God, Gold, & Glory

An Introduction to European Exploration & Expansion

MotivesThe 3 G’s

Godreligious fervor convert natives

Goldexpand trade - esp. spices & precious

metalsprofit

Gloryadventurepowernational pride

Means

Mid-1400sEuropean monarchs had MORE:

PowerResourcesAdvanced technology

Pair/Share: Based on our last unit, why do you think the above is true?

Portugal

Early leaderSailed eastward

--> India (spice trade)

The PortugueseMotives: Set up trading posts for

purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coast

Extent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498)

Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)

Vasco da Gama

Cape of Good HopeSecured control of

spice tradeTook from Muslims

HUGE $$$

Prince Henry the Navigator

Instrumental Patronage led to

major technological advances

Spain

Sailed westward

Seeking route --> Asia SpainPortugal

The Spanish

Motives: Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (“Indians”) to Catholicism

Extent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)

Christopher Columbus

Earth not so big

Queen Isabella 4 voyages - all

end up in the Caribbean

Ferdinand Magellan

1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe (sort of)

Spain in the Americas

Conquistadors - the Spanish conquerors of the Americas

Gifts from Spain

Encomienda System

Aztec & Inca civilizations destroyedSpanish controlSubjects of Queen

Encomienda - the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers

Protection - required but not followed

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the AmericasEurope --> Americas

Horses, cattle, & wheatAmericas --> Europe

Potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, & tobacco

Transformed economic activity

New Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas gave much of New World to Spain

Intermarried with natives (mestizos)Spanish language & culture blended inSpanish encomienda systemOnly Catholics could settle in coloniesStrict control over colonies (no self-government)Colonial merchants could trade only with Spain

(mercantilism)

European Rivals

DutchFrenchBritish

The Dutch

Motives: Fur trade (Dutch West India Co.)

Extent: New Netherland, Hudson R., New Amsterdam (NYC), Manhattan, Long Island, NJ, New Sweden (DE)

New Holland

Patroonships (land given for transporting 50 people to colony) given

Fairly open to non-Dutch immigrantsLimited population growth

The French

Motives: Fish in Newfoundland; Fur trade with Indians; Convert “Indians” to Catholicism

Extent: Fur-trading posts and settlements (Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)

New France

Few settlers No gold and silver Restricted immigration to CatholicsLittle interest in farming Strict rule from Old France

For Next Time…

Be sure to review Chapter 3Start reading “Serving Time In

Virginia”Focus: English Exploration &

Protestant Reformation Review

England & Exploration

Bell Ringer

Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church (a.k.a. the “Church of England”)?

Religious Reform in Europe

Began with…Martin Luther

(Protestant/Lutherans)Wittenberg, Germany1517 – 95 Theses

John Calvin (Calvinists/Huguenots)Geneva, SwitzerlandThe “elect” & predestination

Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Broke with Pope and Catholic churchBrought Protestant Reformation to England

(Anglican Church)Added to tensions between Catholic Spain

and England (Why?)Edward VI followed (1547-1553) - ProtestantMary (1553-1558) - daughter of Catherine

(devout Catholic, mostly insane – nickname??)

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Encouraged “sea dog” voyages (Sir Francis Drake)

1588 - Spanish Armada (Philip II) defeated“Protestant Wind”English naval strength opens

up trans-Atlantic tradingRising merchant class invest

in joint-stock companies

Early English FailuresSir Walter

RaleighOne time favorite

of Elizabeth INamed Virginia

after ElizabethThe Lost Colony

(1587)Raleigh’s Virginia

settlement on Roanoke Island

Vanished…

The English

With the support of strong monarchs, a growing merchant class, and capital from English investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America

The first successful settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

Reasons for English Success

Strategic/Diplomatic Island nation with large navy

Availability of colonists Large standing army unnecessary “Surplus population” from enclosure

movement Colonies suitable place for “undesirables”

Renaissance Golden Age of English Lit. Curiosity about

unknown

A New King

King James I (Scottish & a Stuart)Nephew of Elizabeth I

(son of Mary Queen of Scots)

Chartered Virginia Companies (London & Plymouth)

Jamestown (1607)

Early difficulties for gold-hungry colonists “the starving time”

Captain John Smith “He who shall not work shall not eat”

Chief Powhatan established “shaky peace” with

colonistsJohn Rolfe

planted tobacco as cash crop James I - “filthy weed”

Early Virginia Society & Gov’t

1. Tobacco Land-intensive crop Strained relations with Natives

2. Settlers 60% arrived indentured Headrights of fifty acres to those who

bought a company share and transported themselves

1635: 1 Female for every 6 males in the colony

Early Virginia (cont.)

3. SlaveryDeveloped later in the colony

4. Government1619: First General Assembly of VA met in

Jamestown1624: Became a royal colony (charter revoked)

5. VA Company CharterGave settlers the same rights of Englishmen at

home

More Reformation in England?

PuritansAnglican church too similar to

CatholicismFelt that the Anglican church needed

to be “purified” of all Catholic practices

SeparatistsWished to break away from Anglican

church altogether

Problems

Puritan/Separatist ideals = direct threat to James I

Why?As a result, Puritans were

persecuted

Seeking Tolerance

1608: Separatists sought religious tolerance in Holland

1620:Chartered by Virginia Company, Mayflower landed at Cape Codout of VA Co. limits No legal right to land or to establish a gov’t

(squatters)Less than 1/2 were SeparatistsEstablished Mayflower Compact

First winter - disease and death killed over 1/2 the population

Signing the Mayflower Compact

Puritans at Plymouth

Fall 1621Squanto (Pokanoket

In.):Advisor/interpreter for Pilgrims and Indians

Wm. Bradford:Governor of

Plymouth ColonyWrote Of Plymouth

Plantation

Puritans at Plymouth (cont.)

Political DecisionsTown meetingselected assemblies (later)

1691: Merged with Mass. Bay colony

Activity

Three GroupsIt is the 17th C. You have moved

with a small group of men, women, and children to a region thousands of miles from your original home. You have little with you, only rudimentary tools…

Agriculture

Throughout the colonial period, over 90% of the economy was agriculture

Most early settlers engaged in subsistence farming and the pattern extended to the frontier

New England1. Farming difficult

Harsh climate, rocky soil

2. Land usually granted to a group (congregation)Towns subdivided it

among families

New England (cont.)

3. Profitable fishing industryWhaling (oil for lighting)

4. Shipbuilding/Commerce5. Small-scale manufacturing

Discouraged by Britain

Middle Colonies

1. Blended economies of the other 2 regions

2. Colonial “bread basket” Climate and soil produced

grain surplus

3. River systems and ports (Phila./NYC)

Access to back country and overseas commerce

4. Merchants and artisans abound

Southern Colonies

1. Favorable climate and abundant land

Plantation system develops

2. Staple crops often grown on large estates

VA - tobacco SC - rice

Southern (cont.)

3. 50-acre “headrights” to settlers pay passage of a laborer - receive 50

acres4. Farms scattered / Less urban

development

Fron

tier

The Frontier: 1. Opportunities for venturesome individuals

2. Conditions harsh on isolated farms3. Beyond reach of govt. authority

In Review…

1. The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to

A. Religious spirit of the settlers.B. Management of the Virginia

Company.C. Development of a tobacco

industry.D. Location of the settlement.E. Nobles’ diligent search for gold.

2. Unlike Separatists, Puritans

A. Advocated strict separation of church and state.

B. Practiced passive resistance to oppression.

C. Remained members of the Church of England.

D. Held Calvinistic beliefs.E. Believed in the pre-destination of

the “elect”.

3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to

A. Establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America.

B. Create a refuge for Catholics.C. Assist the Protestants in the British

colonies.D. Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to

various noblemen from England.E. Provide a safe haven for debtors and

indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.

4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) Maryland

A. A, C, B, DB. B, D, C, AC. C, D, B, AD. D, C, B, AE. C, B, D, A

5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation?

A. The problem of defending against Indian attacks.

B. Conflicts over colonial boundaries.C. Concern about runaway servants.D. Neglect by the English government.E. A desire to suppress religious dissent.

For Next Time…

Read “Serving Time in Virginia” and answer questions on accompanying page