April 11, 2005

Update on Ultrawideband (UWB)Technologies throughout

the world

Prof. Theodore S. RappaportWireless Networking and Communications Group

(WNCG)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

The College of EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austinemail: wireless@mail.utexas.edu

www.wncg.org

April 11, 2005

UWB Technology Update Outline

♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins

♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies

♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate

♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities

♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment

April 11, 2005

Original FCC Definition of UWB

♦ UWB signals .. [have] a fractional bandwidth (the ratio of baseband bandwidth to RF carrier frequency) of greater than 0.20, or a UWB bandwidth greater than 500 MHz. UWB bandwidth is defined as “the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission”

♦ FCC, First Report and Order 02-48. February 2002.

April 11, 2005

FCC Spectrum Mask 2002

-41.25 dbm/MHz UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held systems

April 11, 2005

FCC Indoor UWB Spectrum Mask

April 11, 2005

UWB uses “ultra wideband” signaling

April 11, 2005

The Idea for UWB

April 11, 2005

Early days of “modern” UWB

♦ IEEE 802.15 Task Group (TG) 3a formed in late 2001♦ FCC approves unlicensed spectrum use in 3.1 – 10.6

GHz on February 14, 2002♦ Standards activities heat up within IEEE 802.15♦ IEEE Standard Proposals for UWB put forth beginning

March 2003♦ Xtreme Spectrum (XSI) produces first working UWB chip♦ Intel and TI merge Multiband OFDM proposals on July

14, 2003♦ Motorola acquires Xtreme Spectrum in Nov. 2003 and

bolsters DS-SS UWB♦ FCC adopts Second R&O on UWB, effective March ‘05♦ Source: The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), by

Mandke, et.al., September 2003, High Frequency Electronics Magazine

April 11, 2005

IEEE 802.15 Standards Activities

April 11, 2005

UWB Technical Goals

April 11, 2005

Original IEEE 802.15.3a Timeline

April 11, 2005

Two approaches to UWB

April 11, 2005

UWB Technology Update Outline

♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins

♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies

♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate

♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities

♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment

April 11, 2005

Technology Landscape

WPANs WLANs WWANs/WMANs

Personal Connectivity10 meters

Local AreaConnectivity100 meters

Wide AreaConnectivity

Beyond 100 meters

• Cable Replacement

• Local Data Sync

• Device Connectivity

• Ad-Hoc Connections

• Mobile Ethernet

• Office

• Home

• Hot Spots/Travel

• Internet Access Anywhere

• Alternative BB Technologies

• Low-to-Medium Data Rates

Wireless Story

Elements

Dell: Competing technologies and standards drive design complexity and cost.

April 11, 2005

WP

AN

WLA

NW

WA

N

802.11b802.11b

GPRSGPRS

cdma20001xRTT

cdma20001xRTT

802.11g802.11g

802.11a802.11a

WCDMA3 Mbps -WCDMA3 Mbps -

802.11n(MIMO)802.11n(MIMO)

BluetoothEDR

BluetoothEDR

54 Mbps at 5GHz

1xEV-DO1.8 Mbps1xEV-DO1.8 Mbps

54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz

11 Mbpsat 2.4GHz

40-70 Kbps

721 Kbps3 Mbps

100 - 500 Mbpsat 2.4/5 GHz

480 Mbps

Dual-Band

1xEV-DV3 Mbps

1xEV-DV3 Mbps

B’tooth 2.0B’tooth 2.0 10 Mbps

WM

AN WiMax

802.16d70 Mbps

WiMax802.16d70 Mbps

Bluetooth1.1

Bluetooth1.1

Past CY03 CY04 CY05 CY06 CY07

HSDPA8Mbps

HSDPA8Mbps

WiMax802.16e10 Mbps

WiMax802.16e10 Mbps

EDGE384 Kbps

EDGE384 Kbps

480 – 1 Gbps

Wireless Technology Landscape

UWBIEEE/MBOA

UWBIEEE/MBOA

April 11, 2005

Mobile phones

Displays

Digital Home

Peripherals

Human Interface Devices

Dell’s UWB Usage Models

April 11, 2005

Dell Wireless Architecture Plan

Additional Antennas for 802.11n/MIMO Internal Platform Slot

options

WWAN SIM

WWAN Antenna StructureWLAN Antenna Structures

WPAN Module. UWB will drive new module and antenna design requirements. Standards based solutions and worldwide spectrum harmonization are key PC OEM requirements for wireless device integration.

Competing Wireless Technologies drive platform cost, power size and design complexity.

April 11, 2005

♦Global Spectrum Harmonization– Non-aligned Spectrum drives design

complexity, cost and TTM• Regional Markets• Customer Support• Product transformation• Regulatory and Spectrum compliance

– PC OEMs serve worldwide market segments• Design Leverage, and alignment of overlapping

technologies • Device and spectrum co-existence• Reduced product development cycles

PC OEMs serve global markets – standards and spectrum harmonization drive lower cost

April 11, 2005

UWB Consumer Applications

Home EntertainmentHome Entertainment

Mobile DevicesMobile DevicesComputingComputing

AutomotiveAutomotive

Freescale Freescale Semi.Semi.

April 11, 2005

Entertainment Applications♦ Connect between sources and

displays– Drivers are wire elimination for install

and freedom of component placement

♦ Requirements– Bandwidth

• Each MPEG2 HD Stream 20-29 Mbps• Two full rate streams required for PIP• Handheld can be used for PIP viewing

or channel surfing (SD stream)

– Range• Media center to display or handheld• Anywhere in the room (<10m)

– QoS with low latency• Channel change, typing, gamers

♦ Available Now: both SD and HD

April 11, 2005

Content Transfer: Mobile Devices♦ Applications

– Smartphone/PDA, MP3, DSC– Media Player, Storage,

display♦ Requirements

– Mobile device storage sizes• Flash 5, 32, 512, 2048 … MB• HD 4, …, 60+ GB

– Range is near device (< 2m)– User requires xfer time < 10s

Print from handheld

Images from camera to storage/network

MP3 titles to music player

MPEG4 movie(512 MB) to player

Mount portable HD

Exchange your music & data

Low Power Use Cases

Low Power & High Data Rate Use

April 11, 2005

Content Streaming ♦ Applications

– Digital video camcorder (DVC)– Smartphone/PDS, Media player

♦ Requirements– Range is in view of display (< 5m)– DV Format 30 Mbps with QoS– MPEG 2 at 12-20Mbps– Power budget < 500 mW Stream DV or MPEG

DS-UWB is just a shift register

Stream presentationfrom Smartphone/PDA to projector

Channel surf and PIPto handheld

Use Cases

April 11, 2005

CEA WG7 R7: RFI Results♦ WG received information about

technologies shown at the right♦ WG held teleconference for

each responder– Clarifications– Follow-up questions

♦ WG identified additional characteristic (power consumption)

♦ WG has prepared summary of the responses (“Table 3”)

Technologies Surveyed♦ 802.11b (WG effort)♦ 802.11[abg] (Received two

responses)♦ 802.15.1 & .1a (Bluetooth)♦ 802.15.3 (WG effort)♦ Proposed 802.15.3a

– UWB/DS– UWB/MB-OFDM

♦ 802.15.4 (Zigbee)♦ 802.16♦ HiperLAN2

April 11, 2005

CEA WG7: Range & Coverage Area

♦ Most important and understandable characteristics♦ In many technologies, range is linked to throughput♦ Application requirements vary:

– Entire house A/V distribution– Cord replacement– Handset

♦ Example Technologies– 802.11b measurements of 6.3Mbps @ 45m (point to point)– 802.15.1a (Bluetooth) standard requires 700kbps @ 10m; reported to

be supported by anecdotal evidence– 802.15.3a UWB/DS reported 85Mbps @ 10m; 750Mbps @ 2m– 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM reported 105 Mbps @ 11m; 460Mbps @

3.5m

April 11, 2005

CEA WG7 Network Topology♦ WG Terms: Bridged peer-to-peer or peer-to multi-peer,

Ad Hoc, Managed peer-to-peer, Mesh, Infrastructure mode (Star), Star with multiple APs, Star with repeater; “Cluster tree” added when 802.15.4 was discussed.

♦ Example Technologies– 802.16 reported mesh (under development) and point-to-

multipoint; 1600 (1024) nodes– 802.15.4 reported bridged peer-to-peer (peer-to-multi-peer),

managed peer-to-peer, Ad hoc, Mesh, Cluster tree (modified star); 2^64 nodes

– 802.15.3a UWB/DS and 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM (as alternate physical layers) support same as 802.15.3: managed peer-to-peer; 236 nodes

April 11, 2005

UWB Technology Update Outline

♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins

♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies

♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate

♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities

♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment

April 11, 2005

European Organizations

♦ CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)– ECC (Electronic Communications Committee)

♦ ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

♦ ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector)

♦ Ofcom (Office of Communications, UK)

April 11, 2005

Europe’s standardization progress

♦ ETSI proposed its own UWB spectral mask– Compared to FCC’s mask, ETSI mask imposes

tighter limits at the edges (3 and 10 GHz, -65 dBm/MHz at 2.1 Ghz) [6]

♦ Further discussion schedule in April 2005 at the 12th CEPT conference [7]

April 11, 2005

Ofcom’s Consultation♦ Published January 13, 2005♦ Open to response until March 24, 2005♦ This document deals only with the indoor use of UWB

and indoor masks [6]

♦ Ofcom predicts negative benefits if UK adopts the FCC mask due to interference with other services– Significant impact on UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System) costs

♦ Ofcom proposed revision to the ETSI mask, with even tighter edge limits (-85 dBm/MHz at 2.1 GHz for 3G) but same in-band specs as FCC’s indoor mask [6]

April 11, 2005

Ofcom’s economic analysis

Source: [6]

April 11, 2005

Ofcom’s proposed mask

Source: [6]

April 11, 2005

Ofcom’s Conclusion

♦ Favors allowing UWB deployment– Currently allowing licensed UWB devices such as

“ground probing radar, ‘through the wall’ imaging”– Favors license-exempt approach for UWB

communication devices– Favors ETSI’s mask or its own version , but never

FCC’s indoor mask [6]

April 11, 2005

CEPT- ECC’s Consultation

♦ Studies exclusively on the effects of UWB on existing services, not economic benefits

♦ Studies only the FCC indoor mask since it would be the most common UWB type

♦ Consultation is closed [15]

April 11, 2005

CEPT- ECC’s Consultation

♦ Concluded that FCC’s indoor mask is not stringent enough– Most radio devices “require up 20-30 dB more

stringent generic UWB PSD limits” [15]

– Few are sufficiently protected while some radio astronomy bands require 50 to 80 dB tighter limits

♦ Presented a graph of minimum limit required for sufficient protection [15]

April 11, 2005

ECC’s Spectral mask – all services

Source: [15]

April 11, 2005

UWB in Japan

♦ Intel multi-band prototype of UWB physical layer received first experimental radio license from MPHPT – April 11, 2003, up to 252 Mbps

♦ Wisair established an office to demo its UWB technology and obtained an experimental license. (July 2003)

♦ MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, and Posts and Telecom

♦ UWB frequencies 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz

April 11, 2005

UWB in Japan♦ Japan formed UWB Technology Institute within

NICT to investigate OFDM and Impulse radio [16]:

– Members include Yokohama Ntnl. University, Sanyo, Casio, Fujitsu, other companies and universities

♦ Japan MPHPT’s UWB Radio Systems Subcommittee published interim report March 04– Theoretical calculations conclude significant

separation needed to avoid interference. Experimental studies and simulations are the next step [17]

♦ Contributes to IEEE 802.15 and ITU-R– Inclined to adopt ITU-R’s regulation

April 11, 2005

DS-UWB presence in China

♦ Freescale (DS-UWB) hosted the first UWB Wireless Tech. Forum on Sept. 24, 2004 [11]

♦ China UWB Forum, associated with the US UWB Forum, has members that include:– Flaircomm Technologies, Inc– Universal Scientific Industrial - Shanghai– Skyworth, Inc, Shenzhen [13]

♦ Haier Corp. demonstrated DS-UWB-enabled digital camcorders, with rates up to 114 Mbps

April 11, 2005

UWB Technology Update Outline

♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins

♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies

♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate

♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up to-the-minute activities

♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment

April 11, 2005

IEEE Standardization

♦ Deadlocked for past 15 months♦ Formation of Special Interest Groups (SIG)

– Standard for Wireless USB will be done outside IEEE– Similar to wired USB and Bluetooth

♦ Two main proposals for UWB PHY standard are backed by: – Multi-Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA)

• 528 MHz band channels; 128 tones at 4.125 MHz FH OFDM– UWB Forum supporting DS-UWB

• 3.1 to 4.9 GHz low band; 6.2 to 9.7 GHz high, DS-SS BPSK• Optional 4BOK (Quadrature Biorthogonal keying)

April 11, 2005

OFDM-UWB (MBOA) Camp♦ 9 major semiconductor manufacturers

– Intel, Infineon, NEC Electronics, Philips, Samsung, ST Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, Renesas, Toshiba

♦ Major consumer-electronics manufacturers – Mitsubishi, Olympus, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung,

Sharp, SONY, Toshiba, Hitachi

♦ Industry alliances that have officially announced their support of MB-OFDM:– Wireless USB Working Group– WiMedia Alliance/MBOA– Wireless 1394 Trade Association

April 11, 2005

MBOA Alliance

♦ Primary supporters are Intel, Texas Instruments; formed in June 2003

♦ Supports UWB specification based on OFDM approach

♦ Last proposal updated in Sept 2004♦ Established SIG and released full PHY spec ver

1.0 to members in Nov 2004♦ Broad industry support – 175+ members♦ First chipset released by Wisair in Oct 2004♦ Realtek, Alerion, Staccato also have silicon

April 11, 2005

WiMedia Alliance

♦ Endorses MB-OFDM UWB specifications ♦ Certification and interoperability program to

define common platform for coexistence with Wireless USB and Wireless 1394

♦ Supports a multi-protocol system– W-USB, W-1394, DLNA profiles– Fairness policies, security & privacy

♦ Supports technical specifications for UPnP/IP Platform

April 11, 2005

WiMedia Alliance♦ WiMedia Alliance has absorbed MBOA to

promote OFDM-UWB♦ The DS-UWB camp has challenged that OFDM

devices emit more radiation than FCC allowed– The original conservative procedure measures with

the hopping stopped (continuous transmission at same frequency)

– These procedures can result in measured emission levels that are greater than the UWB signal levels under actual operation [24]

April 11, 2005

WiMedia gets FCC waiver

♦ FCC has just recently granted WiMedia a waiver of the emission measurement procedures. Can measure PSD with hopping between bands

♦ The waiver is effective until the Commission finalizes a rule making proceeding dealing with these measurement issues

♦ FCC’s stance is “to enable any UWB technology it is possible to enable, provided we protect incumbents” [25] and “not to pick a particular technology “ [26]

April 11, 2005

Wireless USB♦ The standard is based upon MBOA goals

♦ Chose MB-OFDM UWB♦ Wireless USB 1.0 spec was

just completed March 05♦ Constructing USB compliant

application stack♦ Working with 1394 and

WiMedia to create radio sharing rules

(Source: http://www.staccatocommunications.com/pressroom/articles_presentations.html)

April 11, 2005

UWB Forum

♦ Supports Direct Sequence (DS) UWB specification for global UWB standard

♦ 80+ companies– Freescale, Motorola, Samsung

♦ Ahead of MBOA competitors in terms of UWB silicon

♦ Freescale received first FCC certification for UWB chipset in August 2004

April 11, 2005

Example UWB Activity

♦ Samsung and Freescale demonstrate DS-UWB-enabled cell phone at 3GSM World Congress in Cannes, February 2005– The demo used UWB to transfer photos from the handset to PC,

and music and contact data from the PC to phone

♦ Staccato is teaming it's MB-OFDM UWB PHY with Wisme's MAC technology to develop a single-chip CMOS UWB system. Production scheduled to start 2006

♦ “Just deploy, and we’ll figure it out” – FCC chair Michael Powell

(Source: interview with Consumer Electronics Association President Gary Shapiro, January 2005)

April 11, 2005

UWB Technology Update Outline

♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins

♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and Computer companies

♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate

♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute activities

♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment

April 11, 2005

Smarter Radios – in the future

Smart radio would use spectral policy, spectrum sculpting to create a spectrum tailored to match environment

DesiredPower

Spectrum

Local

Regula

tory

Policy

Inte

rfere

nce

Map

SystemView

3.76e+9

3.76e+9

3.96e+9

3.96e+9

4.16e+9

4.16e+9

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

Rela

tive

Powe

r (dB

)

Frequency in Hz (dF = 396.9e+3 Hz)

Interference temperature

Co

existence

Co

existence

En

gin

eE

ng

ine

April 11, 2005

Site Specific knowledge is needed in Next Generation Networks

♦ We can substantially increase battery life, network performance, enhance coexistence, reduce support calls, and deploy no-fault wireless using “site specific” knowledge

♦ PHY/MAC/Radio Resources of today will move to baseband processing and digital “environmental map” in each client

♦ Power vs. processing tradeoffs: RF power consumption and Network Inefficiencies (today) versus baseband processing and client’s environmental awareness (next gen)

April 11, 2005

Computing and device trends♦ Vector graphics, 3-D processing capability evolving

naturally as part of microprocessor

♦ Multiple radios, frequency bands, applications, to become part of PCs, phones, home media, enterprise network products

♦ Memory costs and cost per MIPS decreasing exponentially, at much faster rate than battery and RF antenna/propagation breakthroughs

♦ History of wireless has not exploited environmental/spatial knowledge in the network, yet propagation depends solely on this!

April 11, 2005

Deployed Network Coverage

Cube-farm has no coverage in the deployed network due to human deployment error or “bad” equipment or interference

April 11, 2005

Autonomous Network Management using site-specific information

AP01 is automatically reconfigured using digitized map at switch; cube-farm now has desired coverage in the deployed network

April 11, 2005

Site-specific RF Network Management

DESIGNED DEPLOYED

SSIDCOVERAGE

RF REMEDIATION / RECONFIGURATION w/SITE SPECIFIC

April 11, 2005

Conclusion♦ UWB products will begin appearing over next 2 quarters

♦ Major applications: Wireless USB, streaming data, massive downloading

♦ Market will not mature until global spectrum regulations converge – not likely within the next year due to EU

♦ UWB ushers in a new world of massive bandwidth. However, 60 Ghz will be next frontier where it matures

♦ UWB offers position location capabilities and “radar” for building an environmental or spectrum map. This is key for “smart radio”

♦ Site-specific knowledge can vastly improve network management, and we will see new network management concepts based on knowledge of position and environment emerge

April 11, 2005

References♦ [1] IEEE. “DS-UWB Physical Layer Submission to 802.15 Task

Group 3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=60

♦ [2] Bill Shvodian. “MD-OFDM no vote reasons.” Freescale. ♦ [3] MBOA. “MultiBand OFDM Physical Layer Proposal for IEEE

802.15 Task Group 3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.multibandofdm.org/ieee_proposal_spec.html

♦ [4] Charles Razzell. “No vote respopnse.” Philips Semiconductors.

♦ [5] UWB Forum. “Proposal comparison summary.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?

option=com_content&task =view&id=38&Itemid=60♦ [6] Office of Communications, “Ultra Wideband,” Accessed Feb. 20,

2005 (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/uwb/uwb.pdf)

April 11, 2005

References♦ [7] CEPT, “European Electronic Communications Regulatory

Forum,” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at http://www.cept.org/69D2D33E-0770-44CB-BEF1-9A8C74C04DBD.W5Doc

♦ [8] Clendenin, Mike, “Taiwan’s Realtek has UWB transceiver in CMOS,” Commsdesign, Accessed Feb 24, 2005. Available at http://www.commsdesign.com/news/product_news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=59200071

♦ [9] Tech on China, “ 【 ISSCC “】 Current PPL can’t keep up” newUWB frequency synthesizer unleashed,” Accessed Feb 24,

2005. (http://china5.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/elec/elec200502140111.html)

♦ [10] China UWB Forum, “First Chinese UWB technical expo,” Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20040924.htm

♦ [11] China UWB Forum, “ISCIT 2005 will be hosted in Beijing,” 1Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20041105.htm

April 11, 2005

References♦ [12] China UWB Forum, “Elite members,” Accessed March 1, 2005.

Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/memberList.php?Qulify=1♦ [13] USI Co., Ltd., “USI expands its wireless product line,” Accessed

March 3, 2005. Available at http://www.usi.com.tw/index1.asp?NID=107

♦ [14] ECC, “Draft ECC report on the protection requirements of radiocommunication systems below 10.6 GHz from generic UWBapplications,” presented at Working Group Spectrum Engineering. Helsinki, February 2005. [11]

♦ [15] ERO, “Brief from the latest WG SE,” Accessed March 3, 2005. Available at http://www.ero.dk/8FEE601F-93C7-4175-A175-

FADB4C655DD2.W5Doc♦ [16] Latta, John N., “Joint UWBST & IWUWBS 2004,” Accessed March

4, 2005. Available at http://www.wave-report.com/conference_reports/2004/UWBST2004.htm

April 11, 2005

References♦ [17] TCICTS UWB Radio Systems Committee, “Interim report summary,”

Accessed March 4, 2005. Available at http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/Releases/Telecommunication s/040324.pdf

♦ [18] Staccato Communications, “MBOA UWB – A World without Cables,”September 27, 2004

♦ [19] Federal Register, FCC, “UWB Transmission Systems: UnlicensedOperation”, February 2nd,2005

♦ [20] Spread Spectrum Magazine, Online EditionAccessed March 1st, 2005, Available at:http://www.sss-mag.com/newiss.html#uwb

♦ [21] FCC's 2nd Report and Order and Second Memorandum Opinion and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, Available at

http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-04-285A1.pdf♦ [22] Techworld Online Edition, “UWB standards war splits to three

contenders”, Accessed, March 1st, 2005. Available at:http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3199

♦ [23] UWB Insider, “What Happens Now?”Accessed March 1st, 2005. Available at:

http://www.uwbinsider.com/industry/2_1_ds-uwb.html

April 11, 2005

References♦ [24] Judge, Peter, “UWB’s fate to be decided this week,” Accessed

March 15, 2005. Available at http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3263

♦ [25] Judge, Peter, “WiMedia gets FCC approval,” Accessed March 15, 2005. Available at

http://www.techworld.com/networking/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3297♦ [26] Walko, John, “MBOA ultrawideband waiver request gets nod

from FCC,” Accessed March 15, 2005. Available at http://www.commsdesign.com/news/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=IV0VEK1QAC5MSQSNDBCSKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=159400693

♦ [27] FCC TAC Meeting, October 24, 2004, FCC HQ♦ [28] IEEE 802.11-04-1473-00, “Site Specific Knowledge- a new Paradigm”

by T.S. Rappaport