April 20, 2009

During the War, Britain During the War, Britain and the USA were allies and the USA were allies of the Soviet Union but of the Soviet Union but

the only thing that united the only thing that united them was their hatred of them was their hatred of

Germany.Germany.

Europe After World War IIEurope After World War II

• _______________ was _______________ was occupied by France, U.K. occupied by France, U.K. & USA& USA

• __________ was occupied __________ was occupied by the Sovietsby the Soviets

Europe After World War IIEurope After World War II

• The economies of all The economies of all European countries needed European countries needed to be rebuiltto be rebuilt

• European countries needed European countries needed to re-establish order/securityto re-establish order/security

Asia After World War IIAsia After World War II

• _______ was occupied by the _______ was occupied by the Americans until 1953Americans until 1953

• _______ resumed their Civil War _______ resumed their Civil War as soon as the Japanese withdrew as soon as the Japanese withdrew from the countryfrom the country

Asia After World War IIAsia After World War II• ___________ was again a French ___________ was again a French

colony, but they too would soon colony, but they too would soon start a fight for independencestart a fight for independence

• _______ was divided at the 38th _______ was divided at the 38th parallel and the USA and Soviet parallel and the USA and Soviet Union supervised their recoveryUnion supervised their recovery

Israel After World War IIIsrael After World War II• Holocaust survivors moved to Holocaust survivors moved to

_________, the traditional Jewish _________, the traditional Jewish homelandhomeland

• It was a British protectorate since It was a British protectorate since World War I World War I

• The country was populated by The country was populated by Palestinians, who were mostly Palestinians, who were mostly ________________

• The two sides would be in an all-out The two sides would be in an all-out war within three yearswar within three years

• Chartered in San Francisco in 1945

• Purpose was/is to find peaceful solutions to end conflicts and to promote health and well-being of member nations

• Its headquarters is located in New York City, on land that was donated by the Rockefeller Family

United NationsUnited Nations

• ____________ for all nations– currently 192; all nations except Taiwan, which

was replaced with China in 1971, and Vatican City

• ____________ with 5 permanent seats and 10 rotating seats

• The 5 permanent members, France, the USA, Great Britain, China, and the USSR, have __________ over all U.N. resolutions

United NationsUnited Nations

• Within a few years, the United Nations would be expected to resolve crises in Palestine/Israel, China, and Korea

• In addition to sending peace-keepers to areas in conflict the U.N. also sponsors programs for: the education and treatment of aids; famine relief; environment awareness; elimination of land mines; and the promotion of social justice

United NationsUnited Nations

Europe - 1945Europe - 1945

• In Yalta, the Allied In Yalta, the Allied forces agreed that forces agreed that Germany would be Germany would be divided into four divided into four spheres of interest, spheres of interest, to be administered to be administered by France, Great by France, Great Britain, the USSR Britain, the USSR & the USA& the USA

Europe - 1945Europe - 1945

• Berlin was located Berlin was located within the Soviet within the Soviet sphere, but it was sphere, but it was also divided into also divided into four spheresfour spheres

Europe - 1945Europe - 1945• All sides agreed that All sides agreed that

Germany and all formerly Germany and all formerly occupied countries would occupied countries would have free elections to have free elections to determine their new determine their new governmentsgovernments

• The Soviet Union quickly moved to The Soviet Union quickly moved to implement puppet governments in implement puppet governments in countries within their controlcountries within their control

• Their desire was to have ___________ Their desire was to have ___________ around their border that they could around their border that they could controlcontrol

• If an invasion were to occur, the If an invasion were to occur, the invaders would have to come through invaders would have to come through Poland, or Bulgaria, etc. Poland, or Bulgaria, etc.

Europe - 1945Europe - 1945

Iron Curtain

• President Truman did not find Stalin’s behavior acceptable

• However, he was reluctant to start a war with him

• He set a policy of _____________; allow the Soviets to keep control of the areas they had but preventing them from spreading further

• The first test came in Greece, where The first test came in Greece, where the Communist and Nationalists the Communist and Nationalists were fighting for control of the were fighting for control of the countrycountry

• Turkey was also at risk, as the Soviet Turkey was also at risk, as the Soviet Union has announced its intention of Union has announced its intention of maintaining passage through the maintaining passage through the Straits of DarnelleStraits of Darnelle

• Truman pledged 400 million dollars Truman pledged 400 million dollars to ‘defend democracy’to ‘defend democracy’

ContainmentContainment

• Initially proposed in 1947, it was Initially proposed in 1947, it was not authorized by Congressnot authorized by Congress

• When the Soviet Union took When the Soviet Union took military action in military action in Czechoslovakia, Congress Czechoslovakia, Congress quickly passed the ‘European quickly passed the ‘European Reconstruction Plan’ Reconstruction Plan’

______________________________________

Sixteen European countries participated

$13.6 billion (equivalent to $88 billion in 1997 money)

______________ was a success.

Economic stability returned by 1950

Those countries that participated remained close allies and trading partners with the USA

Secretary of State George C. Marshal received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953

The Marshal Plan

USSR closed off West Berlin and its 2.5 million citizens in 1948

Berlin Airlift lasted over 10 months

At height, delivered 8-13,000 tons a day, the equivalent of 26,000,000 lbs!

USSR reopened supply routes

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

June 27, 1948 to May 12, 1949 June 27, 1948 to May 12, 1949

NATONATO• Formed in 1949 to counter Soviet Formed in 1949 to counter Soviet

aggressionaggression

• Original countries included the USA, Original countries included the USA, Canada, Iceland, and 9 Western Canada, Iceland, and 9 Western Europe countriesEurope countries

• Eisenhower was the first commanderEisenhower was the first commander

• Headquarters - The HagueHeadquarters - The Hague

Warsaw Pact

Formed in 1955 to as a result of West Germany’s rearmament and entrance into NATO

Seven Eastern European members, with the Soviet Union being the obvious leader

East Germany later became the 8th member

Arms RaceArms Race

• The Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb in 1949

• The USA tested the first hydrogen bomb in 1952

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons• Created with either fission or fusion

• Hiroshima bomb was a fission bomb made from Uranium

• Nagasaki bomb was a fission bomb made from Plutonium

• Hydrogen bombs are made from fusion; 4 hydrogen atoms are fused, creating a massive energy release

The Cold War Continues….

• In 1956, Sec. of State Dulles explained the concept of __________________ - protect national interests by going right to the verge of war

The Cold War Continues….

• Americans and Soviets focus their resources on long-range bombers and missiles

• USSR launched Sputnik in 1957

The Cold War Continues….

• The arms race heated up as more effort was put into development of nukes

• _____________ became our foreign policy

• M.A.D.

Military - Industrial Complex

• During the 1950’s military spending increased to 1/2 of all government expenditures

• The USA had a standing army of 1,000,000 men deployed around the world

• Bond was forged between the military - corporations - scientific community

The Red ScareThe Red Scare

Loyalty Review Board

• Established by President Truman in 1947

• Investigated all new federal employees

• Opened FBI file on current employees

• Millions investigated; hundreds fired

• Atmosphere of fear and suspicion

House Un-American Activities Committee

• Originally began in 1938 to investigate threats connected to World War II

• Starting in 1947, they investigated the ‘communist threat’ in the movie industry

• Allowed witnesses to make unfounded accusations but would not allow defendants to make statements

House Un-American Activities Committee

• Ten Hollywood producers, directors, and actors refused to answer their questions

• They were held in contempt and served 6 months to a year in jail

“Spies”

• Alger Hiss was accused of spying and espionage in 1950

• He supposedly passed papers to Whitaker Chambers in a pumpkin

• He was not convicted of spying but was convicted of lying to a Grand Jury

• He served four years in jail

“Spies”

• Ethel & Julius Rosenberg were accused of passing secrets to the Soviets

• They were tried, found guilty, and executed even though there was not credible evidence against Ethel

McCarthyism • McCarthy stated that he had a list of 205

employees of the state department that were communist sympathizers

• From 1950 to 1954 he used his position in the senate to investigate anyone he decided was a communist

• His tactics usually relied on making wild accusations and forcing the defendant to prove himself innocent

• Whether the charges could be proved was immaterial

McCarthy interrogating a

witness•By 1954, Americans were becoming disillusioned about McCarthy’s investigations

•He started accusing top military officials of being communist sympathizers

•He allowed the hearings to be televised

•20,000,000 Americans listened to him bully witnesses while making unfounded accusations

•The Senate finally condemned him and he lost all power

______________________

• Law tightened immigration quotas for Southern and Central Europeans

• Vetoed by President Truman

• Congress over-rode his veto

The ‘Hot Wars’ of the Cold War

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong on the Long on the Long

March - 1934March - 1934

Jiang Jiang Jieshi in Jieshi in

19391939

Kim Il Kim Il Sung Sung with with

CastroCastro

Syngman Syngman Rhee with Rhee with

MacArthurMacArthur

China• Prior to World War II, the Nationalists and

Communists were fighting for control of China

• Communists -Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tong)

• Nationalists - Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

• The Long March (1934)– Communists retreat

– Lost 77,000 of 85,000 men

– Treated the locals with respect – gained support

– Established the leadership of Mao

China• The 2 sides worked together to fight the

Japanese

• As soon as WWII ended, resumed fighting each other

• Mao Zedong was successful, with Soviet support

• Jiang Jieshi, in spite of aid from the USA, was forced to retreat to Taiwan

United Nations

• Which China should sit in the Security Council?

• The USA supported the R.O.C. (Taiwan)

• The Soviet Union supported China

• The Soviet Union walked out of the U.N. when the USA refused to allow the communist delegates to be seated

Korean Peninsula

• After WWII, the Soviets accepted the surrender of the Japanese north of the 38th parallel, the USA accepted it south of the line

• Both countries assisted the Koreans in establishing their own governments and then withdrew their military forces (1948 - 1949)

• The North Korean military began a surprise invasion on June 25, 1950

• The South was taken by surprise and was unable to withstand the assault

• They were forced to retreat to the southern-most tip of Korea, to Pusan

Korean War

• The United States asked the Security Council to send peace-keeping troops to South Korea

• Led by American soldiers, they began arriving in Pusan in September, 1950

• American troops made a flanking attack at Inchon and cut off the North Korean army

Korean War• The United Nation forces, under General

MacArthur, began an offensive in October, 1950

• By November, they had pushed the North Korean troops to the Yalu River

Korean War• China threatened to enter the war if we

continued northward

• General MacArthur threatened to nuke China

• China sent 200,000 troops to assist the North Koreans

• Within a month, they pushed the Americans south of the 38th parallel

• Battles would continue in that area for the next two years

Korean War

• Douglas MacArthur publicly stated that he wanted to nuke China, and/or fight with Taiwan to retake the Chinese mainland

• President Truman told him to stop; he persisted and implied that Truman was a wimp

• As commander-in-chief, Truman fired him

Korean War

• MacArthur returned to the USA as a hero; there was a public outcry for Truman’s impeachment

• 7 Million New Yorkers turned out to welcome him home

• “Old soldiers never die….”

Korean War• Dwight Eisenhower won the presidential

race in 1952 with the promise to end the war with Korea

• President Eisenhower threatened to invade China if North Korea didn’t return to the negotiating table

• July 27, 1953, they signed a treaty establishing the 38th parallel as the border and agreeing to a cease-fire on both sides

Korean War

• Casualties:– 54,000 Americans– 1.5 million Korean

and Chinese• MIAs

– 8000 Americans are still unaccounted for

• DMZ was established and is still maintained

Note: The USA currently has 36,000 troops in S.K. / N.K. currently has 700,000

near the DMZ

Palestine / IsraelPalestine / Israel

• During and after The Holocaust, millions of Jews moved to Palestine– British protectorate since WWI– Occupied primarily by Palestinians

• Arabs

• Moslem

• Both sides claimed Jerusalem and the surrounding areas as their Holy Lands

Palestine / IsraelPalestine / Israel• The British turned

the problem over to the United Nations in 1947

• The United Nations created 2 states

• Neither side was happy with this solution

Israel

Palestine

International

International

• 1948 – Arabs invade & lose– West Bank goes to

Jordan– Gaza Strip goes to

Egypt– Israel wins the

remainder

• 1956 – Pre-emptive strike on Egypt by Israel– Stalemate

• 1967 – 6 Days War– Israel defeated

Jordan, Egypt, Syria in 6 days

– Gained the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula

• 1973 – Egypt and Syria invade again– Israel wins but agrees to

return the Golan Heights and part of the Sinai Peninsula

• 1979 – Camp David Accords– Israel returns the

Sinai– Egypt recognizes

Israel

• 1982 – Israel invaded Lebanon– PLO aided by Syria

attacking Israel from Lebanon

– U.N. sent peace-keepers

Lebanon

• 1991 – Persian Gulf War– Iraq attempted to

draw Israel into it by launching “scuds”

– USA used Patriots

• 1995 – Present– Peace talks have made it possible to have an

independent Palestinian state within Israel– Rabin assassinated by a Jew, stalled the process– In spite of violence from both sides, peace talks

continue

Cold War (cont.)Cold War (cont.)

The Cold War (cont.)

• President Eisenhower successfully achieved a cease-fire in Korea

• Stalin died that same year (1953)

• When the Soviet Union crushed revolts in Poland, Hungary, and East Germany the USA did not interfere

• Eisenhower was continuing the Truman Doctrine of containment

The Cold War

• France was trying to resolve conflicts that had arisen in French Indochina– the USA sent money but no troops (initially)

• Middle - Eastern conflicts led the president to state the Eisenhower Doctrine:– the USA would send troops to any middle -

eastern country that was threatened by communism

The Cold War• Monroe Doctrine - Roosevelt Corollary

– USA would protect Latin America from interference by European nations

– USA would protect Latin America from any threat to their countries that may prove a threat to the USA

• United Fruit Company owned millions of acres of land in Latin America

• The USA frequently protected their interests in Honduras, Nicaragua, and other countries

The Cold War

• In 1954, the newly formed CIA overthrew the government of Guatemala on the grounds that it was radical

• They installed a new government that was sympathetic to the USA and the United Fruit Company

• The Soviets thought it was an example of the USA’s desire to expand the cold war

Cold War in Latin America

• Over the next two decades, this conflict would continue in Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and GranadaUS invasion of Granada

1983

The Cold War Continues….• Americans used U-2 planes to spy on the

USSR

• One was shot down in May, 1960

• The crew was captured and eventually returned

The End!