aqa-psya3-w-sms-07
TRANSCRIPT
Version 1.2
General Certificate of Education
Psychology Specification A
Unit 3 PSYA3 Topics in Psychology
Specimen mark scheme for examinations in June 2010 onwards This mark scheme uses the new numbering system
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The specimen assessment materials are provided to give centres a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers and mark schemes in advance of the first operational exams.
Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk
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COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.
Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance.
Psychology A (PSYA3) - AQA GCE Specimen Mark Scheme
3
UNIT 3 TOPICS IN PSYCHOLOGY
AO1 - knowledge and understanding of psychology (as a science) and of how science works (9 marks)
AO2 - Application of knowledge and understanding of psychology and of how science works: analysis and evaluation of knowledge and processes; application of scientific knowledge and processes to unfamiliar situations, including issues; assessment of the validity, reliability and credibility of scientific information (12 marks)
AO3 - How science works - Psychology; candidates should be able to describe ethical, safe and skilful practical techniques and processes; know how to make, record and communicate reliable and valid observations and measurements; analyse, interpret, explain and evaluate methodology, results and impact of their own and others' investigative activities (4 marks)
In Unit 3, candidates are also required to demonstrate their understanding of the major approaches in psychology through their study of individual topics; also to develop an appreciation of issues and debates as relevant to each topic: for example, gender/cultural bias, the role of animals in research, ethical issues, nature/nurture, free will and determinism, and reductionism.
An initial suggestion was to mention explicit issues/debates/approaches in questions. Trying this made it apparent that this could be extremely artificial and would lead to quite complex marking criteria. It seems more appropriate and workable to incorporate such material in the combined AO2/AO3 mark schemes, and make it clear to candidates that reaching the higher bands would depend upon reasonably effective reference to such material. The AO3 marks are likely to be accessed through methodological analysis and evaluation of studies.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
4
BIO
LOG
ICA
L R
HYT
HM
S A
ND
SLE
EP
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
01
Dis
cuss
the
role
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s in
the
slee
p/w
akin
g cy
cle
and
at le
ast o
ne
othe
r bio
logi
cal r
hyth
m.
(25
mar
ks)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
D
escr
iptio
n of
the
role
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s in
the
slee
p/w
akin
g cy
cle
and
at le
ast o
ne o
ther
bio
logi
cal r
hyth
m
A g
ener
al d
escr
iptio
n of
the
role
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s in
the
slee
p/w
akin
g cy
cle
and
at le
ast
one
othe
r bi
olog
ical
rhy
thm
wou
ld e
arn
AO
1 m
arks
. How
ever
, des
crip
tion
of b
iolo
gica
l rhy
thm
s pe
r se
is n
ot c
redi
twor
thy,
but
m
ay e
arn
mar
ks if
use
d ex
plic
itly
to il
lust
rate
the
unde
rlyin
g co
ntro
l of b
iolo
gica
l rhy
thm
s. D
escr
iptio
n of
the
brai
n m
echa
nism
s un
derly
ing
endo
geno
us p
acem
aker
s an
d/or
the
inte
ract
ion
with
zei
tgeb
ers
(eg
light
) wou
ld b
e di
rect
ly re
leva
nt to
the
ques
tion.
Can
dida
tes
are
likel
y to
bas
e th
eir
answ
ers
on th
e ve
ry m
any
stud
ies
on th
e ro
les
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s in
con
trolli
ng b
iolo
gica
l rhy
thm
s. T
hese
ran
ge fr
om a
var
iety
of i
sola
tion
stud
ies
in h
uman
s, w
ork
with
phe
rom
ones
an
d th
e m
enst
rual
cyc
le, t
o in
vasi
ve w
ork
with
the
supr
a-ch
iasm
atic
nuc
leus
in n
on-h
uman
ani
mal
s. M
any
of th
ese
wou
ld b
e re
leva
nt to
the
slee
p/w
akin
g cy
cle,
whi
le o
ther
s in
volv
e rh
ythm
s su
ch a
s th
e m
enst
rual
cyc
le a
nd h
iber
natio
n. T
he k
ey to
AO
1 m
arks
will
be
the
accu
racy
with
whi
ch c
andi
date
s de
scrib
e th
e st
udie
s an
d th
eir
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
how
the
resu
lts r
elat
e to
the
role
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s in
bio
logi
cal r
hyth
ms.
Can
dida
tes
are
requ
ired
to re
fer t
o th
e sl
eep/
wak
ing
cycl
e an
d at
leas
t one
oth
er b
iolo
gica
l rhy
thm
. If o
nly
one
is c
over
ed, t
here
is
a m
axim
um m
ark
of 4
for A
O1.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
5
AO
1 M
ark
band
s
9-8
mar
ks S
ound
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
accu
rate
and
wel
l det
aile
d.
A g
ood
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is s
ubst
antia
l evi
denc
e of
br
eadt
h/de
pth.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
coh
eren
t. 7-
5 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led.
A
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is e
vide
nce
of b
read
th a
nd/o
r dep
th.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent.
4-3
mar
ks B
asic
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
basi
c/re
lativ
ely
supe
rfici
al A
rest
ricte
d ra
nge
of m
ater
ial h
as b
een
pres
ente
d.
2-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ru
dim
enta
ry a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed a
nd/o
r ina
ccur
ate.
Th
e m
ater
ial p
rese
nted
may
be
very
brie
f or l
arge
ly ir
rele
vant
. La
cks
orga
nisa
tion
and
stru
ctur
e.
0 m
arks
N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
6
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks
Com
men
tary
and
eva
luat
ion
on th
e ro
les
of e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s an
d ev
alua
tion
or in
terp
reta
tion
of re
sear
ch in
to e
ndog
enou
s pa
cem
aker
s an
d ex
ogen
ous
zeitg
eber
s
Alth
ough
des
crip
tion
of re
leva
nt s
tudi
es w
ould
be
AO1
mat
eria
l, co
mm
enta
ry o
n th
eir s
igni
fican
ce fo
r the
role
s of
end
ogen
ous
pace
mak
ers
and
exog
enou
s ze
itgeb
ers
in th
e sl
eep/
wak
ing
cycl
e an
d on
e ot
her b
iolo
gica
l rhy
thm
wou
ld q
ualif
y fo
r AO
2 / A
O3
mar
ks. I
nter
pret
atio
n of
resu
lts a
nd m
etho
dolo
gica
l crit
icis
ms
of s
tudi
es w
ould
affe
ct th
e de
gree
of s
uppo
rt th
ey p
rovi
de, o
r la
ck o
f sup
port,
and
wou
ld q
ualif
y fo
r AO
2 / A
O3
mar
ks.
Can
dida
tes
may
intro
duce
mat
eria
l on
the
disr
uptio
n of
bio
logi
cal r
hyth
ms,
suc
h as
jet l
ag a
nd s
easo
nal a
ffect
ive
diso
rder
s. T
o ea
rn c
redi
t, su
ch m
ater
ial m
ust b
e ex
plic
itly
shap
ed to
the
ques
tion.
Mor
e re
leva
nt w
ould
be
gene
ral c
omm
enta
ry o
n th
e re
lativ
e ro
les
of p
acem
aker
s an
d ze
itgeb
ers,
for e
xam
ple
the
incr
easi
ng s
igni
fican
ce o
f ele
ctric
ligh
ting
durin
g th
e la
st 1
00 y
ears
and
ef
fect
s on
the
slee
p/w
akin
g cy
cle.
Issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s th
at a
re re
leva
nt to
this
are
a in
clud
e us
e of
non
-hum
an a
nim
als,
eth
ical
issu
es in
rese
arch
, re
duct
ioni
sm, d
eter
min
ism
, and
the
biol
ogic
al a
ppro
ach.
For
AO
2/AO
3 m
arks
abo
ve B
asic
, the
re m
ust b
e re
fere
nce
to is
sues
, de
bate
s an
d ap
proa
ches
.
Can
dida
tes
who
refe
r to
only
one
bio
logi
cal r
hyth
m c
an re
ceiv
e a
max
imum
of 8
mar
ks fo
r AO
2/A
O3.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
7
AO
2/3
Mar
k ba
nds
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
te s
ound
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Com
men
tary
and
eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
reas
onab
le a
naly
sis
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
gen
eral
ly fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
reas
onab
le e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a
line
of a
rgum
ent i
s ev
iden
t. Is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes
are
used
in a
reas
onab
ly e
ffect
ive
man
ner.
Ther
e is
evi
denc
e of
syn
optic
ity.
Mos
t ide
as a
ppro
pria
tely
stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
. App
ropr
iate
us
e of
psy
chol
ogic
al te
rmin
olog
y. M
inor
erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g on
ly o
ccas
iona
lly c
ompr
omis
e m
eani
ng.
8-5
mar
ks B
asic
C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
te b
asic
, sup
erfic
ial u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is s
omet
imes
focu
sed
and
show
s so
me
evid
ence
of e
labo
ratio
n.
Sup
erfic
ial r
efer
ence
may
be
mad
e to
issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s.
Ther
e is
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f syn
optic
ity.
Expr
essi
on o
f ide
as la
cks
clar
ity. L
imite
d us
e of
psy
chol
ogic
al te
rmin
olog
y. E
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
are
intru
sive
. 4-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n ar
e ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fre
quen
t and
intru
sive
. 0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l is
pres
ente
d.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
8
PE
RC
EP
TIO
N
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
02
Des
crib
e an
d ev
alua
te G
ibso
n's
botto
m u
p/di
rect
theo
ry o
f per
cept
ion.
(2
5 m
arks
)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
D
escr
iptio
n of
the
mai
n fe
atur
es o
f Gib
son'
s th
eory
Key
feat
ures
of G
ibso
n's
theo
ry in
clud
e th
e im
porta
nce
of th
e op
tic a
rray,
the
prov
isio
n of
inva
riant
info
rmat
ion
such
as
text
ure
grad
ient
and
flow
pat
tern
s, a
fford
ance
, and
the
impo
rtanc
e of
mov
emen
t in
perc
eptio
n. It
is li
kely
that
man
y ca
ndid
ates
may
el
abor
ate
thro
ugh
the
use
of a
ppro
pria
te e
xam
ples
. The
se c
an b
e cr
edite
d as
ela
bora
tion
of th
eir d
escr
iptio
n of
the
theo
ry, b
ut
alon
e ca
nnot
take
the
answ
er o
ut o
f Ban
d 2.
Des
crip
tion
of s
tand
-alo
ne s
tudi
es n
ot u
sed
effe
ctiv
ely
as A
O2
/ AO
3 m
ay e
arn
som
e AO
1 m
arks
in s
o fa
r as
it en
hanc
es
the
desc
riptio
n th
roug
h illu
stra
tion
of a
spec
ts o
f the
theo
ry.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
9
AO
1 M
ark
band
s 9-
8 m
arks
Sou
nd
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ac
cura
te a
nd w
ell d
etai
led.
A
goo
d ra
nge
of re
leva
nt m
ater
ial h
as b
een
sele
cted
. The
re is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of
brea
dth/
dept
h. O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re c
oher
ent.
7-5
mar
ks R
easo
nabl
e K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
gene
rally
acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
det
aile
d.
A ra
nge
of re
leva
nt m
ater
ial h
as b
een
sele
cted
. The
re is
evi
denc
e of
bre
adth
and
/or d
epth
. O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re re
ason
ably
coh
eren
t. 4-
3 m
arks
Bas
ic
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ba
sic/
rela
tivel
y su
perfi
cial
A re
stric
ted
rang
e of
mat
eria
l has
bee
n pr
esen
ted.
2-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
rudi
men
tary
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or i
nacc
urat
e.
The
mat
eria
l pre
sent
ed m
ay b
e ve
ry b
rief o
r lar
gely
irre
leva
nt.
Lack
s or
gani
satio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l.
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n of
Gib
son'
s th
eory
and
met
hodo
logi
cal e
valu
atio
n of
stu
dies
use
d to
sup
port
or c
halle
nge
Gib
son'
s th
eory
As
men
tione
d ab
ove,
rese
arch
stu
dies
sho
uld
prov
ide
the
mai
n so
urce
of A
O2
/ AO
3 m
ater
ial.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, th
e ge
nera
l ex
plan
ator
y po
wer
of t
he th
eory
in e
xpla
inin
g (o
r not
) phe
nom
ena
such
as
visu
al il
lusi
ons
wou
ld b
e an
effe
ctiv
e w
ay o
f ac
cess
ing
AO
2 / A
O3
mar
ks. A
ltern
ativ
e th
eorie
s, s
uch
as G
rego
ry's,
may
be
intro
duce
d as
com
paris
ons
with
Gib
son,
but
mus
t be
use
d ex
plic
itly
as e
valu
ativ
e m
ater
ial t
o ea
rn A
O2
/ AO
3 m
arks
.
AO
2 / A
O3
mar
ks w
ould
be
earn
ed th
roug
h m
etho
dolo
gica
l ana
lysi
s of
rese
arch
stu
dies
. Is
sues
, deb
ates
and
app
roac
hes
rele
vant
to th
is a
rea
coul
d in
clud
e th
e co
gnitiv
e ap
proa
ch, r
educ
tioni
sm, n
atur
e/nu
rture
and
de
term
inis
m. R
elev
ant r
efer
ence
to is
sues
, deb
ates
and
app
roac
hes
wou
ld b
e ne
cess
ary
for A
O2
/ AO
3 m
arks
abo
ve
Bas
ic.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
10
A02
/3 M
ark
band
s
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
. 8-
5 m
arks
Bas
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic, s
uper
ficia
l und
erst
andi
ng.
The
answ
er is
som
etim
es fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ela
bora
tion.
S
uper
ficia
l ref
eren
ce m
ay b
e m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes.
Th
ere
is s
ome
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. Ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
are
rudi
men
tary
, dem
onst
ratin
g ve
ry li
mite
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is w
eak,
mud
dled
and
inco
mpl
ete.
Mat
eria
l is
not u
sed
effe
ctiv
ely
and
may
be
mai
nly
irrel
evan
t. If
refe
renc
e is
mad
e to
issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s, it
is m
uddl
ed o
r ina
ccur
ate.
Th
ere
is li
ttle
or n
o ev
iden
ce o
f syn
optic
ity.
Def
icie
ncy
in e
xpre
ssio
n of
idea
s re
sults
in c
onfu
sion
and
am
bigu
ity. T
he a
nsw
er la
cks
stru
ctur
e, o
ften
mer
ely
a se
ries
of u
ncon
nect
ed a
sser
tions
. Err
ors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
are
frequ
ent a
nd in
trusi
ve.
0 m
arks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l is
pres
ente
d.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
11
RE
LATI
ON
SH
IPS
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
03
Out
line
one
or m
ore
theo
ries
rela
ting
to th
e fo
rmat
ion
and/
or m
aint
enan
ce o
f rel
atio
nshi
ps.
(9 m
arks
)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
O
utlin
e of
one
or m
ore
theo
ries
of fo
rmat
ion/
mai
nten
ance
of r
elat
ions
hips
Soc
ial e
xcha
nge,
rew
ard/
need
sat
isfa
ctio
n an
d eq
uity
theo
ry a
re li
kely
to fe
atur
e as
cen
tral t
o th
is q
uest
ion,
whi
le m
odel
s of
es
tabl
ishe
d re
latio
nshi
ps (e
g Th
ibau
t & K
elly
) wou
ld a
lso
be a
ccep
tabl
e. A
s th
e st
ages
of r
elat
ions
hips
nat
ural
ly o
verla
p, it
is
also
pos
sibl
e fo
r can
dida
tes
to in
trodu
ce o
ther
asp
ects
of r
elat
ions
hips
(eg
diss
olut
ion)
, but
thes
e m
ust b
e m
ade
expl
icitl
y re
leva
nt to
the
ques
tion
to re
ceiv
e cr
edit.
Inte
rper
sona
l attr
actio
n ca
n be
dis
tingu
ishe
d fro
m fo
rmat
ion/
mai
nten
ance
of
rela
tions
hips
. How
ever
, it i
s di
fficu
lt to
exc
lude
inte
rper
sona
l attr
actio
n as
a c
ompo
nent
of r
elat
ions
hip
form
atio
n, b
ut c
andi
date
s m
ust c
lear
ly p
lace
suc
h m
ater
ial i
n th
e co
ntex
t of r
elat
ions
hip
form
atio
n ra
ther
than
sim
ply
pres
entin
g st
udie
s on
inte
rper
sona
l at
tract
ion.
The
y m
ust a
lso
be a
ble
to p
rese
nt fa
ctor
s in
inte
rper
sona
l attr
actio
n (s
imila
rity,
pro
xim
ity e
tc) a
s pa
rt of
a
mod
el/th
eory
of a
ttrac
tion
in o
rder
to re
ceiv
e cr
edit.
Ther
e is
als
o no
requ
irem
ent f
or th
e ca
ndid
ate
to fo
cus
on ro
man
tic re
latio
nshi
ps; t
heor
ies
rela
ting
to, f
or e
xam
ple,
frie
ndsh
ip o
r un
ders
tudi
ed re
latio
nshi
ps c
ould
be
rele
vant
to th
is q
uest
ion.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
12
AO
1 M
ark
band
s
9-8
mar
ks S
ound
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
accu
rate
and
wel
l det
aile
d.
A g
ood
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is s
ubst
antia
l evi
denc
e of
br
eadt
h/de
pth.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
coh
eren
t. 7-
5 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led.
A
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is e
vide
nce
of b
read
th a
nd/o
r dep
th.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent.
4-3
mar
ks B
asic
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
basi
c/re
lativ
ely
supe
rfici
al.
A re
stric
ted
rang
e of
mat
eria
l has
bee
n pr
esen
ted.
O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re b
asic
. 2-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
rudi
men
tary
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or i
nacc
urat
e.
The
mat
eria
l pre
sent
ed m
ay b
e ve
ry b
rief o
r lar
gely
irre
leva
nt.
Lack
s or
gani
satio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
13
04
Eva
luat
e on
e of
the
theo
ries
outli
ned
in Q
uest
ion
03 w
ith p
artic
ular
em
phas
is o
n th
e na
ture
of r
elat
ions
hips
in d
iffer
ent
cultu
res.
(1
6 m
arks
)
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n of
one
theo
ry o
f for
mat
ion
and/
or m
aint
enan
ce o
f rel
atio
nshi
ps a
nd
inte
rpre
tatio
n an
d m
etho
dolo
gica
l eva
luat
ion
of s
tudi
es u
sed
to s
uppo
rt or
cha
lleng
e th
e th
eory
Theo
ries
of fo
rmat
ion
and/
or m
aint
enan
ce o
f rel
atio
nshi
ps m
ay b
e ev
alua
ted
in v
ario
us w
ays.
Res
earc
h st
udie
s ca
n pr
ovid
e su
ppor
ting
or c
ontra
dict
ory
findi
ngs.
Des
crip
tions
of r
elev
ant s
tudi
es m
ay o
nly
be c
redi
ted
if th
ey a
re u
sed
effe
ctiv
ely
to e
valu
ate
an e
xpla
natio
n. E
valu
atio
n of
rele
vant
stu
dies
is c
redi
twor
thy
and
may
take
the
form
of m
etho
dolo
gica
l ana
lysi
s an
d cr
itici
sm, o
r pe
rhap
s po
intin
g ou
t tha
t the
focu
s of
som
e re
sear
ch is
lim
ited
to s
hort-
term
rela
tions
hips
.
Can
dida
tes
are
requ
ired
to c
onsi
der c
ultu
ral d
iffer
ence
s in
rela
tions
hip
form
atio
n an
d/or
mai
nten
ance
whe
n ev
alua
ting
the
theo
ry. T
here
is a
rang
e of
mat
eria
l the
y m
ay d
raw
on,
incl
udin
g in
divi
dual
istic
ver
sus
colle
ctiv
ist s
ocie
ties,
'fre
e' c
hoic
e ve
rsus
ar
rang
ed m
arria
ges,
the
role
of '
love
', et
c. If
no
refe
renc
e to
cul
tura
l diff
eren
ces
is m
ade,
the
max
imum
AO
2/A
O3
mar
k is
8.
Mor
e ge
nera
l com
men
tary
cou
ld in
clud
e th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of th
e th
eory
, ass
umpt
ions
und
erpi
nnin
g th
e th
eory
, or t
he a
ppro
ach
it re
pres
ents
. Alte
rnat
ive
theo
ries/
expl
anat
ions
may
be
intro
duce
d as
an
effe
ctiv
e w
ay o
f eva
luat
ing
the
targ
et th
eory
, but
can
on
ly re
ceiv
e cr
edit
if us
ed e
xplic
itly
in th
is w
ay.
Issu
es a
nd d
ebat
es re
leva
nt to
this
are
a m
ight
incl
ude
cros
s-cu
ltura
l and
sub
-cul
tura
l bia
ses
and
ethi
cal i
ssue
s. R
elev
ant
refe
renc
e to
issu
es a
nd d
ebat
es is
nec
essa
ry fo
r AO
2/A
O3
mar
ks a
bove
Bas
ic.
Not
e Th
is q
uest
ion
does
not
exc
lude
mat
eria
l fro
m, f
or in
stan
ce, s
ocio
-bio
logy
or e
volu
tiona
ry p
sych
olog
y. H
owev
er, s
uch
mat
eria
l m
ust b
e sh
aped
to fo
rmat
ion/
mai
nten
ance
of r
elat
ions
hips
and
repr
esen
t a th
eory
to e
arn
mar
ks.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
14
A02
/3 M
ark
band
s
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
. 8-
5 m
arks
Bas
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic, s
uper
ficia
l und
erst
andi
ng.
The
answ
er is
som
etim
es fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ela
bora
tion.
S
uper
ficia
l ref
eren
ce m
ay b
e m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes.
Th
ere
is s
ome
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. Ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
is ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fre
quen
t and
intru
sive
. 0
mar
ks N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial i
s pr
esen
ted.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
15
AG
GR
ES
SIO
N
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
05
Out
line
and
eval
uate
one
soc
ial p
sych
olog
ical
and
one
bio
logi
cal e
xpla
natio
n of
hum
an a
ggre
ssio
n.
(25
mar
ks)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
O
utlin
e of
one
soc
ial a
nd o
ne b
iolo
gica
l exp
lana
tion
of a
ggre
ssio
n
Soc
ial p
sych
olog
ical
exp
lana
tions
incl
ude
soci
al le
arni
ng th
eory
and
dei
ndiv
idua
tion.
The
re a
re a
num
ber o
f bio
logi
cal
expl
anat
ions
, inc
ludi
ng h
orm
onal
(the
role
of e
g te
stos
tero
ne),
neur
oche
mic
al (e
g th
e in
volv
emen
t of n
euro
trans
mitt
ers)
, ge
netic
, and
bra
in s
yste
ms,
(eg
tradi
tiona
l and
con
tem
pora
ry m
odel
s in
volv
ing
the
amyg
dala
and
fron
tal c
orte
x). O
nly
one
expl
anat
ion
is re
quire
d an
d if
mor
e th
an o
ne is
pre
sent
ed a
ll sh
ould
be
mar
ked
and
the
best
cre
dite
d. H
owev
er, e
xam
iner
s sh
ould
be
sens
itive
to o
verla
ps, f
or in
stan
ce b
etw
een
neur
oche
mic
al a
nd b
rain
sys
tem
app
roac
hes.
Mat
eria
l nee
d no
t lim
ited
to
hum
an a
ggre
ssio
n.
Bio
logi
cal a
nd e
volu
tiona
ry e
xpla
natio
ns o
f agg
ress
ion
are
clea
rly d
iffer
entia
ted
in th
e S
peci
ficat
ion.
Evo
lutio
nary
exp
lana
tions
ar
e no
t the
refo
re c
redi
tabl
e in
this
que
stio
n, u
nles
s th
ey e
xplic
itly
refe
r to
pure
ly b
iolo
gica
l asp
ects
suc
h as
gen
etic
mec
hani
sms
or b
rain
sys
tem
s.
If on
ly o
ne s
ocia
l psy
chol
ogic
al o
r on
e bi
olog
ical
exp
lana
tion
is p
rese
nted
, the
re is
a m
axim
um m
ark
of 4
for A
O1.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
16
AO
1 M
ark
band
s 9-
8 m
arks
Sou
nd
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ac
cura
te a
nd w
ell d
etai
led.
A
good
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is s
ubst
antia
l evi
denc
e of
br
eadt
h/de
pth.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
coh
eren
t. 7-
5 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led.
A
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is e
vide
nce
of b
read
th a
nd/o
r dep
th.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent.
4-3
mar
ks B
asic
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
basi
c/re
lativ
ely
supe
rfici
al.
A re
stric
ted
rang
e of
mat
eria
l has
bee
n pr
esen
ted.
O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re b
asic
.
2-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ru
dim
enta
ry a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed a
nd/o
r ina
ccur
ate.
Th
e m
ater
ial p
rese
nted
may
be
very
brie
f or l
arge
ly ir
rele
vant
. La
cks
orga
nisa
tion
and
stru
ctur
e.
0 m
arks
N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial.
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n of
exp
lana
tions
of h
uman
agg
ress
ion
and
met
hodo
logi
cal e
valu
atio
n of
st
udie
s us
ed to
sup
port
or c
halle
nge
expl
anat
ions
of h
uman
agg
ress
ion
Exp
lana
tions
can
be
mos
t effe
ctiv
ely
eval
uate
d th
roug
h th
e us
e of
rese
arch
evi
denc
e fro
m a
var
iety
of s
ourc
es. F
or s
ocia
l le
arni
ng th
eory
, for
inst
ance
, thi
s co
uld
incl
ude
Ban
dura
and
Zim
bard
o's
stud
ies.
For
the
biol
ogic
al e
xpla
natio
n, th
ere
are
man
y st
udie
s, in
clud
ing
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
exp
erim
enta
l wor
k, c
ase
stud
ies
of in
tact
, ins
titut
iona
lised
or b
rain
- da
mag
ed h
uman
s, a
nd th
e hi
stor
ical
use
of p
sych
osur
gery
for a
ggre
ssiv
e di
sord
ers.
Met
hodo
logi
cal a
naly
sis
of re
sear
ch
evid
ence
wou
ld e
arn
cred
it.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
17
Alte
rnat
ive
expl
anat
ions
, suc
h as
evo
lutio
nary
exp
lana
tions
, may
be
intro
duce
d an
d w
ould
an
effe
ctiv
e so
urce
of m
arks
if u
sed
expl
icitl
y to
eva
luat
e so
cial
psy
chol
ogic
al a
nd b
iolo
gica
l exp
lana
tions
. Fur
ther
com
men
tary
cou
ld in
clud
e th
e pr
oble
ms
of
defin
ing
aggr
essi
on, d
iffer
ent t
ypes
of a
ggre
ssio
n (e
g re
activ
e an
d in
stru
men
tal),
gen
der d
iffer
ence
s an
d th
e in
terp
lay
of
biol
ogic
al, s
ocia
l, an
d cu
ltura
l fac
tors
in a
ggre
ssio
n.
Issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s re
leva
nt to
this
que
stio
n co
uld
incl
ude
cultu
ral a
nd g
ende
r bia
s, th
e ro
le o
f non
-hum
an a
nim
als
in re
sear
ch, e
thic
al is
sues
, the
nat
ure-
nurtu
re d
ebat
e an
d th
e co
gniti
ve a
nd b
iolo
gica
l app
roac
hes.
Rel
evan
t ref
eren
ce to
is
sues
, deb
ates
and
app
roac
hes
wou
ld b
e ne
cess
ary
for m
arks
abo
ve B
asic
.
AO
2/3
Mar
k ba
nds
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
.
8-5
mar
ks B
asic
A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n de
mon
stra
te b
asic
, sup
erfic
ial u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is s
omet
imes
focu
sed
and
show
s so
me
evid
ence
of e
labo
ratio
n.
Sup
erfic
ial r
efer
ence
may
be
mad
e to
issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s.
Ther
e is
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f syn
optic
ity.
Exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
18
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
is ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fr
eque
nt a
nd in
trus
ive.
0
mar
ks N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial i
s pr
esen
ted.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
19
EA
TIN
G B
EH
AV
IOU
R
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
06
Out
line
fact
ors
influ
enci
ng a
ttitu
des
to fo
od a
nd e
atin
g be
havi
our.
(5
mar
ks)
AO
1 =
5 m
arks
O
utlin
e of
fact
ors
influ
enci
ng a
ttitu
des
to fo
od a
nd e
atin
g be
havi
our
Fact
ors
influ
enci
ng a
ttitu
des
to fo
od in
clud
e pa
rent
al a
nd p
eer a
ttitu
des,
lear
ning
exp
erie
nces
, cul
tura
l inf
luen
ces,
moo
d an
d he
alth
con
cern
s. E
xam
iner
s sh
ould
be
sens
itive
to d
epth
/bre
adth
trad
e-of
fs, p
artic
ular
ly g
iven
the
mar
ks a
vaila
ble
for t
his
ques
tion
part.
AO
1 m
ark
band
s (5
mar
ks)
5-4
mar
ksO
utlin
e is
reas
onab
ly th
orou
gh, a
ccur
ate
and
cohe
rent
. 3-
2 m
arks
Out
line
is li
mite
d, g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
coh
eren
t. 1
mar
k O
utlin
e is
wea
k an
d m
uddl
ed.
0 m
arks
N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial.
07
Out
line
and
eval
uate
one
or
mor
e ps
ycho
logi
cal e
xpla
natio
ns o
f one
eat
ing
diso
rder
. (2
0 m
arks
)
AO
1 =
4 m
arks
O
utlin
e de
scrip
tion
of p
sych
olog
ical
exp
lana
tion(
s) o
f one
eat
ing
diso
rder
Can
dida
tes
are
likel
y to
foc
us o
n an
orex
ia n
ervo
sa,
give
n th
e br
eadt
h of
mat
eria
l ava
ilabl
e. T
here
is a
ran
ge o
f ps
ycho
logi
cal
expl
anat
ions
ass
ocia
ted
with
ano
rexi
a ne
rvos
a: t
hese
incl
ude
soci
al le
arni
ng a
nd im
itatio
n, o
pera
nt a
nd c
lass
ical
con
ditio
ning
, co
gniti
ve a
bnor
mal
ities
, per
sona
lity
char
acte
ristic
s, fa
mily
dyn
amic
s (e
g M
inuc
hin)
, and
mor
e ps
ycho
dyna
mic
app
roac
hes
(eg
Bru
ch, F
reud
).
Var
iatio
n is
like
ly in
the
deta
il an
d ac
cura
cy o
f acc
ount
s, e
spec
ially
giv
en th
e m
arks
ava
ilabl
e fo
r thi
s qu
estio
n pa
rt. A
t the
top
end,
ans
wer
s sh
ould
be
reas
onab
ly th
orou
gh a
nd a
ccur
ate,
whi
le a
t the
low
er e
nd, t
hey
will
be
wea
k an
d m
uddl
ed.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
20
AO
1 M
ark
band
s 4
mar
ks
Out
line
is re
ason
ably
thor
ough
, acc
urat
e an
d co
here
nt
3-2
mar
ksO
utlin
e is
lim
ited,
gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent
1 m
ark
Out
line
is w
eak
and
mud
dled
0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l A
O2
/ AO
3 =
12 m
arks
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
of p
sych
olog
ical
exp
lana
tion(
s) o
f one
eat
ing
diso
rder
and
met
hodo
logi
cal
eval
uatio
n of
stu
dies
use
d to
sup
port
or c
halle
nge
psyc
holo
gica
l exp
lana
tion
of o
ne e
atin
g di
sord
er
A c
lear
sou
rce
of A
O2
/ AO
3 w
ould
be
rese
arch
find
ings
rele
vant
to a
par
ticul
ar e
xpla
natio
n. M
etho
dolo
gica
l eva
luat
ion
and
criti
cism
of a
ny s
tudi
es q
uote
d w
ould
qua
lify
for m
arks
. An
alte
rnat
ive
sour
ce o
f cre
dit w
ould
be
the
succ
ess
or o
ther
wis
e of
an
expl
anat
ion
in a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r dis
tinct
ive
feat
ures
of t
he d
isor
der,
such
as
any
gend
er b
ias,
age
of o
nset
, or s
ever
e w
eigh
t los
s.
Alte
rnat
ive
expl
anat
ions
may
be
intro
duce
d an
d ea
rn c
redi
t if u
sed
effe
ctiv
ely
to e
valu
ate
psyc
holo
gica
l exp
lana
tions
. Gen
eral
re
leva
nt c
omm
enta
ry c
ould
als
o in
volv
e th
e m
ultif
acto
rial n
atur
e of
eat
ing
diso
rder
s.
Issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s re
leva
nt to
this
que
stio
n co
uld
incl
ude
cultu
ral b
ias,
eth
ical
issu
es, f
ree
will
and
det
erm
inis
m,
and
the
psyc
hody
nam
ic, b
ehav
iour
al a
nd c
ogni
tive
appr
oach
es. T
o re
ceiv
e m
arks
abo
ve B
asic
, can
dida
tes
mus
t mak
e re
leva
nt re
fere
nce
to is
sues
, deb
ates
and
app
roac
hes.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
21
A02
/3 M
ark
band
s
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
P
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
. 8-
5 m
arks
Bas
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic, s
uper
ficia
l und
erst
andi
ng.
The
answ
er is
som
etim
es fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ela
bora
tion.
S
uper
ficia
l ref
eren
ce m
ay b
e m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes.
Th
ere
is s
ome
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. Ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
is ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fre
quen
t and
intru
sive
. 0
mar
ks N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial i
s pr
esen
ted.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
22
GE
ND
ER
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
08
"As
child
ren
bran
ch o
ut to
soc
ial r
elat
ions
hips
with
thei
r pee
rs, g
ende
r dev
elop
men
t con
tinue
s in
ver
y po
wer
ful w
ays
- in
the
gam
es th
ey p
lay,
the
rela
tions
hips
they
form
, and
how
they
reac
t to
each
oth
er's
beh
avio
urs.
"
Dis
cuss
the
influ
ence
of s
ocia
l con
text
on
gend
er d
evel
opm
ent.
(25
mar
ks)
AO
1 =
9 M
arks
D
escr
iptio
n of
how
asp
ects
of t
he s
ocia
l con
text
influ
ence
gen
der d
evel
opm
ent
AO
1 cr
edit
can
be e
arne
d by
a d
escr
iptio
n of
fact
ors
and
expl
anat
ions
rela
ted
to th
e so
cial
con
text
of g
ende
r dev
elop
men
t. Th
e so
cial
con
text
con
sist
s of
par
ents
and
pee
rs, a
nd a
des
crip
tion
of h
ow th
ese
may
affe
ct g
ende
r dev
elop
men
t wou
ld b
e di
rect
ly
rele
vant
. Exp
lana
tions
incl
ude
soci
al le
arni
ng th
eory
, psy
choa
naly
tic th
eory
and
cog
nitiv
e-de
velo
pmen
tal a
ppro
ache
s.
How
ever
, the
soc
ially
-rel
evan
t asp
ects
of e
xpla
natio
ns m
ust b
e em
phas
ised
for t
hem
to e
arn
AO
1 cr
edit.
Som
e of
thes
e ex
plan
atio
ns a
lso
deal
mor
e w
ith p
artic
ular
asp
ects
of g
ende
r suc
h as
iden
tity
or ro
le, b
ut a
s th
e di
stin
ctio
ns a
re s
ubtle
, ca
ndid
ates
are
not
requ
ired
to d
istin
guis
h be
twee
n th
em in
thei
r ans
wer
s.
Oth
er a
spec
ts o
f dev
elop
men
t, su
ch a
s m
oral
or c
ogni
tive,
are
unl
ikel
y to
ear
n m
arks
unl
ess
ther
e is
a s
peci
fic fo
cus
on
impl
icat
ions
for g
ende
r dev
elop
men
t.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
23
AO
1 M
ark
band
s 9-
8 m
arks
Sou
nd
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ac
cura
te a
nd w
ell d
etai
led.
A
good
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is s
ubst
antia
l evi
denc
e of
br
eadt
h/de
pth.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
coh
eren
t. 7-
5 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led.
A
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is e
vide
nce
of b
read
th a
nd/o
r dep
th
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent.
4-3
mar
ks B
asic
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
basi
c/re
lativ
ely
supe
rfici
al.
A re
stric
ted
rang
e of
mat
eria
l has
bee
n pr
esen
ted.
O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re b
asic
. 2-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
rudi
men
tary
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or i
nacc
urat
e.
The
mat
eria
l pre
sent
ed m
ay b
e ve
ry b
rief o
r lar
gely
irre
leva
nt.
Lack
s or
gani
satio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l.
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
how
the
soci
al c
onte
xt in
fluen
ces
gend
er d
evel
opm
ent a
nd
met
hodo
logi
cal e
valu
atio
n of
rele
vant
rese
arch
stu
dies
One
sou
rce
of A
O2
/ AO
3 m
ater
ial w
ould
be
rese
arch
stu
dies
rela
ted
to th
e ef
fect
of v
ario
us fa
ctor
s on
gen
der d
evel
opm
ent
or p
rovi
ding
evi
denc
e fo
r or a
gain
st p
artic
ular
exp
lana
tions
. Met
hodo
logi
cal e
valu
atio
n an
d cr
itici
sms
of s
uch
stud
ies
wou
ld b
e el
igib
le fo
r mar
ks.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
24
The
succ
ess
of e
xpla
natio
ns in
acc
ount
ing
for g
ener
al fe
atur
es o
f the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
soci
al c
onte
xt a
nd g
ende
r de
velo
pmen
t, su
ch a
s ch
ange
s ov
er ti
me
or th
e de
velo
pmen
tal t
raje
ctor
y, w
ould
als
o qu
alify
for m
arks
. Fur
ther
AO
2 / A
O3
oppo
rtuni
ties
wou
ld in
clud
e ge
nera
l com
men
tary
on
the
com
plex
ity o
f fac
tors
affe
ctin
g ge
nder
dev
elop
men
t. A
ltern
ativ
e ex
plan
atio
ns, s
uch
as b
iolo
gica
l app
roac
hes,
wou
ld q
ualif
y fo
r cre
dit i
f use
d ex
plic
itly
to e
valu
ate
the
role
of s
ocia
l con
text
in
gend
er d
evel
opm
ent.
Issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s re
leva
nt to
this
que
stio
n m
ight
incl
ude
gend
er a
nd c
ultu
ral b
ias,
eth
ical
issu
es, n
atur
e/nu
rture
, an
d be
havi
oura
l, ps
ycho
dyna
mic
and
cog
nitiv
e ap
proa
ches
. Rel
evan
t ref
eren
ce to
issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s is
ne
cess
ary
for m
arks
abo
ve B
asic
. A
nsw
ers
on g
ende
r dev
elop
men
t tha
t do
not r
efer
to th
e so
cial
con
text
can
not r
ecei
ve m
arks
abo
ve R
udim
enta
ry.
AO
2/3
Mar
k ba
nds
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
te s
ound
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
psy
chol
ogic
al
term
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Com
men
tary
and
eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
reas
onab
le a
naly
sis
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. T
he a
nsw
er
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g on
ly
occa
sion
ally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
.
8-5
mar
ks B
asic
C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
te b
asic
, sup
erfic
ial u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is s
omet
imes
focu
sed
and
show
s so
me
evid
ence
of e
labo
ratio
n.
Sup
erfic
ial r
efer
ence
may
be
mad
e to
issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s.
Ther
e is
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f syn
optic
ity.
Exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Err
ors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
25
spel
ling
are
intru
sive
. 4-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
C
omm
enta
ry a
nd e
valu
atio
n is
rudi
men
tary
, dem
onst
ratin
g ve
ry li
mite
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is w
eak,
mud
dled
and
inco
mpl
ete.
Mat
eria
l is
not u
sed
effe
ctiv
ely
and
may
be
mai
nly
irrel
evan
t. If
refe
renc
e is
mad
e to
issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s, it
is m
uddl
ed o
r ina
ccur
ate.
Th
ere
is li
ttle
or n
o ev
iden
ce o
f syn
optic
ity.
Def
icie
ncy
in e
xpre
ssio
n of
idea
s re
sults
in c
onfu
sion
and
am
bigu
ity. T
he a
nsw
er la
cks
stru
ctur
e, o
ften
mer
ely
a se
ries
of u
ncon
nect
ed a
sser
tions
. Err
ors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
are
freq
uent
and
intr
usiv
e.
0 m
arks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l is
pres
ente
d.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
26
INTE
LLIG
ENC
E A
ND
LEA
RN
ING
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
09
Des
crib
e on
e th
eory
of i
ntel
ligen
ce.
(9 m
arks
)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
D
escr
iptio
n of
one
theo
ry o
f int
ellig
ence
Ther
e is
a v
arie
ty o
f the
orie
s of
inte
lligen
ce, i
nclu
ding
Spe
arm
an 'g
', Th
urst
one'
s G
roup
Fac
tor t
heor
y, G
uild
ford
's A
bilit
ies,
S
tern
berg
's T
riarc
hic
mod
el, a
nd G
ardn
er's
mul
tiple
inte
llige
nces
. The
re is
als
o a
grea
t dea
l of c
onte
mpo
rary
inte
rest
in
emot
iona
l int
ellig
ence
(eg
Gol
eman
's m
odel
), an
d an
asp
ect o
f int
ellig
ence
theo
ries
from
this
are
a w
ould
be
acce
ptab
le.
Bey
ond
a si
mpl
e de
scrip
tion
of th
e th
eory
, can
dida
tes
may
als
o re
fer t
o un
derly
ing
aspe
cts
such
as
impl
icat
ions
for
natu
re/n
urtu
re, d
evel
opm
enta
l asp
ects
and
usa
ge. A
ll of
thes
e w
ould
be
rele
vant
to th
e qu
estio
n.
AO
1 M
ark
band
s
9-8
mar
ks S
ound
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
accu
rate
and
wel
l det
aile
d.
A go
od ra
nge
of re
leva
nt m
ater
ial h
as b
een
sele
cted
. The
re is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of
brea
dth/
dept
h. O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re c
oher
ent.
7-5
mar
ks R
easo
nabl
e K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
gene
rally
acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
det
aile
d.
A ra
nge
of re
leva
nt m
ater
ial h
as b
een
sele
cted
. The
re is
evi
denc
e of
bre
adth
and
/or d
epth
. O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re re
ason
ably
coh
eren
t. 4-
3 m
arks
Bas
ic
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ba
sic/
rela
tivel
y su
perfi
cial
. A
rest
ricte
d ra
nge
of m
ater
ial h
as b
een
pres
ente
d.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
bas
ic.
2-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ru
dim
enta
ry a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed a
nd/o
r ina
ccur
ate.
Th
e m
ater
ial p
rese
nted
may
be
very
brie
f or l
arge
ly ir
rele
vant
. La
cks
orga
nisa
tion
and
stru
ctur
e.
0 m
arks
N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
27
10
Eva
luat
e th
e ro
le o
f gen
etic
fact
ors
in in
telli
genc
e te
st p
erfo
rman
ce.
(16
mar
ks)
AO
2 / A
O3
= 16
mar
ks E
valu
atio
n of
the
role
of g
enet
ic fa
ctor
s in
inte
llige
nce
test
per
form
ance
and
eva
luat
ion
of th
e m
etho
dolo
gy o
f stu
dies
to in
vest
igat
e th
e ro
le o
f gen
etic
s
Ther
e is
a w
ide
rang
e of
evi
denc
e on
gen
etic
fact
ors
in in
telli
genc
e pe
rform
ance
, esp
ecia
lly M
Z/D
Z tw
in s
tudi
es a
nd a
dopt
ion
stud
ies.
Evi
denc
e on
the
cont
ribut
ion
of e
nviro
nmen
tal f
acto
rs, s
uch
as e
nric
hmen
t stu
dies
, can
not e
arn
mar
ks u
nles
s us
ed
effe
ctiv
ely
as A
O2
/ AO
3 m
ater
ial,
ie to
eva
luat
e th
e ge
netic
arg
umen
t. M
etho
dolo
gica
l crit
icis
ms
of, f
or e
xam
ple,
inte
lligen
ce
test
s th
emse
lves
, or o
f MZ/
DZ
twin
stu
dies
, may
ear
n m
arks
.
Gen
eral
com
men
tary
cou
ld in
clud
e th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
gen
etic
and
env
ironm
enta
l fac
tors
, his
toric
al d
ebat
es a
nd c
ontro
vers
ies,
an
d th
e m
ultip
le a
nd c
ompl
ex n
atur
e of
inte
llige
nce.
Issu
es a
nd d
ebat
es re
leva
nt to
this
que
stio
n in
clud
e ge
nder
and
cul
tura
l bia
s, e
thic
al is
sues
and
the
natu
re/n
urtu
re d
ebat
e.
Rel
evan
t ref
eren
ce to
issu
es a
nd d
ebat
es is
requ
ired
for m
arks
bey
ond
Bas
ic.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
28
A02
/3 M
ark
band
s
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
. 8-
5 m
arks
Bas
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic, s
uper
ficia
l und
erst
andi
ng.
The
answ
er is
som
etim
es fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ela
bora
tion.
S
uper
ficia
l ref
eren
ce m
ay b
e m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes.
Th
ere
is s
ome
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. Ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
is ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fre
quen
t and
intru
sive
. 0
mar
ks N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial i
s pr
esen
ted.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
29
CO
GN
ITIO
N A
ND
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T
To
tal f
or th
is q
uest
ion:
25
mar
ks
11
Des
crib
e an
d ev
alua
te re
sear
ch s
tudi
es in
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of p
ersp
ectiv
e ta
king
in c
hild
ren.
(2
5 m
arks
)
AO
1 =
9 m
arks
D
escr
iptio
n of
rese
arch
stu
dies
into
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f per
spec
tive
taki
ng
Per
spec
tive
taki
ng is
the
abili
ty to
imag
ine
wha
t oth
er p
eopl
e ar
e th
inki
ng a
nd fe
elin
g. It
is c
entra
l to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
se
lf-co
ncep
t and
the
capa
city
to u
nder
stan
d th
e th
ough
ts a
nd fe
elin
gs o
f oth
ers.
As
such
it is
the
basi
s of
soc
ial c
omm
unic
atio
n,
(eg
empa
this
ing
with
oth
ers,
und
erst
andi
ng th
eir i
nten
tions
, etc
). It
is a
bro
ad a
rea
enco
mpa
ssin
g fo
rmal
mod
els
such
as
Sel
man
's s
tage
s of
per
spec
tive
taki
ng a
nd c
once
pts
such
as
Theo
ry o
f Min
d. T
here
is th
eref
ore
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f rel
evan
t st
udie
s th
at w
ould
qua
lify
for A
O1
mar
ks. T
hese
cou
ld in
clud
e sp
ecifi
c te
sts
of T
oM, (
eg fi
rst a
nd s
econ
d or
der f
alse
bel
ief
task
s) in
rela
tion
to a
ge, a
nd m
any
syst
emat
ic s
tudi
es o
f the
dev
elop
ing
child
's a
war
enes
s of
the
know
ledg
e an
d in
tent
ions
of
othe
rs. W
ork
on e
g m
irror
neu
rons
wou
ld a
lso
be c
redi
twor
thy
if sh
aped
exp
licitl
y to
the
ques
tion.
Ans
wer
s w
ill va
ry in
acc
urac
y an
d de
pth
of d
etai
l, an
d ex
amin
ers
shou
ld b
e se
nsiti
ve to
dep
th/b
read
th tr
ade-
offs
. Mod
els
of p
ersp
ectiv
e ta
king
, suc
h as
S
elm
an's
or T
heor
y of
Min
d ap
proa
ches
, wou
ld n
ot b
e el
igib
le fo
r AO
1 m
arks
, but
may
allo
w a
cces
s to
AO
2 cr
edit.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
30
AO
1 M
ark
band
s 9-
8 m
arks
Sou
nd
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ac
cura
te a
nd w
ell d
etai
led.
A
good
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is s
ubst
antia
l evi
denc
e of
br
eadt
h/de
pth.
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
coh
eren
t. 7-
5 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led.
A
rang
e of
rele
vant
mat
eria
l has
bee
n se
lect
ed. T
here
is e
vide
nce
of b
read
th a
nd/o
r dep
th
Org
anis
atio
n an
d st
ruct
ure
of th
e an
swer
are
reas
onab
ly c
oher
ent.
4-3
mar
ks B
asic
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
basi
c/re
lativ
ely
supe
rfici
al.
A re
stric
ted
rang
e of
mat
eria
l has
bee
n pr
esen
ted.
O
rgan
isat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
answ
er a
re b
asic
. 2-
1 m
arks
Rud
imen
tary
K
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
are
rudi
men
tary
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or i
nacc
urat
e.
The
mat
eria
l pre
sent
ed m
ay b
e ve
ry b
rief o
r lar
gely
irre
leva
nt.
Lack
s or
gani
satio
n an
d st
ruct
ure.
0
mar
ks
No
cred
itwor
thy
mat
eria
l.
AO
2 =
12 m
arks
Eva
luat
ion
of re
sear
ch s
tudi
es in
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of p
ersp
ectiv
e ta
king
in c
hild
ren
AO
3 =
4 m
arks
E
valu
atio
n of
the
met
hodo
logy
of s
tudi
es
Met
hodo
logi
cal e
valu
atio
n an
d cr
itici
sm o
f stu
dies
wou
ld q
ualif
y fo
r AO
3 m
arks
. AO
2 m
ater
ial c
ould
incl
ude
the
supp
ort t
hat
stud
ies
prov
ide
for m
odel
s an
d th
eorie
s of
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f per
spec
tive
taki
ng, b
ut th
e lin
k be
twee
n th
e st
udie
s de
scrib
ed
and
any
theo
ry/m
odel
sho
uld
be e
xplic
it. G
ener
al c
omm
enta
ry c
ould
refe
r to
the
sign
ifica
nce
of p
ersp
ectiv
e ta
king
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of t
he s
elf-c
once
pt, s
ocia
l cog
nitio
n an
d so
cial
beh
avio
ur. R
efer
ence
to d
evel
opm
enta
l dis
orde
rs o
f per
spec
tive
taki
ng (e
g au
tism
) wou
ld a
lso
be c
redi
tabl
e.
Issu
es, d
ebat
es a
nd a
ppro
ache
s re
leva
nt to
this
que
stio
n co
uld
incl
ude
ethi
cal i
ssue
s in
volv
ed in
wor
k w
ith c
hild
ren,
cul
tura
l bi
as, t
he n
atur
e/nu
rture
deb
ate
and
the
cogn
itive
and
beh
avio
ural
(so
cial
lear
ning
) ap
proa
ches
. Ref
eren
ce to
at l
east
two
of
thes
e w
ould
be
nece
ssar
y fo
r mar
ks in
the
top
2 ba
nds.
Psy
chol
ogy
A (P
SY
A3)
- A
QA
GC
E S
peci
men
Mar
k S
chem
e
31
AO
2 / A
O3
Mar
k ba
nds
16-1
3 m
arks
Eff
ectiv
e E
valu
atio
n de
mon
stra
tes
soun
d an
alys
is a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
. Th
e an
swer
is w
ell f
ocus
ed a
nd s
how
s co
here
nt e
labo
ratio
n an
d/or
a c
lear
line
of a
rgum
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y.
Ther
e is
sub
stan
tial e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. Id
eas
are
wel
l stru
ctur
ed a
nd e
xpre
ssed
cle
arly
and
flue
ntly
. Con
sist
ently
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal t
erm
inol
ogy.
App
ropr
iate
use
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling.
12
-9 m
arks
Rea
sona
ble
Eva
luat
ion
dem
onst
rate
s re
ason
able
ana
lysi
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
Th
e an
swer
is g
ener
ally
focu
sed
and
show
s re
ason
able
ela
bora
tion
and/
or a
lin
e of
arg
umen
t is
evid
ent.
Issu
es/d
ebat
es/a
ppro
ache
s ar
e us
ed in
a re
ason
ably
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r. Th
ere
is e
vide
nce
of s
ynop
ticity
. M
ost i
deas
app
ropr
iate
ly s
truct
ured
and
exp
ress
ed c
lear
ly. A
ppro
pria
te
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Min
or e
rrors
of g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
only
occ
asio
nally
com
prom
ise
mea
ning
. 8-
5 m
arks
Bas
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
dem
onst
rate
bas
ic, s
uper
ficia
l und
erst
andi
ng.
The
answ
er is
som
etim
es fo
cuse
d an
d sh
ows
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ela
bora
tion.
S
uper
ficia
l ref
eren
ce m
ay b
e m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes.
Th
ere
is s
ome
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. Ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
lack
s cl
arity
. Lim
ited
use
of p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy.
Erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e in
trusi
ve.
4-1
mar
ks R
udim
enta
ry
Ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
is ru
dim
enta
ry, d
emon
stra
ting
very
lim
ited
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
The
answ
er is
wea
k, m
uddl
ed a
nd in
com
plet
e. M
ater
ial i
s no
t use
d ef
fect
ivel
y an
d m
ay
be m
ainl
y irr
elev
ant.
If re
fere
nce
is m
ade
to is
sues
/deb
ates
/app
roac
hes,
it is
mud
dled
or i
nacc
urat
e.
Ther
e is
littl
e or
no
evid
ence
of s
ynop
ticity
. D
efic
ienc
y in
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
resu
lts in
con
fusi
on a
nd a
mbi
guity
. The
ans
wer
lack
s st
ruct
ure,
ofte
n m
erel
y a
serie
s of
unc
onne
cted
ass
ertio
ns. E
rror
s of
gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g ar
e fre
quen
t and
intru
sive
. 0
mar
ks N
o cr
editw
orth
y m
ater
ial i
s pr
esen
ted.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES UNIT 3
Question AO1 mark AO2 mark AO3 mark Total 01 9 12 4 25 02 9 12 4 25 03 9
04 12 4 25 05 9 12 25 06 5
07 4 12 4 25 08 9 12 4 25 09 9
10 12 4 25 11 9 12 4 25
TOTALS 27 36 12 75