Eddie McElligott, jr., son of the veteranpro and a fine golfer with experience as

n asst. pro, back from military service andtaking a course in club and hotel manage-

- '1rment at Oklahoma A&M, Stillwater, Okla.• . . . Eddie,jr. ought to a good man for

running a smaller club when he gets outof school soon ... Metropolitan (N.Y.) GolfAssn. advises member clubs to discontinuepaying caddies out of club funds with mem-bers signing tabs, and have golfers individ-ually pay caddies ... Otherwise clubs mayget in trouble on withholding tax and statelabor law records.

E. E. "Bubber" Johnson, supt., HillwoodClub, Nashville, Tenn., re-elected pres.,Southern Turfgrass Assn .. Wm. T. Martin,

...Benton, Ark., elected vp. and Pete Grandi-son, supt. of Woodmont at Nashville,Tenn., was elected sec.-treas ... Elected di-rectors of the STA: Luke Nunley, Bill

I Curtis, Marion Scobell, E. J. Sears, E. D."Sunny" Guy, George Curtis ... SouthernTurfgrass Assn. will hold its 1957 con-

,ference at Colonial CC, Memphis, Tenn.E. E. "Bubber" Johnson from Blue Grass

'CC, Henderson, Ky., to be supt. at newHillwood Club, Nashville, Tenn., and willbe in charge of building club's 18 to plansof Dick Wilson ... Johnson succeeded atBlue Grass by Peck Leslie of Florence(Ala.) CC ... Bud Carroll supt. in chargeof building 18-hole Sherwood Forest CCat B'aton Rouge, La. . . . Charles Brownsigned as supt. of Fox Meadows CC, Mem-phis, Tenn., for which Chick Adams hasdesigned and is building new course ....Dr. W. M. Woods heads Carthage (Miss.)CC which is building new course . . . . .Tullahoma (Tenn.) CC new course opened..... Wilbourn Jameson is pro-supt.

Fiftieth anniversary of Southern GolfAssn. to be observed during annual cham-pionship at Druid Hills GC Atlanta, Ga.,May 7-12 ... Fay Crocker signed to play inTriangle Round Robin at Cavalier Yacht &CC, Virginia Beach, Va., June 6-10 forwhich Triangle Pres. John E. McAuliffeputs up $12,000 prize money ... Fay alsosigned to play at Oak Hill CC, Rochester,N.Y., June 9 as Women's National Openchampion in round with Jack Fleck ••.Miss Crocker's score to be the one againstwhich the girls and women will competein the PGA-sponored National Golf Day .. .Seems to be logical probability that con-flict of engagements will be settled by theCrocker round at Cavalier being the one I

Continued on page 90)

May, 1956

Superintendents AQUA (iROReport After Using •

"Wetter Water SolvedMany Turf Problems"

Effects of Thatch Are CuredAreas suffering from the effects of thatch are cured byone full treatment of Aqua-Gro. Subsequent wateringspercolate freely through the thatched areas. Wet with-out waterlogging. Aqua-Gro is economical, one appli-cation costs approximately 75¢ per 1000 square feet.

Effects of Hard Spots EliminatedThe effects of hard spots on greens are eliminated.Treated water penetrates quickly and deeply into thesoil. Uniform water penetration in soils reduces ten-dency to overwet areas next to hard spots.

Dew EliminatedPeriodic application of Aqua-Gro to greens preventsformation of dew 'round the clock. Fungus growth isdiscouraged. Costs approximately 20¢ per 1000 squarefeet. A considerable savings over other methods .ofdew removal.

Deeper Water PenetrationPlugs of earth from compacted, hard-to-wet areas provewater penetrates up to 6000/0 greater depth if areas aretreated with Aqua-Gro. More even distribution of waterin the soil results in less frequent watering and bettercontrol of turf.

AQUA·(iRO COMMERCIALCONCENTRATE

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81

Tells Story in Figures

Course Budget PreparationIs Aid in Maintenance

By HOWARD BAERWALDSupt., La Grange (III.) Country Club

(Address at GCSA annual conference)

By .definition, a budget is a financialstatement of estimated income and ex-

pense over a period of time and a planfor financing a business or governmentbased on such a statement.

You find an example of budgets right inyour own home. A level-headed personknows what his income is and any homeplanning and food consumption will haveto stay win thin those limits or that personwill eventually be in financial trouble. Inbudgeting each one of us does some of itevery day quite unconsciously. On the golfcourse we have to take the man-hours in-stead of money and plan ahead so we get.the most work possible finished in thoseeight hours.

A private club is supported primarilythrough its membership. Because the mem-bership is billed each month for dues, wecan say that the income is a fixed sum.Clubs as a rule declare themselves a non-profit oraginzation. The governing body ofa club is selected from its membership andcommittees are established to head thevarious departments. Because these men arenot under a salary of any sort from theclub, it is necessary for them to hire capablemen to take the responsibility of operatingthe departments.

The board of governors will possiblymeet before a fiscal year begins for theexpress purpqse of studying the breakdownof club income for the next year's opera-tion. The different committee chairmenwill present their budgets for approval.Discussions will follow, sometimes heateddiscussions, I might add, and the committeechairman with the most complete and con-vincing argument will come out with themajor amount of requests granted. All ofthese departmental budgets added togetherusually add up to more than the antici-pated income and hence some of them getthe axe until the total budget balancesthe expected income.

In the case of a club owned by an indivi-dual, the budget proposition takes on an

82

entirely different light. Being rather un-acquainted with the relationship of a clubowner and his course superin tenden t. Iasked them a few questions. I find, first ofall that in general every department has tobe a paying affair or it ceases to exist. Thebudget, where there is one, is quite oftena verbal affair or, if it is on paper, isusually folded up and put in somebody'spocket. Once through the wash and it is nomore. The verbal agreement decided uponby the owner and grounds superintendentcan be very easily affected by any changein income. For example, two rainy week-ends in a row might put a big crimp insome plans for grounds improvements.Even though that possibility exists, Ifound a few cases where the superintendentis just as well off or may be even better off,machinery-wise and salary-wise, with thisarrangement than many of the so-called'"rich clubs". Thissituation is the exceptionrather than the rule.

Governed by Accounting System

The reason for budget systems being aswe find them may be due to the bookkeep-ing systems which were set up. In someclubs certain items are grounds, clubhouseor administrative and in still others thesemay be general overhead. If you have apoor budget set-up, perhaps a new andambitious treasurer may be elected and hewill take it upon himself to revamp and,simplify the system. Maybe an ambitioussuperintendent could come along and sim-plify records and reports -between book-keeper and grounds department.

These systems drawn up years ago maybe responsible for the fact that some golfcourses have budgets set up to includeeverything inside the fence and outsidethe clubhouse whereas others are set upto include nothing but the actual golfcourse.

On the other hand, a superintendentmay have come into the job of handlingthe course by itself and over a period oftime convinced those in charge that' he wascapable of handling more responsibilitysuch as supervision of tennis courts, pool;playground or clubhouse areas. 'This in

Golfdom

(

turn enables him to command a greater!salary. On thinking this over, it may work.in reverse.

One may ask why in one case electrical"power' for irrigation is charged to grounds

while in another case charged to general\ overhead. The only reason I can give is,

again, the method of bookkeeping employ-ed. In strict accounting, I would say thatwhere power is charged to general over-

jhead, one can not have a true picture ofthe operating expense of a grounds depart-ment. On the other hand, it gives thegrounds that much more money for opera-

-tions elsewhere. I'd be the last in theworld to howl if my club decided to takethe 990 dollars which we used for powerlast year and charged it to club overhead

"while leaving my budget stand as it was.To Compare Accurately

The most basic remark one can make onbudget comparison, in order to do itproperly, is for one to understand fully thebookkeeping systems of the clubs comparedand to completely break down all figures.Any quicker or shorter method may resultin an untrue picture.

A complete breakdown of figures forbudget comparison is in the booklet en-titled, "Survey of Golf Course Mainte-nance," prepared by the information com-mittee of the Midwest GCSA It is a 'verydetailed questionnaire of every phase ofgolf course management. It also has anillustration of a practical budget.

In our club's work, we refer to the ex-pense budget as how we intend to spendnext year's alloted figure.

This is strictly a basic list.First are our items of basic maintenance

- salaries and wages, social security, fertili-zer, gas and oil, fungicides, equipment re-pairs, building repairs, irrigation repairs,

+electrical power and in some cases, water.From there we go into items different toevery course - winter sports or tennis,lawn bowling and others, trees or shrubs

'and flowers, seed and sand, sod and dirtand certain sums which will be used forany long range program already in prog-ress.

In a case where the superintendent isasked to draw up a budget, it might be anidea to draw up a list of last year's expendi-tures as closely as possible and duplicate it

"for the following year. Be sure to keep inmind the changing prices at labor andsupplies and add or subtract on each itemas you go through the list.

While making out the budget is the(Continued on page 88)

lMay~ 1956

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/\1m 1h MMt of (l ~PJt&NATURAL ABILITY!Each club in the Power-Bilt set is so perfectlyinter-related in balance and feel, it seems tobecome a natural extension of the player'sarm. This is made possible by master-match-ing, an exclusive H & B process, which permitsthe matching of one club to the other withsuch precision that the result is UNIFORM

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83

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Turfgrass QuestionsAnswered by Grau

If you've got a question you want Dr-rFred V. Grau to help you answer lnthis department, please address it toGrau Q&A, GoJfdom, 407 S. Dearborn,

Chicago 5, III.

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WHERE sound principles have been fol-lowed in the construction and plant-

irig of greens the job of maintaining thegreens is made much easier. Still, certainbasic principles of maintenance must becarried out in order to keep the greens asperfect as new.

Soil management to maintain physicaland chemical fertility is essential. The pro-ductive soil must contain needed plant nu-trients plus sufficient oxygen that plantroots can function to take up nutrients.Adequate fertilization is a principle thateveryone should recognize by now. Clip-pings are removed from putting greens soall the plant food used for growth must bereplaced by fertilizer. Nitrogen is the mostvital element for grasses. Frequent, lightapplications throughout the growing sea-son usually are preferred. Phosphorus andpotash may be applied spring and fall.

Lime influences both chemical andphysical soil conditions. It neutralizes soilacids, thereby raising the pH. In clay soilsit has the physical effect of improving struc-ture by aggregating small particles.

Use Aerating ToolsPhysical soil condition is maintained by

mechanical loosening of the soil to over-come compaction. Aerating tools, used reg-ularly, keep soil porous and well-ventilated.

Proper use of water is another funda-mental principle. Water deep but waterseldom is the general rule to follow. Lightsprinkling that wets only the soil surfacerestricts root growth to this shallow moistlayer. Frequent watering that keeps soilsaturated suffocates the roots, encouragesdisease and breaking down of soil struc-ture. Water deep and then don't wateragain until the grass needs it. Water in theearly morning, rather than at night, toreduce disease. Keep soil open to preventwasteful runoff and assure deep penetra-tion.

Control of disease is a basic principle.Disease can weaken or destroy large areas

84

of turf on putting greens. If good cultural,practices are carried out the disease prob-:lem is less severe. Even so, it is wise to pro-tect the turf with preventive chemicalswhen weather conditions are critical. .:

Control of insects is another fundamen-tal. Insects weaken the turf and allow weeds ,to invade. Fortunately, we have excellentinsecticides to give protection from insect ~pests.

Control of weeds is basic. Proper water-ing and the control of diseases and insectsthat weaken turf will go a long way inpreventing weed invasion. Tight, vigorousturf is the best defense against weeds. Ifturf becomes thin enough to prevent weedsto come in, then chemical con trol may be'necessary.

Grain and Thatch ControlControl of grain and thatch is a basic,

principle. Close, frequent mowing and theuse of brushes and combs help to prevent'grain and thatch. Regular use of verticalmowers is the surest way to prevent grainand thatch, and to ensure a true puttingsurface at all times. Vertical mowing to re- '~J

move surface accumulation makes diseasecontrol easier and it helps to limit thespread of weeds, too.

Proper mowing is another fundamental. f ,

Proper mowing on putting greens meansclose cutting to keep a tight, smooth turf.It must be frequent so only a small amountof leaf length is removed at each mow-ing. The greens mower is a precision tool.Blades must be sharp enough to cut cleanwithout bruising. Machines must be keptin perfect condition to provide a uni-formly smooth cut.

Trained labor also is basic. The men whowork on putting greens must be capable ofcareful workmanship. They must under-stand the importance of using the proper.quantities of chemicals and the necessityfor keeping machines in good operatingcondition. They must be trained to~use sprayers and distributors properly so

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there is no skipping or overlapping. Theymust be taught to handle machines skill-fully, .to make .turns off the putting area,to adjust machmes correctly for the exist-

-ing conditions.Even though we know the basic princi-

<ples of maintaining turf, few people couldmaintain perfect putting greens simply byreading the rules. The alert care of an ex-perienced superintendent is an important

"factor. The ability to recognize unusualconditions, to interpret and to treat themcorrectly is the quality that makes a goodsuperintendent indispensable.

" Q-We wish to improve our tees. Wouldyou advise seeding them with Merion blue-grass or with Bermuda? (N. C.)

A-I would not recommend seedingeither Merion Kentucky bluegrass or Ber-

,muda. I am a firm believer in sodding teeswith a good solid sod from a nursery. The

,...areasare small enough so it is practical andthe tses can be used within a week or tendays after sodding. Unless tees are heavilyshaded, I doubt that Merion would be the

est grass. One of the improved Bermudashich are grown from sprigs or stolons

- would be much better. Among these are

May,1956

Tiffine, U-3, Uganda, Gene Tift. Once es-tablished, a sod nursery is a never-endingsource of planting material.

Q-We wish to establish bentgrass greens,Which strain would you recommend for ourarea? (N. M.)

A-A bent that is giving good results inhigh temperature areas is Cohansey (C-7)bent. Heat resistance is one of its out-standing characteristics. Pennlu is anothergood strain of bent but it has not yet hadits "baptism of fire" in the high-tempera-ture areas.

Q-Pearlwort on putting greens is ourproblem. What do you advise? (Wise.)

A-Research at Penn State has shownthat the better strains of creeping bent areeffective in crowding out pearlwort. Themost aggressive we know of to date isPennlu creeping bent. Congressional (C-19)is another good one for your area; also Tor-onto and Old Orchard.

I would recommend that you establisha sod nursery (maintained like a puttinggreen) of bents from which you can takesod plugs to replace plugs of pearlwortthat you remove.

85

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Pearlwort seems to thrive on lots of mois-ture. Perhaps there could be some way ofreducing the amount of water applied.

Vertical mowing helps to reduce pearl-I wort by thinning it. Arsenate of lead helps

to discourage pearlwort. Apply 5 poundsto 1,000 sq. ft. at each application, repeatonce a month until results show-then twicea year, spring and fall.

Q-What are the controls for goosegrass?(Mass.)

A-One of the controls that has been usedwith a fair degree of success, particularlyin the southwest, has been a combinationof phenyl mercury acetate and 2,4-D. Thisis a bit risky in the humid areas, but hasbeen used successfully. Another control forgoosegrass is di sodium methyl arsonate(sold under various brand names). Verticalmowing is a good mechanical con trol.

Q- We have used calcium cyanamid tosterilize topdressing at different times.Sometimes the results are very good indeed,but at other times it is not nearly so effec-tive. Have you any idea why we cannotalways obtain the same results? (Ky.)

A-Cyanamid requires warmth and mois-ture in order to work effectively. Soil ma-terial should be kept moist, though not

86

soaked. If the proper amoun t of cyanamiciis used and the temperature and moisturefactors are correct, then you should obtainconsistent results. f

Q-Do seeded or stolonized bents rootmore deeply? (Ia.)

A-I do not know of any comparative,data on depth of rooting of seeded andstoloniferous bents. I rather think thatother factors influence rooting depth. Im-proper watering, a surface thatch or bur-•..ied layer would induce shallow rooting,regardless of the type of bent. On the otherhand, good drainage and aeration, deepwatering and feeding would promote deep-,er rooting of any grass.

Q-Soil in our greens is sandy and well-drained, which I understand is the idealcondition. However, we find that the greens'(dry out quickly and the grass is rather thinand of poor color. Do you think we have"too much sand? (Mich.)

A-Not necessarily. Have you taken intoconsideration that grass growing on sandysoils usually demands more frequent ferti-lizing? The usual fertilizer recommend -:tions, based on "average" conditions, musbe varied to meet individual needs. In your

Goljdomr-

case, more frequent applications to com-pensate for leaching may be needed. Theextra feeding helps the grass to put downdeep roots, thus less frequent irrigation isrequired.

Q-What is a good fertilizer to use onbent greens to start them out in the spring?What rate would you use? Would you addarsenate of lead to control worms? (Wis.)

A-A well balanced fertilizer for earlyspring use is 10-10-10 (or similar) used atthe rate of 10 lb. to 1,000 sq. ft., or, suf-ficient to supply one pound of nitrogen to1,000, plus phosphorous and potash.

It is well to have part of the nitrogenquickly available-the remainder slowlyavailable derived from natural or synthet-ic organics.

Applying the spring fertilizer immediate-ly following thorough aeration will serveto get deeper penetration of the fertilizermore quickly to aid root growth.

I have seen countless good examples ofthe value of adding 5 lbs. arsenate oflead to the fertilizer. Not only does it checkworms but also chickweed, poa annua, etc.

Don't forget tha t soil test to keep acheck on your "soil bank."- Q-You recommended 10-10-10 fertilizer

for early spring use. Should this be ap-plied "as is" or should it be mixed withblack dirt or Milorganite to keep it fromburning? Did we understand also that wecould add 5 lbs. of arenate of lead per 1,000sq. ft. or was it 5 lbs. per green? (Wis.)

A-If you apply the mixed fertilizer (10-10-10) to the green immediately after youhave aerified and before vou break theplugs and drag them in, you will not needto mix it. It will be mixed sufficiently withthe soil of the plugs to keep it from burn-ing, particularly since you will water thegreen well when it has been finished. Ifyou apply the fertilizer on the grass with-out aerating of any kind it will be agood idea to mix it with some non-burn-ing material and water it in well. The ratefor arsenate of lead is 5 pounds to 1,000sq. ft.

Q-We have a watering system which weuse to draw directly from the lake. The bigquestion is, when is the best time to water;in the real early morning or at night?Please give us your opinion. (Wis.)

A-The best time to water is in the earlymorning. This washes the dew and theguttated water off the grass blades into

(Continued on page 114)

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87

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88

Prepare Course Budget(Continued from page 83)

ideal time to start some long range pro-)grams after the items of basic maintenanceare gone over, there may be some projectin your everyday operation that particular-ly irritated you and, besides, took a lotof extra time. An item can be made statingthe amount of money required to correct \the situation. Just below it or on a noteattached should be an explanation of therequests, how it will benefit the club, and,if budgeted for several years running,will improve the situation and also nothave to be corrected as one major expen~e.

Budget Long Range ProgramsLong range programs can be set up for

objects as small as ball washers, replacingfour or five, each year depending, ofcourse, on how much use they get or ifyou have several types and want to stand-ardise. This type of program should becarried out as a result of your own deci-sions.

There are long range programs in effectwhich- include rebuilding all the greensover a period of years. A program as largeas that must be thoroughly understood by ,the board of governors. Also, in the case ofa board of governors where new members .F,:

are voted in each year, there is usually an .>

understanding that, the program can becarried on and executed in good faith. Onquestioning different people we've foundout that various governing bodies and ~especially green committees, seek individ-u als to serve who are sympathetic to gener- ,al improvement on golf courses. The pointmost. valuable in a long range programis that even though there is no great im-provement in the first year or two, there }-should be a long term general im prove-ment. Every change you make should beaccording to a plan and where these pro-grams are in effect, one usually sees a ,golf course just a little more modern andlittle better than average.

Another department which benefits fromthe long range program is in machineryreplacement and new buildings. Theseitems, because of greater cost and longerlife, are set up in records as capital invest-ments and are depreciated for tax purposes "over a period of years.

Those of you operating under a budgetknow when to put in your requests fornew machinery judging from the life of the-::.,present machine or if there is need for amachine not acquired before now.

~Gal/dam

In a case where the superintendent isperparing his first budget, I would sug-gest to keep course maintenance .figuresand capital expenditure requests separatt

"both on paper and in discussion with youremployer. If for no other good reason thanit is in line with a more proper system ofbookkeeping.

A good method of supporting your capi-}al expenditure budget would be to drawa graph illustrating how long in terms ofyears each machine will last. On doingthis you might discover that in the year1959 for example, you will need two newgreens mowers but also, the fairway mowerswill need replacement. When your employ-er is faced with this dilemma, the chances,are that he will work more closely with youin a definite program of replacement.Such planning will show, not only yourinterest in your own welfare, but also carefor the welfare and future of your em-ployer.

Monthjy Budget Picture

In some cases, there is one more step re-quired in budget preparation. In my case,for example, I am asked to prepare withmy annual budget, a monthly breakdownof the estimated expenses. At our clubthe bookkeeper prepares a monthly reportand in this report is given the expendituresfur the month and the expenses to date,as well as the proposed budget .At the reg-ular monthly meeting of the governors,the budget figures and actual figures arecompared in each department to seewhether we are progressing according toplan.

The best thing to keep in mind is thefiscal year of operation of the club. Usuallyat the monthly meeting in the 11th or 12thmonth of the fiscal year, the subject ofnext year's budget is brought up. By thistime your budget. figures should have beenthought out, put down on paper togetherwith your reasons for requests. After theseare gone over between you and the greenschairman, he will turn it over to theHoard for discussion.

In presenting a budget, we are notpresenting a list of so many figures. Webecome a part of management because weare projecting our thoughts and ideas alongwith the budget. We should be sold onevery item of request and during discussionwith our employer, show him in detailwhere we think he will benefit both nowand in the future. This proves itself in asmall way to be a good job in publicrelations.

Ma'Y~ 1956

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90

On a larger scale this will demonstratethat we are capable of handling newscientific methods and business techniques I

and that we are willing to accept respon-sibility .. The grounds chairman to whom 1I report says that he wouldn't want asuperintendent of grounds who couldn'tprepare a budget, who didn't plan for thefuture and who didn't live within thebudget.

I want to emphasize that I believe that. I.'do a better job because the budget keepsme planning for the future and makes mefeel like I am reponsible for running abusiness which I enjoy and also is enjoyedby all those who use our golf course.

Swinging' Around Golf(Continued from page 81)

against which women who pay the $1 entrywill compete.

Roy F. Schoepf, for 15 years US Rubbergolf ball salesman, has an attractive par-3course, Mount St. Helena GC, at the NapaCounty fairgrounds, Calistoga, Calif. ... 'He's got six holes in the infield and threehole outside the track ... The infield holesare night-lighted ... Lights also serve forbaseball and football ... Roy says par-Scourse may be right answer for many coun-ty fairgounds that have year-around ex-?'penses but generally only a week or so in-come ... Roy was one of the four fellowswho start,ed the first Golf Salesmen's Assn.and now in mgr. of the Napa County Fair.'

Stevens Point (Wis.) CC revising its sec-ond nine and will install fairway watering.. . Also will build swimming pool ..• Wa-dena (Minn.) GC to build grass greens ...Homestead Women's Open to be played onCascades course, Hot Springs, Va., July12-15 ••• Fay Ingalls and Thomas J. Len-non to give $6500 prize money, with$1450 for first and $1000 for second • • . .Paul Coates designing another 18 to beadded at Keller park, St. Paul, Minn.

Willie Kidd designs a second 9 for Still-water (Minn.) GC which will be builtsoon ... John Sproul, US Rubber golf balldepartment head, has talked before 2640'pros in series of sales meetings which beganwith the dinner, movie of US ball-makingand John's talk on ball selling duringSeniors' Week at Dunedin, Fla ... Another25 cent edition of Jackie Burke's book"The Natural Way to Better Golf" printedafter Jackie won the Masters ... Book alsopartially reprinted in Chicago Sun-TimesuJand other papers.

Goljdom