AP European History Unit TestThe 1920s and 1930s

Questions 1- 4 Relate to the Political cartoon below

1. The Locarno Agreement of 1925a. Restructured German debt paymentsb. Regulated the size of Europe's armies and naviesc. Sought to make clear post-war boundaries related to Germanyd. Returned the Ruhr Valley to Germany

2. Which post-war boundary agreement resulting from the "spirit of Locarno" would be most problematic by the late 1930s

a. The Baltic Republics b. Sudetenland c. The port of Trieste d. Alsace-Lorraine

3. A historian researching the optimism of the 1920s-international order could point to all of the following EXCEPTa. Germany's admittance into the League of Nations b. The Kellogg-Briand Pactc. The Lateran Accords d. The Dawes Plan

4. While the Nine-Power Pact was an attempt at arms limitations in the 1920s-which signatory was less than pleased with the outcome?

a. Japan b. The United States c. Britain d. France

Questions 5 -8 Relate to the Passage Below"Do we hear anything of yet of the grave diggers who are burying God? Do we smell anything yet of the of the rot of God's decomposition? God's decompose too! God is dead! God will stay dead! And we have killed him! How do we console ourselves, the murderers of all murders? The holiest and mightiest the world has ever known has bled to death against our knives… What sort of rituals of atonement will have to come to us now? Don't we have to become gods ourselves and simply appear worthy of it? There has never been a greater deed and whoever will be born after us will belong to a history greater than any history up to now."

Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, 1882

The Locarno Agreement of 1925

5. Which of the following would have LEAST inspired Nietzsche to pen this passage?a. Bismarck's kuturkampf movement in Germanyb. The growth of positivism and the New Physicsc. The horrors of World War Oned. Pope Pius IX and his pronouncement of Papal Infallibility

6. The passage above would have most represented which philosophical movement?a. Dadaism b. Structuralism c. Existentialism d. Conservatism

7. While all of the thinkers below would subscribe to the above philosophy, which would have least agreed with the passage itself?

a. Søren Kierkegaard b. Jean Paul Sartre c. Martin Heidegger d. Albert Camus

8. The philosophy of the post-WWI period was predicated on which of the following foundations? a. People chose their own fates and are bound to no one else’s moralityb. People must blindly follow secular leaders because there is no afterlife.c. Reincarnation is a likely path to salvation in many lives.d. Morality is relative to community and national standards

Questions 9 – 12 Relate to the image below

9. The work of art above could best be described asa. Dada b. Surrealism c. Realism d. Baroque

10. Which of the following artists would most be characterized as Dada

Otto Dix, Germany 1928

a. Francisco Goya b. George Grosz c. Albert Camus d. Pablo Picasso

11. Which of the following statements would have been inconsistent with the arts in the 1920s and 1930sa. Art reflected the disillusionment of the post war survivors.b. Art reflected realism and painters attempted to such detail that some looked photographicc. Art often reflected sexual themes that were rejections of Victorian morality and mores.d. The Violence and savagery of the war was reflected in the arts

12. As music often reflected the rejection of classical patterns which of the following would most reflect compositions in the 1920s and 1930s.

a. Mozart and his sweeping symphonic compositionsb. Duke Ellington and Jellyroll Morton improvisational jazzc. Pyotr Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overtured. Bill Haley and the Comet's "Rock around the Clock”

Questions 13 –17 Relate to the Image Below

13. The image exemplifies the Great Depression struggles in Europe by showinga. American investors money from Banks in London.b. Overproduction of farm products making cheaper foodstuffs more available.c. People waiting in line for government assistance d. People waiting for factory jobs as war production ramps up in Europe.

14. Although this was not the first depression in Europe, that Great Depression was worse becausea. It only impacted the normally wealthier Western Europe.b. It only impacted those nations who fought in the Great Warc. It impacted nearly every economic sector across the continentd. It increase farm prices leading to near starvation in most places

15. Why did some European nations withstand the impact of the Depression better than others?a. Many European nations had created national healthcare systems before the 20th century.b. Some European countries led by Social Democratic Parties had instituted aid packages to the working class before the onset of the Depression.

London, 1933 Encyclopedia Britannica

c. Countries led by Christian Democratic parties did a better job of supporting charitiesd. Some countries were so poor that the Great Depression went unnoticed.

16. What was the most significant political impact of the Great Depression upon Europe?a. Increased patriotism and support for national government.b. Growing extremist factions challenging the established liberal governments.c. Adoption of stronger laissez-faire economic policies by most statesd. A rejection of Marxism and Revisionist Socialism

17. While the Great Depression started in the U.S. why did it quickly spread to Europe?a. U.S. trade policies weakened both U.S. and European economies.b. Europe imported nearly all of its grains from U.S. markets.c. Shipping companies were some of the first to experience bankruptciesd. European banks were heavily invested in U.S. Treasury bonds

Questions 18 –21 Relate to the Image Below

18. Based upon the image and the date of the source, the cartoonist is likely mocking British inaction as Hitler abrogated which provision of the Versailles Treaty?

a. The Rejection of the Kellogg-Briand Pactb. The Re-militarization of the Rhinelandc. The signing of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Pactd. The Anschluss with Austria.

19. Which of the following played the most significant role in shaping the attitude of the European democracies?a. The death toll and devastation of seen in the Great Warb. The belief that Neville Chamberlain and the Foreign Office would rein in Hitler’s demandsc. The belief that the Security Council of the League of Nations would finally intervene.d. The fact that most British people harbored some level of fascist sympathies

20. Which of the following best describes David Low’s point of view?a. To mock the inactivity of Western Europe towards the growing Nazi threat.b. The encourage British isolationism

David Low, British cartoonist, The Evening Standard, July 1936

c. To glorify Hitler and boldness of fascismd. To criticize the French for not reacting to Nazi aggression

21. Which event of the late 19th century most revealed the futility of using diplomatic solutions in dealing with Hitler’s demands?

a. The Anschluss with Austriab. The remilitarizing of Germany c. The Munich Conferenced. The remilitarization of the Rhineland

Questions 22 – 25 Relate to the Passage Below“The 19thcentury developed in very rigid frame for science which formed not only for science but also the general outlook of society. Life was explained by the physical and chemical processes, governed by natural laws, continued by natural laws, completely determined by causality. The contribution of modern physics, one may say that the most important change brought by its results consists of the dissolution of this rigid concepts of the 19th century…..Only experimental research itself, carried out with all the refined equipment that technical science could offer and its mathematical interpretation, provided for the basis for critical analysis finally resulted in the dissolution of this rigid framework. This dissolution took place in two stages. The first was the discovery through the special theory of relativity that even the most fundamental concepts of space and time, could be changed. And the second stage was the discussion of the concept of matter enforced by the experimental concerning the atomic structure.”

Werner Heisenberg, Science and Culture, 1927

22. The passage most directly reflects which of the following developments?a. Discoveries that bolstered people’s confidence in the stability of matter and a rational universeb. Competition between scientists to develop atomic weapons to protect Germanyc. Discoveries that challenged people’s assumptions of progress and objective knowledge.d. The involvement of governments to fund defense-related research.

23. Based upon the passage, one can infer that the first step in the dissolution of the Newtonian Universe wasa. The formulation of Darwin’s writings on evolution.b. Freud’s psychoanalytical model demonstrating the existence of a sub-conscious realmc. Nietzsche’s writings on existentialism and the breakdown of the moral absolutesd. Einstein’s theory that space and time do not exist separately and their measurements are relative.

24. The second step in the dissolution of the Newtonian Universe concept that all physical phenomena can be understood and predicted was predicted by

a. Lyell’s discoveries that the natural universe is governed by the same laws everywhereb. Comte’s discussion of the positivist stage of evolutionary behaviorc. Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty in the behavior of sub-atomic particlesd. Faraday’s discovery of the electromagnetic principle

25. By way of synthesis, the dissolution of the Newtonian Universe could be compared with the dissolution ofa. The concept that the age of the world is only about 7,000 yearsb. The classical Aristotelean world view posited in early modern Europe.c. The concept of freewill criticized by Calvinist thinkersd. Hindu model of a universe that begins and ends in a repetitive cycle

Questions 26 – 28 Relate to the Passage Below“The basis task of the five-year plan was to move our country from its backward and medieval, technology, on to the lines of new and modern technology. The fundamental task of the five-year plan was to convert the Soviet Union from an agrarian and weak state dependent on the caprices of world capitalism. The fundamental task of the five-year plan was to convert the Soviet Union into industrial country to completely oust the capitalist elements, to widen the front of socialist forms of economy, and to create the economic basis for the abolition of classes in the Soviet Union and thus to eliminate any possibility that capitalism could return. Finally, the task of the five-year plan was to

create all of the necessary prerequisites for increasing to the utmost the defensive capability to resist any attempt at a military attack from abroad…the Party declared frankly that this would call for serious sacrifices.”

Joseph Stalin, Speech to the Central Committee of the Communist Party, 1933

26. Following the establishment of the USSR in 1922 one can infer that the Communist Party hada. delegated economic control to the soviets of workers and peasants.b. centralized control over the means of productionc. held nationwide plebiscites to organize the five-year plansd. transferred economic decision making to regional soviets

27. The passage most directly reflects the Soviet Union’s enmity towarda. nations that promoted collectivization of farmsb. nations that called for nationalization of industriesc. nations that advocated for the creation of farm-factory alliancesd. nations that advocated free enterprise and laissez-faire policies

28. Which of the following groups would exemplify the “sacrifices” that Stalin cited?a. The kulaks in the Ukraineb. The boyar classes that still held power in Caucusesc. The rank and file in the Red Armyd. The Cossacks in Siberia

Questions 29 – 31 Relate to the Passage Below“Anti-individualistic, the Fascist conception of life stresses the importance of the State and accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with those of the State, which stands for the conscience and the universal, will of man as a historic entity. It is opposed to classical liberalism which arose as a reaction to absolutism and exhausted its historical function when the State became the expression of the conscience and will of the people. Liberalism denied the State in the name of the individual; Fascism reassert the rights of the state in the name of the individual; The rights of the State as expressing the real essence of the individual. And if liberty is to he the attribute of living men and not of abstract dummies invented by individualistic liberalism, then Fascism stands for liberty, and for the only liberty worth having, the liberty of the State and of the individual within the State. The Fascist conception of the State is all embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism, is totalitarian, and the Fascist State — a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values — interprets, develops, and potentates the whole life of a people….Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian. No individuals or groups (political parties, cultural associations, economic unions, social classes) outside the State. Fascism is therefore opposed to Socialism to which unity within the State (which amalgamates classes into a single economic and ethical reality) is unknown, and which sees in history nothing but the class struggle. Fascism is likewise opposed to trade unionism as a class weapon….”

Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, 1932

29. Based upon the excerpt, one can infer that a Fascist government wasa. an oligarchy b. a democracy c. a theocracy d. a dictatorship

30. The Fascist government was established in Italy largely because ofa. fear that a right-wing nationalist movement would displace the constitutional monarchyb. fear that social unrest would to a communist revolutionc. concern that workers and peasants were being oppressedd. concern that Catholics were interfering with religious freedom.

31. To achieve his ends Mussolini established which of the following economic models?a. free enterprise system that allowed market forces to regulate pricesb. state collectivized farms and factoriesc. state control of economic sectors coupled with incentives for industrial productiond. complete control of all economic means and an end to private property

Questions 32 – 33 Relates to the Image Below

32. Which of the following best reflects the goal of Russian poster?a. To gain support for Lenin’s NEPb. To gain support for Lenin’s program of rapid economic modernization.c. To encourage the liquidation of the kulaksd. To gain support for the Marxist-Leninist critique of capitalism

33. Which of the following aspects of Lenin’s NEP seemed to be a compromise with market economics?a. The allowance for peasants to sell excess grain harvestsb. The creation of five-year plans to regulate the economyc. The government control of all heavy industryd. The collectivization of farming

Short Answer SectionQuestion 1Analyze the reasons for the rise of Nazism in Germany during the 1920s and early 1930s.

A. List and explain TWO political reasons for this rise.B. List and explain TWO social reasons for this rise.C. Explain why the European democracies did list to intervene in the consolidation of Nazi Power

Question 2New movements in the visual arts by the early 20th century radically altered existing standards, explored the sub-conscious, and satirized western society and values. Using your knowledge of the period answer the following questions.

A. Briefly explain ONE new art movement that emerged during the Early 20th century. Be certain to supply an example work and artist to support your answer.

B. Briefly explain ONE way in which the movement that you chose moved away from traditional structures

C. Choose ONE other aspect of intellectual and/or cultural history that also embodied the early 20th century (literature, poetry, music) and be sure to supply an example work and artist

Question 3Passage 1“It is my purpose, as one who lived and acted in these days, first to show how easily the tragedy of the Second World War could have been prevented…We see the counsels of restraints and prudence my become the prime agents of mortal danger, how the middle course adopted from the desires for safety and a quiet life may be found to lead direct to the bull’s-eye disaster…It is a fact that “appeasement” in all forms only encouraged their aggression and gave the Dictators more power with their people. How the malice of the wicked was reinforced by the weakness of the virtuous...”

Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 1948

Passage 2“In analyzing appeasement, it is necessary to examine the role of the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, who was not as foolish as some have imagined…The western democracies have been denounced for their failure to go to war against Germany. . neither the people nor the government of [Britain and France] were conditioned to the idea of war. . . . Before September 1, 1939, Hitler had done nothing that any major power considered dangerous enough to warrant precipitating [starting] a major European war. Nor was there any existing coalition that could have opposed Hitler’s massive forces. For Britain sought to appease Hitler [and] the French feared a repetition of the bloody sacrifices of 1914-1918. It is important that western leaders had grave doubts about the capabilities of their armed forces.

Keith Eubanks, The Origins of World War II, 1969

A. Describe ONE major difference between Churchill and Eubanks’ interpretations of the origins of WWII.B. Describe ONE historical event or development from 1930 – 1939 that could be used to explain Churchill’s

viewpoint.C. Describe ONE historical event or development from 1930 – 1939 that could be used to support Eubanks’

position.