v 2. keep away kMub"HBal'; kMucUlphr v 3. keep going bn‘eTAeTotphr v 4. keep out kMucUlphr v 5. keep up eFÃIteTAeTotcolloq phr 6. The teacher kept us in ¨KUmin[eyIgecjeTAe¨kApt v kept *see keepn key kUnesan keyboard xæg’sMrab’cuc

keyring – large

n keyring kgdak’esan keyword Bak´KnÂwHv kick Tat’; Fak’colloq kid (child) kUnekµgv kill smÂab’n killer Xatkr

kindadj 1. good hearted cit‘lín 2. type ¨bePT; Funn kindness karmancit‘lín king es‘cv kiss efIbn kitchen c¨gûann knee Cgðg’v kneel lutCgðg’pt v knelt *see kneelpt v knew *see known knife kSbitv knit cak’ (GavyWt)n knob ¨bdab’sMrab’mYlv knock eKaHn knot cMNg

knowv 1. understand sðal’v 2. be acquainted with dwgphrase 3. Let me know (tell me) ¨Vb’xƬM[dwgn koala stÃm ”agenAGU s‘alIn kookaburra stÃsÂabm ”agenAGU s‘alI

Labbrev lab *see laboratoryn label sÂakn laboratory mnæIrBiesaFn_n labour Blkmµv lack xÃHn lad ¨busekµgn ladder CeN‘Irpt v laid *see layn lake bwgn lamp cegû¿g

landn 1. opposite of sea dIn 2. country ¨beTsv 3. as for plane cuHctn language Pasa

lapn 1. body part ePÂAn 2. distance in a pool CMuadj large FM

36

last – less

lastadj 1. opposite of first e¨kaybgís’v 2. endure Fn’ TSVnadv lastly TIbJÍb’adj late (opposite of early) yWtadv lately fµI@enHadv later e¨kaymkeTotv laugh esIcn laughter sMeNIcn laundry kEnÂgeVkGßutexaGavn law cºab’n lawn FÂaesµAn lawyer emFavI

layv 1. as for eggs Bgv 2. put dak’adj lazy xØil

leadv 1. go first nSmuxn 2. holder for a dog Ex§cgEqûn leader emdwknSn leadership kardwknS; f~ak’dwknSn leaf sÂwkv leak FÂay

leanv 1. incline Epíkadj 2. thin sðmv leap elatn leap year q~SEdlman 366 «f©v learn eronsU tpt v learnt *see learnadj least ticn leather Esºk

leavev 1. separate from cakecjn 2. time off Qb’sMrakphr v 3. leave alone cakecjEtägphr v 4. leave on TukteTAeTotphr v 5. leave out minbJÍèlpt v led *see leadpt v left *see leaveadj left (opposite of right) xageqÃgadj left-handed Edle¨bI«deqÃgn leg eCIgn lemon ¨kUcqµarelOgv lend [xÍIn length ¨bEvg; beN‘aypt v lent *see lendadv less Gn’; tic

37

lesson – lizard

n lesson emeronlet

v 1. allow GnuJïatv 2. rent CYl

lettern 1. as of alphabet Gk§rn 2. correspondence sMbu t; lixitn letterbox ¨bGb’sMbu tn lettuce saLat’m ”agadj level esµI; rabn liar G~kPUtkuhkn library bNöal&yn licence GaCÆab&Növ lick litn lid K¨mb

liev 1. tell untruths PUtkuhkphr v 2. lie down Te¨mtn life CIvitn lifesaver G~kse¨gðaHCIvit

liftv 1. raise elIkn 2. elevator bnæb’yn‘n 3. car ride CiHedaysar

lightn 1. opposite of darkness BnÂWn 2. as for electric light cegû¿gadj 3. not dark PÂWadj 4. not heavy ¨saln lighter (as for cigarettes) EdkekHn lightning epÂkbenæar

likev 1. be fond of cUlcit‘prep 2. similar to dUcK~anwgn limit kMritkMNt’n line Ex§; bnæat’n lip bbUrmat’n liquid vtĬravn list bJØIv listen s‘ab’pt v lit *see lightn litter s¨mamadj little tUctac; tictYc

livev 1. exist rs’adj 2. opposite of dead enArs’n living (job) CIvPaBn living room bnæb’TTYlePÆ¿vn lizard BBYkstÃtukEk CIgck’ bgðçy EfÂn.l.

38

load – lunch

v load pæ¬kn lobster bgûgsmuTæ

localn 1. person from a particular area G~k¨sukadj 2. pertaining to an area «ntMbn’n location kEnÂgv lock cak’esan log (wood) kMNat’eQIn lolly sû Kab’adj lonely Etäg; q©ayBIeKäg

longadj 1. opposite of short Evgphr v 2. long for (want) cg’Vnphrase 3. How long?(as time) ry:eBlb”unµan?phrase 4. How long?(as length) ¨bEvgb”unµan?phrase 5. long ago yUrmkehIy

lookn 1. glance karemIlphr v 2. look at smÂwgemIlphr v 3. look after EfTSphr v 4. look for EsÃgrkphr v 5. look forward to Tnæwgrg’cSphr v 6. look up to TukCatwktagk~¬gkareKarBekatsresIrphrase 7. look like (resemble) dUcadj loose FUrrlug

losev 1. opposite of find Vt’v 2. opposite of win caj’phrase 3. she lost her mother m‘ayKat’sÂab’ehIy

(her mother died)n loss karVt’bg’; karxatpt v lost *see lose

lotn 1. destiny vas~aphrase 2. a lot of e¨cInadj loud xÂSgn lounge room bnæb’Ggð¬yelg

loven 1. passionate affection esck‘Ies~hav 2. feel passionate es~ha; ¨sLaj’adj low Tabn lower case Gk§rtUcadj loyal esµaH¨tg’n luck sMNagadj lucky mansMNagn lump dMu; Bkn lunch Gahar«f© tg’

39

machine – match

Mn machine m”asIun

madadj 1. angry xwgadj 2. insane qûçtcolloq phr 3. mad about (loves) ¨sLaj’vk’nwgn madam G~k¨sIpt v made *see maken magazine Ts§navd‘In magic mn‘GaKmn magpie stÃsÂabm ”ag

mailn 1. correspondence sMbu tv 2. send epÆIadj main cMbg

makev 1. manufacture eFÃIphrase 2. make the bed erobcME¨Kphrase 3. make friends cgmit‘Pk‘iphr v 4. make up (reconcile) s¨muHs¨mYleLIgvijn make-up e¨KOgsMGitsMGagxÂçnadj male ¨busn mammal fnikstÃn man mnus§¨busv manage ¨Kb’ Kgn manager G~k¨Kb’ Kgn mandarin PasakukgWn mango EpÂsÃayn manner (way) rebobn manners (pertaining to karmanrebobrbb

polite behaviour)v manufacture plitadj many Cae¨cInn map EpnTIn margin (of a book) rwmTMB&rn marijuana kJÏa

markv 1. correct [Binæ¬n 2. numerical value for work Binæ¬n 3. spot s~amn market p§arn marriage karerobkarv marry erobkarn mat kenæl

matchv 1. suit sIuK~an 2. implement for lighting eQIKUs

40

mate – midday

n 3. game kar¨bkYtn mate (friend) mit‘Pk‘in material sMPar:n mathematics KNitsa¨s‘abbrev maths *see mathematics

mattern 1. substance bJúa; rUbFatuphrase 2. What's the matter? etImanerOgGÃIeTA?phrase 3. It matters a lot vamann&ye¨cInNas’v may (allowed to) Gacadv maybe ¨bEhlpron me xƬMn meal Gahar

meanv 1. intend manbMNgn 2. average mF´mphrase 3. I didn't mean it (accidental) xƬM²tmanectnaeTn meaning GtÄn&yn means (resources) FnFanpt v meant *see meanadv meanwhile enA¨KaCamYyK~aEdrenaHv measure vas’n measurement rgÃas’rgÃal’n meat sac’n meat pie nMpaydak’s~èlsac’n mechanic Cagm”asIunn medication kar[f~Sn medicine f~Sadj medium mF´mv meet CYbn melon EpÂmWuL¬gv melt rlayn member smaCikv memorise Tenæjn memory karcgcS; stiv mend b”H; CYsCuladj mental xagxYrkºalv mention sEm‘gEvkEjkesck‘I

menun 1. list in restaurant bJØImúèb É mWunuyn 2. list on a computer mWunuy (kMuB´èT&r)n mess sPaBrayV”yn message sarpt v met *see meetn metal Edkn method viFIn microscope GtisuxumTs§n_n microwave (oven) e¨KOgcMGine¨bIedayrlkmI kUn midday «f© tg’

41

middle – moist

middleadj 1. central kN‘aln 2. centre TIkN‘aladj middle-aged mCÎimv&yn midnight Bak’kN‘alGa¨Fat

mightv 1. express possibility ¨bEhln 2. strength kmÂSgn migrant G~kpÂas’BITIkEnÂgmYyeTAkEnÂgmYyeTotadj mild minsUvxÂSgn military eyaFan milk TwkedaHeKan milkbar haglk’²v"an'cMruHtictYc

mindn 1. consciousness sti; cit‘phrase 2. Keep in mind cSTukk~¬gcit‘phrase 3. Never mind (don't worry) minfÃIeTphrase 4. I don't mind xƬMmin¨bkan’eTphrase 5. Mind the step (be careful) ¨bug¨by&t~

minepron 1. possessive rbs’xƬMn 2. underground excavation GN‘ègEr”n mineral xniCn minister (government) rd½m¨n‘Iprep minus dkecj

minuten 1. unit of time naTIadj 2. very small es‘Ign mirror kJÍk’adj miserable evTnav misplace dak’xuskEnÂg

missn 1. woman's title kJïav 2. long for nwkv 3. opposite of hit xusadj missing EdlVt’xÂçnn Missus G~k¨sIn Mister elakn mistake kMhusv misunderstand yl’xusv mix laybJÍèlK~an mixture karlaybJÍèlK~an mobile phone TUrs&Bæcl&t

modeln 1. representation KMrUn 2. person who shows clothes m”UEdladj modern TMenIbadj modest Edldak’xÂçn; minsUve¨cInadj moist esIm

42

moment – naked

n moment xN:n money luy; ¨Vk’n monitor (computer) ÓbkrN_maneG¨kg’ (kMuB èT&r)n month Exn mood (frame of mind) GarmµN_n moon elakEx; ¨BHc&næadj moral «nsIlFmáadv more e¨cInEfmeTotn morning ¨Bwkn mosque vihar²sÂamadj most PaKe¨cInn mother m‘ay; matan motor m”asIunn motor bike m”UtU; eTac¨kyanyn‘n motor scooter ev”sº”a

mousen 1. animal stÃkN‘¬rn 2. computer part ¨bdab'cucbJØa«nkMuB èèT&rphrase mouse button (computer) xæg’cucrbs’ bdab'cucbJØa«nkMuB èT&rn mousepad ¨Tnab’ bdab’cucbJØa«nkMuB èT&rn moustache Bukmat’n mouth mat’v move b‘èrTIkEnÂgn movement clnan movie kunabbrev Mr *see Misterabbrev Mrs *see Missusn Ms Bak´s¨mab’sMedAeTA¨s‘I edaymindwgCakJïaÉG~k¨sIadv much e¨cInadj multicultural BhuvbºFmán multiplication elxKuNv multiply KuNabbrev mum *see mother

murdern 1. unlawful killing Xatkmµv 2. kill unlawfully eFÃIXat; smÂab’n muscle sac’dMun mushroom p§itn music ePÂgv must ¨tUvEtpron my rbs’xƬMn mystery GafákMVMg

Nn nag mnus§niyay¨cMEdl

nailn 1. body part ¨kckn 2. metal spike EdkeKaladj naked Ga¨kat

43

name – nobody

namen 1. title eQµaHphrase 2. given name namxÂçnphrase 3. family name nam¨tkUladj narrow cegí¿tadj nasty Ga¨kk’; kMNacn nation ¨bCaCatiadj nationality sJØatiadj native kMeNIt

naturen 1. person's character critn 2. environment FmµCatiprep near Citadv nearby enACitadv nearly Citadj neat mansN‘ab’F~ab’adj necessary cSVc’n neck kv need ¨tUvkarn needle mجl

negativen 1. film hÃIladj 2. opposite of positive GviCØmanv neglect eFÃs¨bEhsn neighbour G~kCitxagadv neither mYyNak*minù ù ùn nerve sr«s¨bsaTadj nervous ¨CYl¨calk~¬gcit‘n nest sMbuk

netn 1. trap mg; GYnn 2. sport equipment sMNaj’abbrev Net *see Internetn netball (game) kILaVl’eVHm ”agadv never minEdladj new fµIn newspaper sarBtáman ÉkaEst

nextadv 1. after this bnæab’enHadj 2. following bnæab’BIphrase 3. next door pæHenACab’adj nice cit‘lín night yb’n nightclub kEnÂgsIupwkrSkMsan‘enAeBlyb’n night dress GavdMeNk¨sI

noint 1. opposite yes eTdet 2. not at all KµanTal’EtesaHpron nobody KµannrNam~ak’

44

nocturnal – obvious

adj nocturnal ra¨tIcrv nod gk’kºaln noise sUradv noisily EdlGßUEGadj noisy GßUEGpron none Kµann noon «f© tg’pron no-one KµannrNamYyconj nor minmanadj normal Fmµtan north TisxageCIgn nose ¨cmuHn nosebleed karecjQam¨cmuHadv not min

noten 1. money ¨kdas¨Vk’n 2. short piece of writing sary”agxÂIphrase 3. take note (be careful) kt’sMKal’phrase 4. take notes kt’Tukpron nothing KµanGÃIeTn notice karkt’sMKal’n notice board taragkMNt’ehtun noun namn novel ¨belamelakadv now ²LèvenHadv nowadays sBëf©enHadv nowhere ²teTATINaeTadj nude Ga¨kat

numbern 1. numeral elxv 2. count rab’elx; dak'elxphrase 3. a number of cMnYn«nabbrev 4. no.n nurse Kilanubd½ak (¨bus); Kilanubd½ayika (¨sI)

nutn 1. fruit ¨Kab’ (EpÂeQI)colloq 2. mad person mnus§cMkYtn nutrition cMNIGahar; CIvCati

Oadj obedient Edls‘ab’bgðab’v obey s‘ab’bgðab’

objectn 1. thing vtĬn 2. aim eKalbMNgv 3. be against CMTas’n objection karCMTas’v obtain Vn; TTYladj obvious Edlcºas’las’

45

occasion – only

n occasion {kasadv occasionally yUr@m‘gn occupation rbrrksIun ocean mhasmuTæadv o'clock em”ag

oddadj 1. strange cEmÂkphrase 2. odd number elxessprep of «nint of course BitNas’

offadv 1. away from q©ayBI; änayprep 2. opposite on BI; Tl'muxcolloq phr 3. Off you go! eTAcuH !n offence karrMelaPcºab’

offern 1. proposal sMeNIp‘l’v 2. present for approval es~Ip‘l’GÃImYyn office kariyal&yn officer P~ak’garadj official pÂèvkaradv often jwkjyint oh! GU!

oiln 1. of petroleum e¨bgkatv 2. grease labe¨bgint okay minGIeT

oldadj 1. opposite new cas’adj 2. opposite young cas’n old age mnus§cas’adj old-fashioned hYssm&y

onprep 1. representing location enAelIadj 2. opposite off ebIk (ePÂIg)phrase 3. on fire ePÂIgeqHphrase 4. on foot edIrphrase 5. on time Tan’eBlphrase 6. on holidays Qb’sMrakphrase 7. on the left enAxageqÃgphrase 8. on the right enAxags‘Sphrase 9. on top enABIelI

onceadv 1. one time m‘gphrase 2. at once mYyrMeBcphrase 3. once a week m‘gmYyGaTit´adj one mYyn onion xæwmVrSgadv only Etb”ueNöaH

46

open – overcrowded

openadj 1. opposite of closed cMhr; ebIkphrase 2. in the open (outside) enAkN‘alvaln opening karsemõaF

operatev 1. work eFÃI btibt‘ikarv 2. carry out surgery vHkat’n operation ¨btibt‘ikarn opinion mti; Ts§n:n opportunity {kasv oppose CMTas’n opposite Bak´pæ¬y

orangeadj 1. colour BNáelOgTMun 2. fruit Ep kUcn orchestra vg’ePÂg

ordern 1. numerical sequence elxerog; lMdab’n 2. direction for a supply bJØaTijv 3. put in sequence dak’tamelxerog É lMdab’v 4. arrange supply of dak’bJØaTijadj ordinary samJï

organn 1. musical instrument B ”aNUm ”agn 2. body part srIragðn organisation Ggðkarv organise erobcMn origin ¨bPBedImpron other d«TeTotconj otherwise ebImindUec~aHeTpron our rbs’eyIg

outadv 1. opposite in ecjprep 2. out of xage¨kAphrase 3. Lights out! dac’ePÂIg !phrase 4. made out of eFÃIGMBIphrase 5. out of bounds ecjeTAe¨kAEx§x&Nëphrase 6. out of date hYssm&yphrase 7. out of order ElgmandMeNIrkarehIyphrase 8. out of work ²tmankargareFÃIadv outside xage¨kAadj oval (shape) EdlmanragBg¨keBI

overadv 1. finished rYcehIyprep 2. pertaining to location elIphrase 3. over and over m‘gehIym‘geTotphrase 4. over there enATIenaHphrase 5. fall over dYladj overcrowded cegí¿t

47

overdo – pass

v overdo eFÃIhYsehtuadj overdue hYskMNt’n overhead projector ¨bdab’bJÍSgkunenAxagelIv overhear ¾eday«cdn´adj overnight eBlyb’adv overseas enAe¨kA¨beTsv oversleep lg’dMeNkv overtake ebIkecos É ebIkv”a (rfyn‘)v owe CMBak’phrase owing to (due to) edaysarEt

ownv 1. have man; manCakmµsiTìiphrase 2. his own money luyrbs’Kat’pæal’n owner mÍas’n oxygen GuksIuEh§n

Pv pack erobdak’phrase pack of cards vg’ebo; ebomYyhßUn packet kJÍb’n pad (as note-pad) ¨Tnab’n paddock valesµAmanrbgB&TìCMuvijn page TMB&rpt v paid *see payn pain karQWcab’v paint labBNá; KUrn painting KMnUrlabBNán pair mYyKUadj pale esÂksÂSgn pan xæHn pants exan pantyhose exa¨Tnab’es‘IgeCIgEvg¨s‘In paper ¨kdasn paragraph vKðadj parallel ¨sbn parallelogram cturs§B~ay¨sbn parent ÒBukÉm‘ay

parkn 1. green space sYncºarv 2. as a car ctn part Ep~k; cMENkn participle (grammar) KuNnamEdlkÂayBIkiriyasBæadj particular Biessn partner «dKUadj part-time mineBjeBln party (gathering) BiFICb’elog

passv 1. go by bgúçsv 2. opposite of fail ¨bLgCab’

48

passage – persuade

v 3. hand over hucn 4. train pass sMbu tn passage ¨ckn passenger G~kdMeNIrn passport lixitqÂgEdn

pastn 1. time gone by GtItkal; eBlknÂgeTAphrase 2. walk past edIrbgúçsphrase 3. half past three em”agbIknÂHphrase 4. past tense eBlGtItkaln pasta V”sta

pasten 1. glue C&rkavv 2. stick with paste biTC&rkavn path pÂèv

patientn 1. a person under medical G~kCm©W

treatmentadj 2. calm under stress GMNt’n pause karQb’mYyry:n paw ¨kjSu

payn 1. earnings ¨Vk’Exv 2. provide with money cMNayn pea sEN‘kVrSgn peace sn‘iPaBadj peaceful Edlmansn‘iPaB; edaysn‘iviFIn pen bßcn pencil exµA«dn pencil case kabUbdak’bßcexµA«dn penguin stÃsmuTæm ”agn pentagon bJÍekaNn pepper e¨mcadv per cent PaKryn percentage cMnYnPaKryadj perfect Edllí²texÍaHv perform sMEdgn perfume TwkGb’adv perhaps ¨bEhl

periodn 1. school day division em”ag ÉelIk ÉeBl (eron)n 2. pertaining to menstruation rdUv (¨s‘I)n 3. amount of time Gm¬geBln permission karGnuJïat

permitn 1. licence GaCÆab&Növ 2. allow GnuJïatn person mnus§v persuade bJͬHbJÍèl

49

pet – plate

n pet stÃciJÍwmelgn petrol e¨bgsSgabbrev phone *see telephonen photocopy vtĬftcmÂg

photographn 1. picture rUbftv 2. take a picture ftrUbn phrase XÂaadj physical EdlTak’Tgnwgragkayn pianist G~kelgB ”aNUn piano B ”aNU

pickv 1. choose erIscolloq phr 2. pick on (bully) qaeqAeFÃIVbcolloq phr 3. pick up some English eronPasaGg’eKÂsxÂHphrase 4. take your pick ykCMerIsrbs’G~kn picnic Bicnicn picture rUbPaBn piece dMun pile KMnrn pill f~S¨Kab’n pillow ex~Iyn pilot G~kebIkyn‘ehaHn pin mجlxæas’n pineapple EpÂm~as’n pipe bMBg’

pityn 1. shame s‘ayNas’v 2. feel sorry for GaNit

placen 1. location kEnÂgv 2. put dak’phrase 3. take place (occur) ekIteLIgphrase 4. my place (home) pæHxƬM

plainn 1. field TIvaladj 2. ordinary mineqItphrase 3. It's plain (clear) vacºas’Nas’

plann 1. scheme KMeragv 2. organise e¨Kagabbrev plane *see aeroplanen planet PBn plant dMNS; rukÅCati

plasticn 1. resinous substance eFÃIBIVÂsæikadj 2. mouldable VÂsæikn plate (household item) can

50

platform – pool

platformn 1. on station evTikan 2. for diving rann platypus stà bvwkm ”ag

playn 1. drama erOgelÅanv 2. have fun elgphrase 3. play a game elgElºgphrase 4. play a CD cak’sIuDIn playground FÂasMrab’ekµgelgadj pleasant EdlrIkray; ¨ss' sayint please sUmadj pleased sbºaycit‘n pleasure esck‘IrIkrayn plenty sMbUr

plugn 1. stopper q~¬kn 2. electrical e¨KOgedatbn‘ePÂIgphr v 3. plug in edatcUlbn‘crn‘

pluraladj 1. more than one e¨cIn (elIsBImYy)n 2. grammar form Bhuvcn:prep plus bUk; Efm

pocketn 1. pouch ehae×”n 2. pocket money ¨Vk’tictYcs¨mab’cayvaypæal’xÂçnn poem kMNaB´n poet kvIn poetry kvIniBnì

pointn 1. sharp end cugn 2. reason cMNucn 3. numerical value Binæ¬v 4. gesture with finger cgí¬lphr v 5. point out bgúaj[eXIjphrase 6. point of view Ts§n:v poke cak’cUln pole b”Uln police b”Ulis

polishn 1. substance used for shining e¨KOgxat’[PÂWrelagv 2. make glossy xat’[PÂWrelagadj polite KYrsmn politics neyaVyv pollute eFÃI[kxÃk’’n pollution kareFÃI[kxÃk’n pool (of water) Gag

51

poor – preparation

pooradj 1. opposite rich ¨kI kadj 2. not very good minlícolloq 3. pitiable KYr[GaNitabbrev pop *see popularadj popular Edlman¨bCa¨biyn population cMnYn¨bCaCnTSgGs’

positionn 1. location TItSgn 2. viewpoint on CMhr

positiveadj 1. opposite negative viCØmanadj 2. sure Bit¨Vkdv possess mann possession PaBCamÍas’adj possible lTìPaBn possum stÃm ”agenAGU s‘alIv post epÆIn postage stamp EtmepÆIsMbu tn postcard katb”uss‘aln post office kariyal&y«¨bsNIy_n poster b&Nö bkasn pot (container) q~Sgn potato dMLègn pot plant dMNSdSk~¬gepIgn pouch fg’n powder em§A

powern 1. strength kmÂSg; GMNacphrase 2. in power (in charge) sÄitk~¬gGMNacadj powerful EdlmanGMNacphrase power point DUyePÂIgenAtamCJÍSgadj practical EdlGnuvt‘Vn; minsSjSun practice karGnuvt‘n_v practise Gnuvt‘

praisen 1. approval karsresIrv 2. express approval sresIrv pray bYgsYgn prayer karbYgsYgadj precious mant«mÂv prefer cUlcit‘e¨cInCagadj pregnant man«pæeBaHn prejudice esck‘ImincUlcit‘

premiern 1. state government leader GPiVlrd½adj 2. leading dwknSn preparation karerobcM

52

prepare – progress

v prepare erobcMn preposition GaytniVtn prescription (doctor's) sMbu tTijf~S; evCØbJØa

presentn 1. gift rgÃan’v 2. give out CUndl’adj 3. opposite absent EdlbgúajxÂçn; vt‘manphrase 4. at present (now) bcͬbºn~enHn president ¨bFanaFibtI

pressn 1. media sarBtámanv 2. push rujv pretend eFÃIButadj pretty lí; síatv prevent rarSg; karBaradj previous BImunn price t«mÂv prick cak’n pride emaTnPaBadj primary bzmn primary school bzmsik§an prime minister naykrd½m¨n‘I

principaln 1. school head nayk; caghÃagadj 2. leading nSmuxn principle eKalkarN_

printv 1. of handwriting sresrv 2. of machine eVHBumõn printer (computer) m”asIuneVHBumõn prison BnìnaKaradj private äkCn; pæal’xÂçnn prize rgÃan’n probability PaB¨bEhlnwgadj probable EdlGacnwgmaneLIgadv probably ¨bEhlCa; muxCan problem bJúa; cMeNaTv proceed cat’EcgeFÃIn process dMeNIrkarn procession kºçnEhr

producen 1. yield plitplv 2. make plitn product plitpln profession viCØaCIv:n professor bNëitsa¨s‘acar´n profit cMeNjn program kmµviFIn progress karrIkcMerIn

53

project – pyjamas

n project (as school project) KMeragkicÍkarpromise

n 1. assurance karsn´av 2. vow sn´an pronoun sBÃnamv pronounce ¨bkasn pronunciation karGann proof Ps‘¬tagadj proper smrm´adv properly edaysmrm´n property ¨TB´smºt‘iv protect karBarn protection karkarBar

protestn 1. objection kartv”av 2. object tv”aadj proud EdlmanemaTnPaBv prove bJØak’bgúajv provide p‘l’n pub etom¨saadj public saFarN:n public school salard½phrase public transport yanCMniHsaFarN:

pullv 1. tug Tajphr v 2. pull down (demolish) ruHerIphr v 3. pull up (stop) bJÎb’colloq phr 4. pull oneself together xitxM bmUlsµartIeLIgvijn pump ¨bdab’bUmadj punctual eTogTat’eBlevlav punish dak’TNëkmµn punishment TNëkmµ

pupiln 1. eye part rnì b¨sIn 2. school student kUnsis§adj pure suTìadj purple BNásÃay

pushv 1. exert force rujphr v 2. push in (go before your turn) ruj¨be¨CotcUl

putv 1. place dak’phr v 2. put away (pack up) erobTukdak’phr v 3. put off (delay) píakphr v 4. put on (dress in) es¿kBak’phr v 5. put out (as fire) BnÂt’phr v 6. put up with (endure) ¨TSn puzzle e¨KOgelgm ”agEdle¨bI VCÆan pyjamas exaGaves¿kedk

54

pyramid – realise

n pyramid BIr”amId

Qv qualify (make competent) manKuNsmºt‘i Kb’ Kan’adj quality manKuNPaBxõs’n quantity brimaNv quarrel CemÂaHn quarter mYyPaKbYnn queen ¨BHmhak§¨tiyanIn question sMNYrn queue CYrrg’cSadj quick rh&sadv quickly y”agqab’rh&sadj quiet s©at’adv quietly y”ags©b’s©at’v quit Qb’; lacakadv quite TSg¨sug; Edr

Rrace

n 1. competition kar¨bkYtn 2. ethnicity sasn_v 3. compete ¨bkYtn racism kar¨bkan’Catisasn_n radio viT ¬n radius kSn railing rVMgkarBarn railway pÂèvEdkn rain eP¿gn rain coat GaveP¿gv raise elIkpt v ran *see runpt v rang *see ringn range rgÃg’; TMhMv rank dak’tamlMdab’adj rapid elOnadj rare k¨mn rash (skin eruption) eral; kn‘çladv rather (to a certain extent) CaCagadj raw eqA

reachv 1. arrive at eTAdl’phrase 2. out of reach (unobtainable) minGacTTYlVnv react man¨btikmµn reaction ¨btikmµv read Ganadj ready e¨tomCae¨scadj real Bit¨Vkdv realise yl’dwg

55

really – republic

adv really y”agBit¨Vkdadj rear xage¨kayn reason mUlehtuv receive (get) TTYladj recent fµI@n recess (morning tea) eBlQb’s¨mak(eBl¨Bwk)colloq reckon (think or suppose) cat’Tukfav recognise sðal’cMNSv record kt’ ta

recountn 1. story genre erOgdMNaleLIgvijv 2. narrate dMNaleLIgvij

recoverv 1. get back rkeXIjmkvij; TTYlVnvijv 2. get better Vn¨sYleLIgvijn rectangle «pæbYn¨Cug¨TEvgadj red BNá khmv reduce kat’bnÄyv refer bJØèneTAn referee GaCÆakN‘aln refrigerator TUTwkkkn refugee CnePosxÂçnv refuse bdiesFn region tMbn’v regret esaks‘ayadj regular eTogTat’adv regularly y”ageTogTat’n relation (kin) jatisn‘ann relationship TMnak’TMngn relative jatisn‘anv relax s¨makn religion sasnav remain enAEtn remark esck‘Isegûtv remember cgcS; nwkeXIjv remind rMlwkn reminder e¨KOgrMlwkv remove dkykecj

rentn 1. payment for accommodation «fÂQ~çlv 2. hire CYlv repeat eFÃIsaeLIgvijv replace pÂas’CMnYsv reply eqÂIytb

reportn 1. written account rVykarN_; esck‘IraykarN_v 2. give an account eFÃIrVykarN_n reporter G~kykkarN_n republic saFarNrd½

56

request – ring

requestn 1. petition sMNUmBrv 2. ask for eFÃIsMNUmBrv rescue se¨gðaH

reserven 1. park tMbn’Edlrd½TukedayELkv 2. keep aside rk§aTukedayELkn resident G~k¨sukn respect kareKarBn responsibility karTTYlxus¨tUvadj responsible EdlTTYlxus¨tUv

restn 1. relaxation kars¨makv 2. relax s¨makn 3. remainder vtĬesssl’n restaurant ePaCnIyd½ann rest room bgðn’n result lTìpl

returnn 1. arrival back karvileTAvij; kar¨tLb'mkvijv 2. go back to vileTAvijv 3. give back to sgeTAvijphrase 4. return tickets sMbu tTSgeTATSgmk

reverseadj 1. opposite forward båJÍasv 2. go backwards ¨tLb’eTAe¨kayv revise Binit´eLIgvij

revolutionn 1. full circle karvilCMuvijn 2. war bdivt‘n_n reward rgÃan’n rhythm cgÃak’n ribbon bnæHbUn rice ¨sUv; Ggûradj rich manv rid bMVt’v ride CiH

rightadj 1. opposite wrong ¨tUvadj 2. opposite left xags‘Sadv 3. direction eTAxags‘Sn 4. just claim siTìiphrase 5. all right (as for health) minmanekItGÃIeTphrase 6. all right (as for agreement) yl’ sbehIyphrase 7. right now (immediately) ²LèvenHEtm‘gn right angle mumEkg

ringn 1. jewellery cieJÍ¿nv 2. as a phone eraT_

57

ripe – run

v 3. as a bell cuc(kN‘wg)adj ripe TMu

risen 1. ascent karegIbeLIgv 2. get up egIbeLIgn risk ¨bfuyn river sæwg É TenÂn road pÂèvv roar eraT_n robot mnus§yn‘n rock fµn rockpool GagTwkhßumB&TìedayfµCaFmµCatin rod rMBat’; kMNat’pt v rode *see ride

rolln 1. absentee list bJØIeQµaHn 2. form of bread nMbu&gv 3. move by turning over rmUrn roof dMbUln room bnæb’n root òsn rope Ex§BYr

rosen 1. flower pûakulabpt v 2. *see riseadj rough Ke¨KIm

roundadj 1. circular mUlphrase 2. round the corner enAEkºr

rown 1. arrangement in a line CYrn 2. fight CemÂaHv 3. as a boat Ecv É GMuadj royal «nes‘cv rub ¨tdusn rubber C&rlub; ekAsßUn rubbish s¨mamadj rude ²tKYrsmv ruin bMpÂaj

rulen 1. regulation bTbJØav 2. as a line dwk (bnæat’)v 3. govern ¨Kb’ Kgn ruler (school equipment) bnæat’

runv 1. move fast rt’phrase 2. a river runs into the ocean TwksæwgÉTenÂhUrcUleTAk~¬gmhasmuTæphr v 3. run away from rt’ecjBIphr v 4. run out of Gs’

58

rung – scissors

phr v 5. run over (with a car) kinn rung (of a ladder) kSCeN‘Irn runner-up G~kCab’elxBIrphrase runny nose Edlcg’EtecjsMeVrv rush ¨bjwk

Sadj sad esakesAadj safe suvtÄiPaBpt v said *see say

sailn 1. part of ship ek‘agTUkv 2. cause movement of ship ebIkTYkedaye¨bIek‘ag

using windn salad saLat’n salary ¨Vk’Ex; ebovt§r_n sale karlk’n salt GMbiladj same dUcK~an sand dIx§ac’n sandal EsºkeCIgsE¨gkn sandwich nMb&ugsan’vicpt v sang *see singpt v sat *see sitn satisfaction kareBjcit‘adj satisfactory EdlCaTIeBjcit‘adj satisfied EdleBjcit‘v satisfy bMeBjcit‘n sauce Twk¨Clk’n sausage sac’ kk

savev 1. rescue se¨gðaHv 2. keep on computer rk§aTukv 3. keep as money sn§MTuk

sawn 1. tool rNarpt v 2. *see seev say niyay

scalen 1. covering on animals ¨skan 2. measuring device CJØIgadj scarce k¨mn scarf kEn§gbg’kn scene rUbPaB; Ts§nIyPaBn scenery Ts§nIyPaBn school salaeronn school shoe EsºkeCIgs¨mab’Bak’eTAeronn science viT´asa¨s‘n scissors k«ån‘

59

score – set

scoren 1. points made in a game Binæ¬v 2. to get points [Binæ¬v scream E¨skn screen eG¨kg’n screw exÍAmYln sea smuTæn seagull eQµaHstÃsÂabm ”ag

searchn 1. the act of searching karEsÃgrkv 2. look for EsÃgrkn season rdUvn seat ekAGI

secondn 1. unit of time vinaTIadj 2. after first TIBIradv secondly TIBIr

secretn 1. something hidden karsm©at’adj 2. unknown by others lak’karN_sm©at’n section Ep~k; PaKv see emIln seed ¨Kab’v seek EsÃgrkadv seldom k¨mv select e¨CIserIsadj selfish KitEtxÂçnäg; kMNaj’v sell lk’v send bJØèn

sensen 1. one of the five faculties viJïaNphrase 2. make sense (be intelligible) eFÃI[yl’Vnadj sensible smehtusmplpt v sent *see sendn sentence ¨beyaK

separateadj 1. disconnected dac’edayELkBIK~av 2. to keep apart bMEbkn sequence lMdab’n series esßrI

seriousadj 1. important ¨bkbedaysar:sMxan’adj 2. opposite of lighthearted F©n'F©r; hµt’ct’n servant G~kbMerIv serve bMerIn service esva

setv 1. to put in a particular place dak’; erobn 2. a group of things mYysMrab’

60

settle – short cut

phr v 3. set off (go) cakecjphr v 4. set out (put in order) erobdak’tamlMdab’phr v 5. set up (prepare) erobcM

settlev 1. to live in tSglMenAphr v 2. settle on (agree on) ¨Bme¨Bogn settlement kartSglMenAn settler G~ktSglMenAadj several mYycMnYn (e¨cInCagBIr Etmine¨cInb"unµaneLIy)v sew edrn sex ePTn sexism ¨bkan’ePTn shade mÂb’n shadow ¨semalv shake rlak’v shall nwgadj shallow rak’n shame PaBGam”as’muxn shampoo f~Skk’(sk')n shape T¨mg’; sN½an

sharen 1. portion cMENkv 2. divide up EbgEckadj sharp ¨sYc É mutn sharpener e¨KOgs¨mYc É sMelogv shave ekarpron she Kat’ (¨s‘I)n sheep ecom

sheetn 1. of paper snÂwkn 2. of bedding k¨maln shelf eF~Irn shell (of sea) sMbk(las, ¨KMu, k‘am)n shelter CMrkv shine beJÍÅjBnÂWadj shiny PÂWrelagn ship navan shirt Gavn shock kartk’s¬tn shoe EsºkeCIgv shoot Vj’

shopn 1. place to buy goods hagTMnijv 2. buy goods TijTMnijn shore mat’ (bwg É smuTæ)

shortadj 1. opposite tall Tabadj 2. opposite long xÂIn short cut pÂèvkat’

61

shorts – skate

n shorts (clothing) exaxÂIshot

n 1. gunfire karVj’ (kSePÂIg)pt v 2. *see shootv should KYrEtv shout E¨skv shove ruj

showv 1. display bgúajn 2. as on TV karsEm‘gphr v 3. show off (be pretentious) sEmÆg É bgíçt

showern 1. weather condition eP¿gtic@qab’rSgv 2. wash oneself gUtTwkpûaQUkn 3. bathroom apparatus bnæb’gUtTwkpûaQUkv shrink rYjv shut biTadj shy eGone¨bonadj sick QWn sick bay bnæb’s¨makeBlQWn side cMeehogadv sideways BIcMehogn sight karemIleXIj

signn 1. information board sJïav 2. write one's signature cuHhtÄelxan signal sJïan signature htÄelxan sign language PasatamsJïan silence PaBs©b’s©at’adj silent es©¿mn silk sU¨tadj silly ep‘sp‘as; PÂIePÂIn silver ¨Vk’adj similar ¨sedogadj simple samJïv sing e¨cogadj single Etm~ak’ägn singlet Gavkak’n singular (grammatical) äkvcn:

sinkn 1. tub for washing s~èkTwk É Fuglagcanv 2. go down lic; ¨sutn Sir (respectful form of address) elakn sister bgÉbíèn¨sIv sit Ggð¬y

skatev 1. glide over the ground elgrMGil; elgV"tSgn 2. equipment for skating EsºkeCIgrMGil

62

skateboard – so

n skateboard bnæHrMGil; bnæHV"tSgn skateboarding karelgbnæHrMGiln ski sðIn skiing karelgsðIadj skilful biun¨bsb’n skill CMnajn skin Esºk

skipv 1. jump elatv 2. pass over rMlgn skirt sMBt’n sky emXn slang Bak´samJï; Bak´e¨bIsarsgK~aCaTUeTAv slap THn slave Taskrv sleep edkadj sleepy gguyedkpt v slept *see sleepn slice cMNitv slide rMGiladj slim es‘Ign sling Ex§sõayv slip rGiln slipper (type of shoe) EsºkeCIgs¨mab’Bak’enApæHadj slippery rGilv slit vH É kat’n slope TICMral

slowadj 1. opposite fast mYy@; yWtadj 2. behind time yWtadv slowly yWt@ É mYy@adj small tUcadj smart (clever) «vqÂatv smash kMeTc

smelln 1. odour kÂinv 2. inhale an odour FMukÂin

smilen 1. facial expression karjjwmv 2. make facial expression jjwm

smoken 1. visible substance from fire Ep§gv 2. inhale a substance Ck’adj smooth relagn snack cMNIsMrn'n snake stÃBs’v sneeze kN‘as’n snow ¨Bilconj so (consequently) dUec~H

63

soap – sphere

n soap sabßUn soccer kILaVl’Tat’n society sgðmn sock (clothing) e¨sameCIg

softadj 1. opposite hard Tn’adj 2. opposite loud ¨sTn’adv softly ¨sTn’pt v sold *see sell

solidadj 1. three dimensional figure ¨kas'; mSmYnn 2. matter that is not liquid or gas vtĬrwg

solutionn 1. answer dMeNaH¨sayn 2. mixture (scientific) lºayv solve edaH¨saydet some xÂHn somebody G~kNa; G~kNam~ak’n someone G~kNamYy; G~kNam~ak’adv sometimes CYnkaln son kUn¨busn song cMerogadv soon PÂam

soreadj 1. painful QWcab’n 2. painful spot dMe×phrase 3. sore throat QWbMBg’kadj sorry esaks‘ayv sort erobdak’tam¨bePTn soul ¨Blwgn sound semÂgn soup sßubadj sour CUrn south Tisxagtºèg

spacen 1. outside earth's atmosphere lMhGvkasn 2. room cMh; kEnÂgn spade cbCIkadj spare s¨mab’b¨mugkarv speak niyayadj special Biessn speech karniyay; sunærkfa

speedn 1. rapidity elº¯nv 2. go fast begûInelº¯nv spell ¨bkb(Bak´)v spend cMNaypt v spent *see spendn sphere EsÃr; dMumUl

64

spill – starfish

v spill kMBb’; ehorv spin eFÃI[vilxÆal’n spirit (soul) ¨Blwg; sµartIv spit es‘aHv splash sac; xæatv split bMEbk; e¨cokv spoil eFÃI[xUcpt v spoke *see speakn spoon sÂab¨Ban sport kILan sports oval FÂaelgkILan sports shoe EsºkeCIgelgkILa

spotn 1. circular pattern s~amGuC@n 2. sore munÉPÂW (eraKesIEsºk)n 3. place kEnÂgv 4. see emIleXIjv spread ¨tdag; kEnìk

springn 1. season niTaXrdUv; rdUvpûarIkv 2. jump elat

spyn 1. person who keeps secret carburs É carnarI

watch on othersv 2. watch lbykkarN_

squaren 1. plane figure ctuekaNEkgesµIadj 2. shaped as a square bYn¨Cugn staffroom bnæb’buKðlikn stage qak; dMNak’kaln stair CeN‘Ir

stampn 1. as for postage Etmv 2. impress a mark on eVH¨tav 3. strike with foot T¨næS

standv 1. take upright position Qrphr v 2. stand back kMucUlmkmuxphr v 3. stand for (signify) QreQµaHphr v 4. stand up for (defend) e¨kakQrkarBarcolloq phr 5. I can't stand it (I hate it) xƬMminGac¨TSVneTn standard bTd½an

starn 1. astral body pûay; taran 2. famous actor; singer etc. taraäkadj 3. shape ragpûayn starfish ¨tIsmuTæm ”agragdUcpûay

65

start – stop

startn 1. beginning karcab’ep‘Imv 2. begin cab’ep‘Im

statev 1. say EfÂgn 2. political division rd½n statement esck‘IEfÂgkarN_

stationn 1. of railway sÄanIyn 2. police station s~gkard½ann statue bdimav stay enAadj steady nwg; minE¨b¨bYln steak bnæHsac’eKav steal lYcn steam cMhayn steel EdkEfbadj steep ecatn stem edIm; Emk; Tg

stepv 1. move using feet Qann 2. stair kSCeN‘Irphrase 3. watch your step (be careful) ¨by&t~k~¬gkareVHCMhann stepbrother bgÉbíèn¨busEdlmanÒBukÉm‘ayep§gK~an stepfather ÒBukcugn stepmother m‘aycugn stepsister bgÉbíèn¨sIEdlmanÒBukÉm‘ayep§gK~a

stickv 1. fasten Cab'; síitn 2. piece of wood dMbgadj sticky síitadj stiff rwg

stilladv 1. without moving nwgfûl’adv 2. yet enAEtv sting Tic

stinkn 1. bad odour kÂinsí¬yv 2. smell very bad FMukÂinsí¬yv stir kkUrpt v stole *see stealn stomach eBaHn stomach-ache QWeBaHn stone fµpt v stood *see stand

stopn 1. cessation bJÎb’v 2. halt Qb’

66

store – suburb

n store haglk’n storey Can’n storm x´l’B´¬Hn story erOgn stove c¨gûann stove top Ep~kelIc¨gûan

straightadj 1. not crooked ¨tg’adj 2. not wavy or curly (of hair) sÂètphrase 3. straight ahead eTA¨tg’xagmuxv straighten t¨mg’v strain eFÃI[QWadj strange cEmÂkn stranger CncEmÂkn strawberry EpÂeQIm ”agEdlmanBNá khmn stream e¨CaH; GUrn street pÂèvn strength kmÂSg

stressv 1. put emphasis on sgût’; dak’Tm©n’n 2. tension PaBtantwgadj strict twgrwug

strikev 1. hit vayn 2. blow karvayphrase 3. on strike (not working) eFÃIkUdkmµn string Ex§n strip ce¨mokv stroke GEgíladj strong (powerful) xÂSgn struggle karBuHBarpt v stuck *see stickn student sis§; nis§it

studyn 1. room of house bnæb’sik§a (k~¬gpæH)v 2. endeavour to acquire sik§a; eron

knowledgestuff

n 1. material vtĬv 2. push jat’adj stupid PÂIePÂIn style m”Ud

subjectn 1. course of study muxviCØan 2. topic ¨bFanbTn substance sarFatuv subtract dkn subtraction kardkn suburb tMbn’Cay¨kug

67

succeed – survey

v succeed maneCaKC&yn success eCaKC&y; C&yCMnHv suck CJØk’adj sudden PÂam@adv suddenly PÂam@; mYyrMeBcenaHv suffer rgQWcab’n sugar sûrv suggest p‘l’mtin suggestion karp‘l’mti

suitn 1. clothing exaGavmYysMrab'v 2. be appropriate smadj suitable smrm´n sum (total) cMnYnsrubn summer rdUvek‘An sun ¨BHGaTit´n sunburn karrlaknwgkem‘A«f©n sunglasses Ev”ntakarBarnwgBnÂW«f©n sunhat mYkkarBarnwgBnÂW«f©adj sunny man«f©n sunscreen E¨kmlabkarBarnwgkem‘A«f©n sunshine BnÂW¨BHGaTit´

supplyn 1. provisions e¨KOgpðt’pðg’v 2. provide pðt’pðg’

supportn 1. assistance karKS¨Tv 2. provide assistance KS¨Tv suppose (assume) snµt’adj sure Bit¨Vkd

surfn 1. seaswell rlk (Edlke¨JØaleLIgenACit¨cSg)v 2. ride a surfboard CiHrlk (kILa)n surface «pæn surfboard k‘arCiHrlkn surfer G~kelgkILaCiHrlk

surgeryn 1. doctor's room bnæb’vHkat’n 2. operation by doctor karvHkat’n surname nam¨tkUl

surprisen 1. unexpected event kareFÃI[PÆak’epíIlv 2. catch unprepared eFÃI[PÆak’epíIladj 3. unexpected PÆak’epíIlv surrender cuHj”mv surround eLamB&Tì

surveyn 1. poll karsæg’mtimhaCnv 2. ask questions of sæg’mtimhaCn

68

survival – tame

n survival karmanCIvitrs’enAVnv survive enArs’n swagman mnus§Gnafav swallow elbpt v swam *see swim

swearv 1. use bad language eCrv 2. take oath of truth sºfv sweep eVsadj sweet Epímn sweet corn eBatEpímn sweet potato dMLègCÃav swim Ehln swimmer G~kEhlTwkn swimming karEhlTwkn swimming carnival ¨Bwt‘ikarN_kILaEhlTwkn swimming costume exaGaves¿kEhlTwk

swingv 1. sway eyaln 2. play equipment eTag

switchn 1. device for turning on/off kugtak’v 2. change pÂas’b‘èradj swollen ehImphrase swollen ankle keCIgehImn sword dav

Ttable

n 1. furniture tun 2. list taragn table tennis kILaBIgb”ugn tablet (medication) f~S¨Kab’n tail knæ¬y

takev 1. seize ykv 2. last for (as time) ¨tUvkareBlphr v 3. take away (mathematical) dkecjphr v 4. take away (remove) dkhUtphr v 5. take away (fast food) múèbqíin¨sab’TijenAhagphr v 6. take off (as clothing) edaHykecjphr v 7. take off (as plane) ehaHeLIgn tale erOg¨bDit

talkn 1. conversation bTsnænav 2. converse snæna; niyayadj tall xõs’adj tame sSg

69

tan – terrific

tanv 1. sunbake eFÃI[eLIgBNá sEGmedaysar¨tUvkem‘A«f©adj 2. colour BNá EGmedaysar¨tUvkem‘A«f©n tank Fug; Gagn tap (as for water) kºalm”asIunTwkv tape (record) ftn task ParkicÍ

tastev 1. sample PÂk’phrase 2. the food tastes good GaharmanrsCatiq©aj’adj tasty EdlmanrsCatipt v taught *see teachn tax Bnìdarn taxi tak’sIu

tean 1. beverage Etn 2. dinner GahareBll©acv teach be¨gonn teacher ¨KUbe¨gonn teacher's aide ¨KUCMnYykarn team ¨kum

tearv 1. rip Ehkn 2. liquid from the eye TwkEP~kv tease niyaylelgn technology becÍkviCØan teenager ekµgCMTg’

telephonen 1. device for phoning TUrs&Bæv 2. ring niyayTUrs&Bæn telephone booth bnæb’TUrs&Bæn telescope Ekvywt

televisionn 1. receiver for broadcasts TUrTs§n_abbrev 2. TVv tell ¨Vb’n temper GarmµN_n temperature sItuNúPaBn temple ¨BHviharadj temporary beN‘aHGasn~n tennis kILaetnIsn tent tg’; CMrMsMBt’

termn 1. a period of time Gm¬geBln 2. a naming word Bak´adj terrible KYr[xÂacadj terrific GsÍar´

70

test – tie

testn 1. examination kar¨bLg; kareFÃIets‘v 2. check eFÃIets‘n text GtÄbT

thankv 1. express appreciation EfÂgGMNrKuNphrase 2. give thanks p‘l’GMNrKuNint 3. thank you (polite expression sUmGrKuN

of gratitude)that

pron 1. indicator of person or thing enaHconj 2. used as subject of relative Edl

clausedet the KuNnamm ”agKµane¨bIk~¬gPasaExµreTn theatre eragelÅan; meha¨sBpron their rbs’eK (TSgLay)pron them eK (TSgLay)adv then eBlenaHadv there enATIenaHconj therefore ehtudUec~Hn thermometer ETrm”UEm” tpron they eK (TSgLay)adj thick ¨kas’n thief ecaradj thin es‘Igv think Kitn thong (footwear) EsºkeCIgpæat’

thoughtn 1. idea KMnitpt v 2. *see think

threadn 1. cotton sr«s (GMeVH)v 2. put through eye of needle cak’sßk(GMeVHeTAk~¬gk‘itmجl)pt v threw *see throwprep through (from one side to tamry:

another)v throw ecal; eVHn thumb em«dn thunder pðrn thunderstorm x´l’B ¬HmanpðrrnæHadv thus dUec~Hv tick (indicate correctness) KUsbn‘ic (bJØak’fa¨tUvehIy)n ticket sMbu tn tide CMenar É lMnacadj tidy erobry

tien 1. clothing ¨kvat’kv 2. fasten cgn 3. equal place esµIK~a

71

tight – town

adj tight twgv tilt epí¿g; eFÃI[epí¿g

timen 1. measurement of duration eBlphrase 2. in time (not late) Tan’eBlphrase 3. on time (at the appointed time) ¨tUveBlphrase 4. at times CYnkalphrase 5. a good time eBlsbºayrIkrayphrase 6. take your time (don't rush) eFÃIeTAtams¨mYlphrase 7. What's the time? em”agb”unµanehIy?phrase 8. two times four (mathematical) BIrKuNnwgBIresµInwgbYnn timetable tarageBlevla

tipn 1. hint KnÂwHn 2. rubbish dump kEnÂgcak’s¨mamv 3. tilt epí¿gn 4. pointed extremity cugphr v 5. tip over (spill) kMBb’n tissue ¨kdasTn’s¨mab’CUtn title cMNgeCIgprep to eTAkan’n today «f©enHn toe ¨mameCIgadv together TSgGs’K~an toilet bgðn’pt v told *see telln tomato eb”geV”Hn tomorrow «f©Esíkn tongue GN‘atpt v took *see taken tool ¨bdab’ bdarn tooth eFµjn toothache QWeFµj

topn 1. highest point kMBUln 2. clothing Gavn topic ¨bFanbTpt v tore *see tear

totaln 1. complete amount srubv 2. add up bUksrubv touch b”Hn tour dMeNIrTs§na; Ts§nkicÍv tow seN‘agprep towards eqõaHeTAn towel kEn§geBaHeKan tower b”mn town TI bCMuCn

72

toy – turn

n toy tukûta; ¨bdab'ekµgelgv trace tamdann track (pathway) pÂèvn tracksuit exaGavhat'kILan tractor ¨tak’T&r

traden 1. exchange of commodities BaNiCØkmµv 2. carry on trade eFÃIBaNiCØkmµn traffic cracrN_

trainn 1. means of transport rfePÂIgv 2. practise hÃwkhat’

trapn 1. device for catching things Gnæak’v 2. catch dak’Gnæak’n trapezium ctuekaNB~ayv travel eFÃIdMeNIrv tread edIrtamv treat (as a disease) B´aVln tree edImeQIv tremble j&rn triangle ¨tIekaNphrase triangular prism Gak'¨tIekaNn tribe kulsmõ&nìv trick e¨bIlºicedImºIbeJÏatv trim t¨mwm

tripn 1. journey dMeNIrv 2. fall over CMBb’eCIg; dYladj tropical «n¨tUBik

troublen 1. problem bJúav 2. cause worry eFÃI[manbJúaphr 3. in trouble with manbJúanwgn trousers exaEvgn truck rfyn‘dwkTMnijadj true Bit¨Vkdn trunk (as of elephant) ¨bemay

tryn 1. attempt karB´ayamphrase 2. try hard ¨bwgxÂSgphr v 3. try on (as for clothing) l; sakphr v 4. try out for (audition for) saklºgn T-shirt GavyWt«dxÂIn tub GagTwkn tube bMBg’

turnv 1. move around bgÃil; gak

73

twice – urge

n 2. action following someone else's evnphr v 3. turn into (become) kÂayeTACaphr v 4. turn off (switch off) biTphr v 5. turn on ebIkphr v 6. turn up (arrive) bgúajxÂçnadv twice BIrdgv twist mYl

typen 1. kind ¨bePT; Funv 2. use a machine to write vayGgð¬lIelxn tyre kg' (Ep~kekAsßU)

Uadj ugly Ga¨kk'n umbrella q& tn uncle BU; maadj unconscious ²tdwgxÂçnprep under enAxage¨kamv undergo TTYl; qÂgadj underground enAk~¬gdI É enAe¨kamdIv underline KUsbnæat'BIe¨kamadv underneath enAe¨kamn underpants exa¨Tnab' (¨bus)v understand yl'pt v understood *see understandn underwear exaGav¨Tnab'v undo eFÃI[dUcedImvij; ¨say (cMNg)adj unemployed Edl²tmankargareFÃIn uniform äksN½ann union xæwmVrSg

unitn 1. type of housing pæHElÃgn 2. measurement ma¨td½anv unite bJÍèlK~an universe sklelakn university sklviT´al&yprep until Tal'Etadj unusual xusFmµtaprep up (to a higher place) eTAelIprep upon (up and on) enABIelIadj upper xagelIadj upright ¨tg'eTAelIadj upset EdlrkScit‘ É Gak’Gn’cit‘adj upside-down ¨kLab'adv upstairs Can'xagelIv urge CMruj

74

75

urgent – wall

adj urgent bnæan'pron us eyIg

usen 1. the act of using kare¨bI Vs'v 2. employ e¨bI Vs'adj used (not new) e¨bIehIy

Vn vaccination karcak'f~SbgûareraKadj vain ²tVnkarn valley ¨Clg (P~M)adj valuable Edlmant«mÂ

valuen 1. worth t«mÂv 2. to hold in high esteem [t«mÂn van (truck) LandwkTMnijFunmF´mEdlmandMbUln variety PaBmane¨cInmuxv vary E¨b¨bYladj various ep§g@K~an vegetable bEnÂn vegetable garden sYnbEnÂn vegetarian mnus§tmsac'n vehicle yanCMniHn verandah ranhaln verb kiriyas&Bæadv very Nas'abbrev vet *see veterinariann veterinarian eBT´stÃ; bsueBT´n video (recording) vIedGUn view eTsPaB; Ts§n:n village PUmiadj violent hig§an violin vIeyaL¬gv visit eTAelg; eTAsYrsuxTukÅn visitor ePÆ¿vn voice semÂgn volleyball (game) kILaVl'THn volume cMNuHv vote eVHeq~atn vowel ¨s:n voyage dMeNIr (CaBiesstamsmuTæ)

Wn wage ¨Vk'Ex; ¨Vk'Q~çlv wait rg'cSv wake PÆak'v walk edIrn walkway pÂèvedIrn wall CJØSg

wallaby – Web

n wallaby stÃm "agk~¬gBBYkstÃkg'hûarUn wallet kabUbluyv wander eFÃIdMeNIredayKµanTIkMNt'v want cg'; cg'Vnn war s¨gðamn waratah cul Bwks¨mab'lMGm "agrbs'rd½jèvesaFEvln wardrobe TUdak'exaGavadj warm (opposite cool) ek‘AÓNú@adj warm-blooded EdlmanQamek‘Av warn ¨Bmann warning kar¨Bmanpt v was *see be

washv 1. clean with water lagsmíatphr v 2. wash up (of dishes) lagcann washing machine (clothes) m"asIuneVkexaGav

wastev 1. employ uselessly xØHxØayn 2. rejected products kaksMNl'

watchn 1. timepiece naLika«dv 2. look at smÂwgemIlphr v 3. watch out (be careful) ¨by&t~

watern 1. liquid Twkv 2. moisten e¨sacTwkn watermelon ÒLwkn wattle tree edImeQIm "ag

waven 1. swell of water rlkv 2. make a hand signal bk'adj wavy Ggûaj'@n wax ¨kmYn

wayn 1. road pÂèvphrase 2. a long way pÂèvq©ayphrase 3. a good way pÂèvlíphrase 4. give way [pÂèvpron we eyIgadj weak ex§ayn wealth ePaK¨TB´adj wealthy sMbUr¨TB´n weapon GavuF

wearv 1. erode swkrilv 2. put on (as for clothing) es¿kBak'n web (as for spider) sMNaj' (BIgBag)abbrev Web *see World Wide Web

76

wedding – width

n wedding GaBah_BiBah_n week GaTit´v weigh fÂwgn weight Tm©n'

welcomen 1. a kind greeting karsÃaKmn_int 2. You're welcome! (polite minfÃIeT ! (Bak´KYrsmeqÂIytbeTAnwgkarEfÂg GMNrKuN)

response to thank you)well

n 1. hole in earth GN‘ègadj 2. in good health mansuxPaBlíadv 3. in a satisfactory manner líint 4. Well! (expresses relief, pause) GU ! (ÓTæans&Bæ)int 5. Well done! líEmnpt v went *see gopt v were *see ben west Tisxaglic

wetv 1. moisten ben§Imadj 2. opposite dry esImpron what (interrogative) GÃIn wheel kg'pron when (interrogative) eBlNaconj whenever eBlNak*VnEdrpron where (interrogative) TINa

which pron 1. what one of a number mYyNa

(interrogative)pron 2. relative (refers to something Edl

previously mentioned)conj while enAeBlEdln whip rMBat’v whisper x§wb

whistlev 1. make a musical sound hYcn 2. equipment used to make kEJÍ

a soundadj white BNásn whiteboard bnæHk‘arBNáss¨mab'sresr

whopron 1. interrogative nrNapron 2. relative pronoun Edladj whole TSgmUladv why ehtuGÃIadj wicked kMNacadj wide FMTUlayn widow emm”ayn widower eBaHm”ayn width TTwg

77

wild – write

adj wild ǬBwill

v 1. auxiliary used in future tense nwgn 2. declaration of wishes on sMbu tbN‘S

one's deathn 3. choice of one's actions qnæ:v win Q~H

windn 1. movement of air x´l’v 2. turn in a circular way mYlcolloq phr 3. wind up (finish) bJÍb’phr v 4. wind up (as a clock) mYln windmill erag (GareQIÉkin¨sUv) e¨bIkmÂSgx´l’n window bgíçcn window sill FrNIbgíçcadj windy Edlmanx´l’xÂSgn wing sÂabn winter rdUvrgarv wipe CUtn wire Ex§lYsadj wise «vqÂatn wish karp§gprep with CamYyv withdraw (as for money) dkn witness G~ksak§Ipt v woke *see waken woman ¨s‘In wombat stÃm ”agk~¬g¨beTsGU s‘alIpt v won *see winv wonder cg’dwgfaetIn wood eQIn woodwork vtĬeFÃIGMBIeQIn wool eram (ecom); ELnn word Bak´pt v wore *see wear

workn 1. labour kargarv 2. carry out labour eFÃIkarv 3. be operational mandMeNIrkarphr v 4. work out (solve) rkviFIedaH¨sayn world BiPBelakn World Wide Web bN‘ajTMnak’TMngGIunFWNitv worry ¨BYyadv worse kan’EtGa¨kk’Cagmunn worth t«mÂv wrap xÍb’v wring mYln wrist k«dv write sresr

78

wrong – zucchini

adj wrong (incorrect) xuspt v wrote *see writeabbrev www *see World Wide Web

Xn x-ray kSrsµIGiuk§

Yn yacht navaCiHelgkMsan‘n yard FÂav yawn s©abn year q~Sadj yellow BNáelOgint yes VT É casn yesterday m§ilmijpron you G~kadj young ekµgpron your (possessive) rbs’G~k

Zn zone tMbn’n zoo sYnstÃn zucchini bEnÂm ”agragdUc¨tsk’

79

Appendix 1

Numerals and Ordinals

Symbol Numeral Ordinal

1 one first

2 two second

3 three third

4 four fourth

5 five fifth

6 six sixth

7 seven seventh

8 eight eighth

9 nine ninth

10 ten tenth

11 eleven eleventh

12 twelve twelfth

13 thirteen thirteenth

14 fourteen fourteenth

15 fifteen fifteenth

16 sixteen sixteenth

17 seventeen seventeenth

18 eighteen eighteenth

19 nineteen nineteenth

20 twenty twentieth

30 thirty thirtieth

40 forty fortieth

50 fifty fiftieth

60 sixty sixtieth

70 seventy seventieth

80 eighty eightieth

90 ninety ninetieth

100 one hundred one hundredth

1000 one thousand one thousandth

10000 ten thousand ten thousandth

100000 one hundred thousand one hundred thousandth

1000000 one million one millionth

80

Appendix 2

Common Countries/States and their Adjectival Forms

Country/State Adjectival Form Country/State Adjectival Form

Afghanistan Afghani Japan Japanese

Argentina Argentinian Korea Korean

Bangladesh Bangladeshi Kosovo Kosovar

Bolivia Bolivian Kurdistan Kurdish

Brazil Brazilian Laos Laotian

Bulgaria Bulgarian Lebanon Lebanese

Cambodia Cambodian Macedonia Macedonian

Chile Chilean Malaysia Malaysian

China Chinese Nigeria Nigerian

Colombia Colombian Pakistan Pakistani

Cook Islands Cook Islanders Peru Peruvian

Croatia Croatian Philippines Filipino

East Timor East Timorese Poland Polish

Ecuador Ecuadorian Portugal Portuguese

Egypt Egyptian Russia Russian

El Salvador El Salvadorian Samoa Samoan

Eritrea Eritrean Serbia Serbian

Ethiopia Ethiopian Somalia Somalian

Fiji Fijian Sudan Sudanese

Ghana Ghanian Syria Syrian

Greece Greek Taiwan Taiwanese

Hungary Hungarian Thailand Thai

India Indian Tonga Tongan

Indonesia Indonesian Turkey Turkish

Iran Iranian Ukraine Ukrainian

Iraq Iraqi Uruguay Uruguayan

Israel Israeli Venezuela Venezuelan

Italy Italian Vietnam Vietnamese

81

Appendix 3

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Past Tense Past participle

awake awoke awokenbe was, were beenbeat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet betbid bid bidbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburn burned/burnt burned/burntbuy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

drive drove drivendrink drank drunkeat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenforgive forgave forgivenfreeze froze frozenget got gottengive gave givengo went gone

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held held

82

Common Irregular Verbs (continued)

Base Form Past Tense Past participle

hurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew known

lay laid laid

lead led ledlearn learned/learnt learned/learntleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlose lost lostmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metpay paid paidput put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold sold

send sent sent

show showed showed/shown

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentstand stood stoodswim swam swumtake took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told think thought thoughtthrow threw thrownunderstand understood understood

wake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won wonwrite wrote written

83

Analog time 24 hour time

12.00am 12 o'clock; midnight 00:00 zero zero hundred hours

1.00am 1 o'clock 01:00 zero one hundred hours

2.00am 2 o'clock 02:00 zero two hundred hours

3.00am 3 o'clock 03:00 zero three hundred hours

4.00am 4 o'clock 04:00 zero four hundred hours

5.00am 5 o'clock 05:00 zero five hundred hours

6.00am 6 o'clock 06:00 zero six hundred hours

7.00am 7 o'clock 07:00 zero seven hundred hours

8.00am 8 o'clock 08:00 zero eight hundred hours

9.00am 9 o'clock 09:00 zero nine hundred hours

10.00am 10 o'clock 10:00 ten hundred hours

11.00am 11 o'clock 11:00 eleven hundred hours

12.00pm 12 o'clock; midday; noon 12:00 twelve hundred hours

1.00pm 1 o'clock 13:00 thirteen hundred hours

2.00pm 2 o'clock 14:00 fourteen hundred hours

3.00pm 3 o'clock 15:00 fifteen hundred hours

4.00pm 4 o'clock 16:00 sixteen hundred hours

5.00pm 5 o'clock 17:00 seventeen hundred hours

6.00pm 6 o'clock 18:00 eighteen hundred hours

7.00pm 7 o'clock 19:00 nineteen hundred hours

8.00pm 8 o'clock 20:00 twenty hundred hours

9.00pm 9 o'clock 21:00 twenty one hundred hours

10.00pm 10 o'clock 22:00 twenty two hundred hours

11.00pm 11 o'clock 23:00 twenty three hundred hours

Appendix 4

Times

half past three3.30am or 3.30pm

zero two forty five zero three hundred hours zero three fifteen zero three thirty

84

Examples of quarter and half hours (24 hour time)

quarter to three2.45am or 2.45pm

three o'clock3.00am or 3.00pm

quarter past three3.15am or 3.15pm

Examples of quarter and half hours (analog)

Bibliography

Australian Learners Dictionary, 1997, National Centre for English Language Teachingand Research, Macquarie University, NSW.

Horton, D. (ed.) 1994, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal TorresStrait Islander History, Society and Culture, vols 1-2, Aboriginal Studies Press,Canberra.

The Macquarie Dictionary, 1997, 3rd edn, Macquarie University, NSW.

My First Macquarie Dictionary, 1987, Jacaranda Press, Sydney.

NSW Department of School Education. 1994, New Arrivals Dictionaries, 16 vols, Disadvantaged Schools Program, Erskineville.

Oxford Elementary Learner's Dictionary, 1994, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press,Oxford.

Weight (mass) Length Volume

1000 milligrams = 1 gram 1000 millimetres = 1 metre 1000 millilitres = 1 litre

1000 grams = 1 kilogram 100 centimetres = 1 metre 1000 litres = 1 cubic metre

1000 kilograms = 1 metric tonne 1000 metres = 1 kilometre

Appendix 6

Weights and measures

Days

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Months

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Units of time

60 seconds = 1 minute

60 minutes = 1 hour

24 hours = 1 day

7 days = 1 week

4 weeks = 1 month

12 months = 1 year

4 years = 1 leap year

10 years = 1 decade

100 years = 1 century

1000 years = 1 millenium

85

Appendix 5

Days of the week/Months of the year/Units of time