Unit 1

Revision Guide

Defining travel and tourism Travel and tourism covers the whole phenomenon of peopletravelling away from home, whether for business or for leisure, andthe organisations that support this activity. You need to know themain types of tourism:

• domestic (UK residents taking trips or holidays in the UK)• inbound (overseas tourists visiting the UK)• outbound (UK residents taking holidays outside the UK).

You should be able to explain these terms, give examples andinterpret statistical information on types of tourism.

You need to explain the three main reasons why people travel (aslisted below) and describe the activities visitors may participate inand the services they may require. You should also be able tosuggest destinations that would be suitable for people travelling for:

• leisure purposes

• business purposes

• visiting friends and relatives.

You need to examine tourism data on visitor arrivals and purpose ofvisit and be able to interpret statistical information.

(a) Define:(i) inbound tourism............................................................................................................................

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(ii) domestic tourism.............................................................................................................................

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(b) Travel for the purpose of visiting friends and relatives is different from business and leisure travel.

Give two examples of such differences.1..........................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)Expected Response 1(a)(i) Tourism/tourists coming into a country fromoutside/abroad. 1

1(a)(ii) Tourism involving people staying/taking holidays intheir own country. 1

1(b) Any two of the following (1 mark each):likely to stay with friends/relatives . not use a hotel,destination dependent on where friends/relatives live,less likely to visit established resorts/tourist cities(unless home of friends), activities/entertainment likely to be influenced byfriends./relatives. knowledge, lower spending on tourist orientated items,not influenced by attractiveness of the area, less importance attached to the weather.

Allow other reasonable answers.2

Consider two individuals visiting a major city. One is taking a two-day holiday and the other is there to attend some business meetings.Explain the differences likely to be seen between the two peoples needs and patterns of activity during their stay.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Expected Response

Level 1 - BasicSimple statements, only superficially explanatory andwithout development. Little indication of comparisonof needs/activities . though at the upper end of thislevel, these may begin to appear. Examples might include:leisure visitor will be free to go sightseeing during theday, business traveller will be at meetings during the day,leisure traveller might appreciate relaxed atmosphere,late breakfast, etc.business traveller might need extra facilities . fax,copying, etc. 1 . 3

Level 2 - ClearClear contrasts are made and an explanation given ofthe differences between the two types of visitor interms of needs and of proportions of time allocated byeach visitor to leisure activities. At the lower end ofthe range these comparisons may still be simple.Expect increasing awareness of more subtledifferences . attitude to costs (expenses probably paidfor business traveller), leisure traveller perhaps lessdemanding because time less precious, etc. At the topend of this range answers are likely to be less inclinedto stereotype the two kinds of traveller. 4 . 7

Level 3 - DetailedCandidates will offer detailed explanations of why theneeds of and activities undertaken by each type oftraveller are different. The best answers willrecognise that there are many common aspects: bothtypes need adequate accommodation, food and serviceand it is likely that both will enjoy some entertainmentor relaxation. Awareness of the different emphasesplaced on each factor and perhaps the timing, cost andease of access will characterise candidates at the topend of this level. 8 . 10

The development of the travel and tourism industry To understand today’s travel and tourism industry, you need todescribe the main historical developments and the factors that haveled to the growth of the industry into its current characteristics.You need to be aware that the industry is dynamic, ever-changingand still developing. You should know how recent developmentscontinue to affect the industry and its characteristics.• The emergence of mass tourism, rather than tourism for thewealthy elite only.You need to explain how changing socio-economic influences(e.g. Holidays with Pay Act, increased leisure time, higherdisposable income, car ownership) enabled the working classesto take part in tourist activities.• Technological developments relating to infrastructure andtransport, and ease of access to improved information systems.You need to explain the impact of technological developmentson tourism destinations. You need also to explore the range ofthese developments from the introduction of the railways andsteamships, to the development of jet aircraft and the impact ofcomputerised reservations systems.• Product development and innovation.You need to explain how travel and tourism products havechanged and learn about the major developments such asButlins and the changing face of holiday camps; ThomasCook.s innovations; the introduction of package holidays;growth of budget airlines and growth of the cruise sector.You need to describe how improvements to information andcommunications technology have led to the development of newproducts and services within travel and tourism. You should beable to explain the impact of the growth of internet travelcompanies such as lastminute.com and ebookers.• Changing consumer needs, expectations and fashions.

Consumers have a significant influence on the travel andtourism industry. You need to suggest and describe changes inconsumer needs, expectations and fashions, and show how thesedemands have influenced the travel and tourism industry.

You need to explain, for instance, how and why Mediterraneanresorts became centres for mass tourism in the 1960s and why,in the 1990s, more exotic destinations began to appeal to themass market. You should explain how consumer needs havealso influenced the growth of the short break market, long-haulmarket, activity holidays, self-drive, fly-drive and the rise ofself-packaging.

Technological developments have been a major factor in the growth and development of the travel and tourism industry. Explain how improvements in transport technology have supported the growth in popularity of at least one named holiday destination.

Name of holiday destination.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(6 marks)Expected Response Introduction of the railways in the 1900s gave a largeproportion of population a quick and affordablemethod of transport; seaside resorts such as Blackpool,Brighton and Scarborough previously popular with

affluent now accessible to the masses.Jet technology improved fuel consumption & carryingcapacities; 747 reduced travel times and costs,available to large numbers of population . 1960sMediterranean coastal resorts. Continuedimprovements reduced the need to refuel, so long-haulflights to the USA and Australia are now affordable.Level 1 - BasicGeneral statements with little explanation. At least onenamed example should be included to access upperend of level. Responses should refer to key elements .availability of transport for the working classes .affordability, networks, journey time. 1-3

Level 2 - ClearDetailed explanations with at least one namedexample. At the upper end rail and air are bothexplained fully. 4-6

The nature of travel and tourism The travel and tourism industry is continually developing to meetchanging consumer needs, tastes and fashions. The characteristicsof today.s industry reflect its dynamic nature and the uniqueness ofthe products and services available.You need to recognise what constitutes a travel and/or tourismproduct and service, e.g. city break, cruise, services supplied byresort representatives. You should be able to describe and explaintheir characteristics as given in the bullet points below and to applyyour knowledge in a vocationally related context.• Travel and tourism products and services are intangible,perishable and non-standardised.You should investigate examples of products and services toexamine these characteristics and consider how they mayinfluence the way in which the products and services are sold.• The industry is composed of a large number of small to mediumsized enterprises whose roles are inter-related.You should investigate a popular tourist destination, or evenyour local area, and research all the enterprises, individuals andorganisations that provide tourist products and services. Youwill need to explain how their roles are inter-related.• The industry is dominated by commercial organisations.You need to describe the role of private organisations in theprovision of tourism facilities and services. You will need toexplain why the travel and tourism industry is predominantlycomposed of these organisations.

• The industry is supported and influenced by public andvoluntary organisations.

You need to describe the roles of public and voluntaryorganisations and explain their involvement in supporting andinfluencing the industry . from planning control regulations andpromotion to campaigning and advising.

• The industry is vulnerable to internal and external pressures.You need to describe internal and external pressures and explainhow and why the travel and tourism industry is vulnerable tothem. Internal pressures include increasing awareness of healthand safety issues which result in travel and tourismorganisations needing to devote substantial resources to themanagement of health and safety. External pressures includeunforeseen and uncontrollable events and include naturaldisasters, outbreak of war and terrorist activity.You should also understand how recent pressures haveinfluenced the travel and tourism industry.You should use case studies to learn how events such asSeptember 11th, foot and mouth, the SARS virus and the threatof terrorism have affected the travel and tourism industryglobally and in the UK. You could also consider other externalinfluences such as the state of the economy and climaticinfluences.

• Travel and tourism activities impact on destinations and hostcommunities.You need to explain how tourism affects destinations and thepeople living in them (host communities). You should describethe three main areas of impact (economic, socio-cultural andenvironmental) and explain how impacts can be positive andnegative.

You need to understand the terms responsibletourism, sustainable tourism and eco-tourism.You need to give examples of impacts and be able to apply yourknowledge to specific examples.

LEDC studied- Gambia

MEDC studied- Blackpool

The roles of the different sectors of the travel and tourism industry

The travel and tourism industry consists of a large number oforganisations, ranging from individuals to multi-national companiesbut these organisations can be grouped into different sectors. Youneed to learn about the roles of these sectors as outlined below.You need to recognise the differences between the sectors, anddescribe the types of organisations within them, and their roles, andgive named examples.

• Transport providersThese are the travel principals that provide a range of traveloptions to independent tourists, package holidaymakers andbusiness travellers. They may provide transport within thetourists country of residence or to an overseas destination.

Total for this question: 6 marks Explain three differences between charter flights and scheduled flights.1.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Expected answers:scheduled generally service major cities whereaschartered fly mainly to holiday destinations, scheduled offer different classes of travel e.g.first/business whereas charter seats are all economyclass, scheduled operate to a timetable and do not operate atfull carrying capacity whereas charter flights operate much higher capacities and aim to fly at 100% carrying capacity, scheduled offer complimentary drinks and on-board meals, scheduled have more leg room, scheduled are more expensive (usually).

• Accommodation providersThe role of the principals in the accommodation sector is toprovide accommodation to tourists and business travellerswithin the country of residence or overseas.

• Tour operatorsThe role of tour operators is mainly to act as the .wholesalers.in the retail distribution chain. They combine the key elements,such as transport and accommodation, to create packageholidays. In recent years, tour operators have expanded theiroperations and diversified into new markets alongside thetraditional summer sun package for the mass market.You should identify and describe the different types of touroperator: outbound, inbound and domestic, and explain the keydifferences between them.

• Travel agents

The travel agents role is that of the .retailer.. Traditionallytravel agents sell holidays on behalf of tour operators as well asselling other products and services supplied by principals, suchas airline tickets and hotel bookings.You should identify and describe the different types of travelagent (independents, multiples) and explain key differencesbetween them. You need to explain how improvements ininformation and communications technology have impactedupon their activities and consider the future of traditional highstreet travel agents.

Total for this question: 9 marks Evaluate the following statement..As a large proportion of the public now has access to the internet, and more and more people book their travel requirements on-line, the days of the high street travel agent are numbered..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Responses might refer to advantages & disadvantagesof on-line bookings compared with using travelagents. Include personal service, rapport, time, cost,visiting agent part of .holiday., security issues of onlinebookings. May also refer to direct sell;differences in customer types (over 50s may preferagent), examples of internet organisations, high streetagencies with websites etc., response of travel agents.Level 1 - BasicResponse contains basic statements. May just listsome advantages or disadvantages. Some explanationneeded to move towards upper end of level.Level 2 - ClearMust include advantages and disadvantages of both.At upper end some evaluation is evident. Candidatesbegin to evaluate the extent to which .the days of thehigh street travel agent are numbered..Level 3 - DetailedMay include different attitudes of customer types.Sustained explanations of both disadvantages andadvantages of travel agent compared with on-line. Atthe upper end draws conclusion and makes reasonedjudgements as to the extent to which .the days of thehigh street travel agent are numbered..

• Visitor attractionsVisitor attractions provide recreation, leisure and entertainmentfacilities for visitors. Visitor attractions vary in nature and maybe provided and managed by public, private or voluntaryorganisations. They can be categorised into natural attractionssuch as Country Parks; purpose-built attractions such as themeparks; historic and cultural attractions such as Stonehenge;events such as major sporting competitions like the WorldCups.• Support servicesThe role of support services depends upon the nature of theservice. Support services could, for instance, include ancillaryservices offered as optional extras to package holidays. Theseenhance the holiday experience for the holidaymaker whileoffering alternative sources of revenue for the organisation.Also included are public bodies such as tourist boards andtourist information services.

The relationships between sectors, and their interdependency You need to understand the areas of overlap and the nature of therelationships between sectors within the travel and tourism industry(e.g. the provision of products and services and the roles of thesectors). Many organisations depend directly upon the activitiesand success of others.To illustrate the relationships and interdependency between sectorsyou could research vertically integrated travel companies.