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Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No 4 (Apr. 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Research article Jatropha biodiesel Hanumantha Rao et al.Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol

25

Experimental investigations on jatropha biodiesel and additive in diesel engineY.V.HanumanthaRao

1,RamSudheerVoleti

1,A.V.SitaramaRaju

2and

P.NageswaraReddy

3

1DeptofMechanicalEngg.,KoneruLakshmaiahCollegeofEngg.,GreenFields,Guntur-522502,AP,India.

2Dept.ofMechanicalEngg.,JawaharalalNehruTechnol.Univ.CollegeofEngg,Kakinada-533003,AndraPradesh.

3BalajiInstituteofTechnolgy&Science,Narasampet-506331,WarangalDt,AndhraPradesh.

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]:Theperformanceofsinglecylinderwater-cooleddiesel engine using Multi-DM-32 diesel additive andmethyl-esterofJatrophaoilasthefuelwasevaluatedforits performance and exhaust emissions. The fuelproperties of biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity,calorific value, flash point, carbon residue and specificgravity were found. Results indicated that B25 havecloserperformance todieselandB100 had lowerbrakethermal efficiency mainly due to its high viscositycompared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency forbiodiesel anditsblendswas found tobe slightlyhigherthanthatofdieselfuelattestedloadconditionsandtherewasnodifferencebetweenthebiodieselanditsblended

fuelsefficiencies.ForJatrophabiodieselanditsblendedfuels, the exhaust gas temperature increased withincreaseinpowerandamountofbiodiesel.However,itsdiesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lowersmoke,CO2 andCO.Multi-DM-32additivewithmethylesterofJatrophaofferfuelconservationaswellasreducepollution.Keywords: Jatropha oil, additive, transesterification,performanceandemissioncharacteristicsIntroduction

Diesel engines are themost efficient primemovers.From thepointof viewof protecting global environmentandconcerns for long-term energy security, it becomesnecessary to develop alternative fuels with properties

comparable topetroleumbased fuels.Unlike therest oftheworld, Indiasdemand for diesel fuelsis roughly sixtimes that of gasoline, hence seeking alternative tomineraldieselisanaturalchoice

(Barnwaletal.,2005).

Therapid depletionof petroleumreservesand risingoilprices has led to the search for alternative fuels. Nonedible oils are promising fuels for agriculturalapplications.Vegetableoilshave propertiescomparabletodieselandcanbeusedtorunCIengineswithlittleornomodifications.Usageofbiodieselwillallowabalancetobesoughtbetweenagriculture,economicdevelopmentandtheenvironment

(Altn,1998).

Jatrophacurcasisnon-edibleoilbeingsingledoutfor

large-scale forplantationonwastelands.J.curcasplantcan thrive under adverse conditions. It is a drought-resistant,perennialplant,livinguptofiftyyearsandhascapabilitytogrowonmarginalsoils.Itrequiresverylittleirrigationandgrowsinalltypesofsoils(fromcoastlinetohillslopes).TheproductionofJatrophaseedsisabout0.8kgpersquaremeterperyear.TheoilcontentofJatrophaseedrangesfrom30%to40%byweightandthekernelitselfrangesfrom45%to60%.FreshJatrophaoilisslow-drying,odorlessandcolorlessoil,butitturnsyellowafteraging

(Sarinet al., 2007). InMadagascar,Cape Verde

and Benin, Jatropha oil was used as mineral diesesubstitute during the SecondWorldWar. Forsonet al(2004)usedJatrophaoilanddieselblendsinCIengineandfounditsperformanceandemissionscharacteristicsimilar to that ofmineral diesel at low concentration oJatrophaoil in blends. Pramanik (2003) tried to reducviscosityofJatrophaoilbyheatingitandalsoblendingwithmineraldiesel.Additives are abundantly manufactured and mixe

with ICengine fuels tomeettheproper performanceofuelinengine.Additivesactlikecatalystsothattheyaicombustion, controlemission,control fuelquality durindistribution and storage and reduce refiners operatin

cost. Now in India MFAs are sold in retail market fobetter mileage of the vehicles and keeping the engincomponents clean, for better performance and tdecrease pollution. For a long time industry has beeusing various types of chemical additives which arcorrosive, toxic and non- ecofriendly. Use of mulfunctional additives for diesel will lead better fueconservation and emission control takes placeAwareness of multi functional additives marketing anthere use to be given to the automobile ownerespeciallyfleetownersandhugegensetusers(Raman&Raghunadham,2004).Testswereconductedwithtwcommercially available bio-additives and resultconfirmedthatpollutioncanbecontrolledbyreducingCO

and HC emissions and conserving fuel byhigh thermaefficiency(Raghunadham&Deshpande,2004).Ethyleneglycolmono-alkylethersasoxygenatedfueladditiveshatakenand studied for performanceparameters such abrakespecificfuelconsumption,brakethermalefficiencyand emission levels. Significant reduction in particulatemissionisobservedwithfueladditives(SureshShettyeal.,2007).

Thepresentresearchisaimedatexploringtechnicafeasibility of Jatrophaoil in direct injectioncompressioignition engine without any substantial hardwarmodifications.InthisworkthemethylesterofJatrophaowas investigated for itsperformanceasadiesel engin

fuel.Fuelpropertiesofmineraldiesel,Jatrophabiodieseand Jatropha oil were evaluated. Three blends werobtainedbymixingdiesel andesterified Jatropha in thfollowing proportions by volume: 75% diesel+25%esterified Jatropha,50%diesel+50%esterified Jatrophand25%diesel+75%esterifiedJatropha.Also0.4mL/Multi-DM-32additiveisaddedtomethylesterofJatrophtostudytheperformanceandexhaustemissionsofdieseengine. Performance parameters like brake thermaefficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power werdetermined. Exhaust emissions likeCO2,CO,NOX and

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smoke have been evaluated. For comparison purposesexperiments were also carried out on 100% esterifiedJatrophaanddieselfuel.Materials and methodsA lot of research work has been carried out to use

vegetable oil both in its neat form and modified form

(Agarwaletal.,2008).Studieshaveshownthattheusageof vegetable oils in neat form is possible but notpreferable

(Altn,1998).Thehigh viscosityof vegetable

oilsandthelowvolatilityaffecttheatomizationandspraypattern of fuel, leading to incomplete combustion andseverecarbondeposits,injectorchokingandpiston ringsticking.Themethodsusedtoreducetheviscosityare*Blendingwithdiesel*Emulsification*Pyrolysis*TransesterificationAmong these, the transesterification is the commonlyused commercial process to produce clean and

environmental friendly fuel

(Pramanik, 2003). However,this adds extra cost of processing because of thetransesterification reaction involving chemical andprocessheatinputs.Materialsandtransesterificationprocess

The conversion of Jatropha oil into its methyl estercanbeaccomplished by the transesterification process.TransesterificationinvolvesreactionofthetriglyceridesofJatropha oil with methyl alcohol in the presence of acatalyst Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to produce glycerolandfattyacidester.

Mechanism of Transesterification

Reaction

CH2-OH

CH2-OH

CH2-OH

glycerol

CH2-OOC-R1

CH-OOC-R2

CH2-OOC-R3

+ 3ROHR1-COO-R

R2-COO-R

R3-COO-R

+Catalyst

At Temp

60 to 70C

Triglyceride + Alcohol Esters +Catalyst Use in Transesterification Reaction:

KOH/NaOH

Theproductionofbiodieselbytransesterificationoftheoilgenerallyoccursusingthefollowingsteps:

1. Mixing of alcohol and catalyst.For this process, aspecified amount of450mLmethanoland10grSodiumHydroxide(NaOH)wasmixedinaroundbottomflask.2.Reaction.Thealcohol/catalystmixisthenchargedintoa closed reaction vessel and 1000mL Jatropha oil isadded. Excess alcohol isnormallyused toensure totalconversionofthefatoroiltoitsesters.3.Separationofglycerinandbiodiesel.Oncethereactionis complete, two major products exist: glycerin andbiodiesel. The quantity of produced glycerin variesaccordingtheoilused,theprocessused,theamountof

excess alcohol used. Both the glycerin and biodieseproductshaveasubstantialamountoftheexcessalcohothat was used in the reaction. The reacted mixture isometimesneutralizedatthisstepifneeded.4.AlcoholRemoval.5. Glycerin Neutralization. The glycerin by-produc

containsunusedcatalystandsoaps thatareneutralizewith an acid and sent to storage as crude glycerin. Isome cases the salt formed during this phase irecovered for use asfertilizer. Inmostcases the salt ileftintheglycerin.6.Methyl Ester Wash. The most important aspects obiodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation idieselenginesarecompletereaction,removalofglycerinremoval ofcatalyst, removal of alcohol and absence ofreefattyacids.Experimentalsetup

The engine used for this experimental investigatiowasa single cylinder4-Strokenaturallyaspiratedwate

cooled diesel engine having 5 BHP as rated power a1500 r/min. The engine was coupled to a brake drumdynamometertomeasuretheoutput.Fuelflowrateswertimedwithcalibrated burette.Exhaustgasanalysiswaperformed using a multi gas exhaust analyzer. Thpressurecrankanglediagramwasobtainedwithhelpofpiezoelectricpressuretransducer.ABoschsmokepumpattached to the exhaust pipe was used for measurinsmokelevels.TheexperimentalsetupisshowninFig.11.Engine7.AirBox2.BrakeDrumDynamometer8.Manometer3.FuelTank(Biodiesel)9.Airflowdirection4.DieselTank10.ExhaustAnalyzer

5.Burettes11.SmokeMeter6.Threewayvalve12.ExhaustFlow

Thespecificationsofdieselenginearegivenbelow:Manufacturer:KirloskarenginesLtd,Pune,IndiaNoofcylinders:OneNo.ofstrokes:FourBore&Stroke:80&110mmCapacity:3.68kWBHPofengine:5Speed:1500r/minModeofinjection:DICoolingsystem:WaterExperimentalprocedure

Experimentswere initially carried out on the enginusingdieselasthefuelinordertoprovidebaselinedat(ISI, 1980). Thecoolingwater temperature at theoutlewas maintained at 70

oC. The engine was stabilized

before taking all measurements. SubsequentlexperimentswererepeatedwithmethylesterofJatrophaoilforcomparison.Results and discussion

The fuels (Mineral diesel, Jatropha biodiesel anJatrophaoil)wereanalyzedforseveralphysical,chemicaandthermalpropertiesandresultsarelistedinTable1.

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Density, cloud point and pour point of Jatropha oilwasfoundhigherthandiesel.Highercloudandpourpointreflectunsuitability ofJatrophaoil asdiesel fuel incoldclimaticconditions.TheflashandfirepointsofJatrophaoilwasquitehighcomparedtodiesel.Hence,Jatrophaoilis extremely safe to handle

(Harrington, 1986). Higher

carbon residue from Jatropha oil may possibly lead tohigher carbon deposits in combustion chamber of theengine. Low sulphur content in Jatropha oil results inlower SOX emissions. Presence of oxygen in fuelimproves combustion properties and emissions but

reduces the calorific valueof the fuel(Yamaneet al.

2001). Jatropha oil has approximately 90% calorifvaluecomparedto diesel.Nitrogencontentof the fuealsoaffectstheNOXemissions.

Higher viscosity is a major problem in usingvegetableoilasfuelfordieselengines.Inthepresen

investigation viscosity was reduced btransesterification process. Viscosity of Jatrophbiodiesel is 4.84 cst at 40

oC. It is observed tha

viscosity of Jatropha oil decreases remarkably witincreasingtemperatureand itbecomesclose todieseattemperatureabove90

oC.

ExperimentaldataThe experimental data includes the combustio

parameters like fuel consumption (F.C), specific fueconsumption(S.F.C),brakepower(B.P),braketherma

efficiency(Bth)andexhaustgastemperature.Beforetheactual tests are carried out the engine is checked folubricationandfuelsupply.Iftheenginestartingisdifficuforblends,thenitisrunondieselinitially.Determinationoffuelconsumption:Fueltankisattachedwithagraduatedburette.Thevalveatthebottomofthetank is closed when fuel consumption rate is to bmeasuredsothatfuelisconsumedonlyfromtheburetteThe time taken for x amount of fuel consumption irecordedtomeasurethefuelconsumptionrate.

Table1.Fuelpropertiesofmineraldiesel,Jatrophabiodiesel,Jatrophaoil

Property MineralDiesel

JatrophaBiodiesel

JatrophaOil

Density(kg/m3) 8401.732 879 9171

KinematicViscosityat

40

o

C(cst)

2.440.27 4.84 35.981.3

PourPoint(oC) 61 31 41

FlashPoint(oC) 713 191 2294

ConradsonCarbonResidue(%,w/w)

0.10.0 0.01 0.80.1

AshContent(%,w/w) 0.010.0 0.013 0.030.0

CalorificValue(MJ/kg) 45.343 38.5 39.071

Sulphur(%,w/w) 0.25

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Determinationofbrakepower:TheequivalentloadWisrecordedfromthecalibratedcircularscaleincorporatedinthe dynamometer setup. Brake power is obtained byusingtheformula: B.P=(DWN)/60WhereDisdiameterofthebrakedruminmmNisspeedoftheengineinr/min

DeterminationofbrakethermalefficiencyBrakethermalefficiency=(B.PX3600)/(mfXC.V)Wheremfisfuelconsumptioninkg/hC.ViscalorificvalueofthefuelusedinMJ/kg

Specific fuel consumption was calculated by fuelconsumption divided by the rated power output of theengine.Theexhaustgastemperatureismeasuredusing

a dial thermometer. The indicator on a graduated diadirectlyreads thetemperature in

oC.Allthe combustion

parameters of fuels that are used in the engine arobtainedandindicatedinthefollowingTables2-7.Performanceandemissions

The performance, combustion parameters an

exhaustemissionsof theenginewithdieselandmethyesterofJatrophaoilarepresentedanddiscussedbelow

The Specific Fuel Consumption was calculated bfuelconsumptiondividedbytheratedpoweroutputofth

engine. In Fig. 2, it indicates that Specific FueConsumption is lower than the diesel for variou

Fig.5.VariationofbrakepowerwithCO2 Fig.6.VariationofbrakepowerwithCO

Fig.7.VariationofbrakepowerwithNOx Fig.8.Variationofbrakepowerwithsmoke

Fig.9.Variationofbrakepowerwithspecificfuelconsumption Fig.10.Variationofbrakepowerwithsmoke

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proportions of Jatropha oil with diesel at constantoperatedconditions.

This is due to complete combustion, as additionoxygenisavailablefromfuelitself.Thepercentincreasein Specific Fuel Consumption was increased withdecreasedamountofdieselfuelintheblendedfuels.This

maybeduetohigherspecificgravityandlowercalorificvalueofthebiodiesel fuelascomparedwith diesel fuel

(Forsonetal.,2004).ThecalorificvalueoftheJatrophabiodieselwasabout7%lowerthanthatofdieselfuel.

Brake thermal efficiency is defined as actual brakework per cycle divided by the amount of fuel chemicalenergyasindicatedbylowerheatingvalueoffuel

(Senthil

Kumar et al., 2003). The brake thermal efficiency withbiodiesel anditsblendswas found tobe slightlyhigherthan that ofdiesel fuel at tested load conditions.Therewasnodifferencebetweenthebiodieselanditsblendedfuels on efficiencies. The brake thermal efficiencies ofengine, operating with biodiesel mode were 22.2, 30.6and 37.5per centat2, 2.5 and 3.5 kWloadconditions

respectively(Fig.3).The exhaust gas temperature gives an indication

about the amount of waste heat going with exhaustgases. The exhaust gas temperature of the differentbiodiesel blends is shown in Fig. 4. The exhaust gastemperatureofblendedfuelsandbiodieselat3.5kWloadconditionwas19%higherthanthatof2to2.5kWloadconditions.

Theexhaustgastemperatureincreasedwithincreaseinloadandamountofblendedbiodieselinthefuel.Theexhaust gas temperature reflects on the status of

combustion inside the combustion chamber(Takeda

1982). The reason for raise in the exhaust gatemperaturemaybeduetoignitiondelayandincreasequantity of fuel injected. The exhaust gas temperaturcanbereducedbyadjustingtheinjectiontiming/injectiopressureintothedieselengine.

Thecarbondioxideemission from thediesel enginwith different blends is shown in Fig. 5. The CO2increasedwithincreaseinloadconditionsfordieselanfor biodiesel blended fuels. The Jatropha biodiese

followed the same trend of CO2emission, which was higher than icase of diesel. The CO2 in theexhaust gas was same for Jatrophbiodieselblended fuels andJatrophbiodiesel.

TheCOemissionfromthediesefuelwith biodiesel blended fuelsanbiodieselisshowninFig.6.

The CO reduction by biodiesewas17.5,17,16,14and14percenat 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kW load

conditions. With diesel fuel mode the lowesCOwasrecordedas610mg/kgat1.5kWloadand as load increased to 3.5 kW, CO alsincreased to 898 mg/kg. Similar results werobtained for biodiesel blended fuels anJatropha biodiesel with lower emission thadiesel fuel. The amount ofCOemissionwalower in case of biodiesel blended fuels anbiodiesel than diesel because of the fact thabiodiesel contained 11 per cent oxygemolecules. This may lead to complete

combustion and reduction of CO emission ibiodiesel fuelled engine

(SenthilKumaret al.

2003).Fig. 7 shows the variation of NOx wit

respect to brake power. At higher power outpuconditions,duetohigherpeakandexhausttemperaturesthe NOx values are relatively higher compared to lowpoweroutputconditions.A slight increase in NOx is observed for blends o

EsterifiedJatrophaDieselcomparetodiesel.Thereasonmay be due to late burning of blends of MEJ-Dieseduringexpansion(Forgiel&Varde,1981).ThereasonfoincreaseinNOxwithrespecttoEsterifiedJatrophaDiese

may be due to sustained and prolonged duration ocombustion associated with reduction in combustiotemperature.

Fig.8 representsthevariationofSmokewithrespectobrakepower.Smokeincreaseswithincreaseinbrakpower. Smoke emission was lesser for blends oEsterifiedJatrophaDieselcomparedto diesel.Thismabe due to late burning in the expansion and exhausWhenpercentageofblendofbiodieselincreases,smokedensitydecreases,butsmokedensity increasesforB5and B75 due to insufficient combustion. It require

Table2.100%DieselcombustionparametersLoad(kgf)

ManometerReading(cm)

Timetakenfor20ccofF.C(s)

F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(oC)

02468

101214

2.52.52.52.52.5

2.52.52.5

13598857568

616058

0.4160.5730.6610.7500.826

0.9210.9360.968

-1.1540.6700.5030.416

0.3720.3140.279

00.4960.9921.4881.984

2.4802.9773.473

07.4512.8317.120.65

23.1527.3530.85

190260270290320

345365380

Table3.EsterifiedJatrophaoilcombustionparameters

Load(kgf)


Timetakenfor20ccofF.C(s)

F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(oC)

0246

8101214

2.62.62.62.6

2.62.62.62.6

128126109104

95695349

0.5230.5310.6140.644

0.7050.9701.2631.370

-1.0710.6190.432

0.3550.3910.4240.395

00.4960.9921.488

1.9842.4802.9773.473

08.013.8419.84

24.8421.9220.221.73

185190200210

225270320360

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changes in injectionpressure and combustionchamberdesign

(Yukitsuguetal.,1987).

Fig. 9 represents the variation of specific fuelconsumption with respect to brake power. With theaddition of additive there is better atomization of fueltakes place, leads to improved combustion hence fuel

consumptionwasdecreasedwithincreaseinpower.The variation of smokedensitywith brakepowerof

diesel-biodiesel with additive is shown in Fig.10. It isobservedthatsmokedensityreducedincaseofEsterifiedJatropha with additive when compared to diesel. Thisreductioninsmokedensityismainlyduetopresenceof

internalavailabilityofadditivecontentinthebiodiesel.isobservedthatthereductionsmokedensitydecrease

up to 2kW, theirby smoke densitgraduallyincreasedathigherloads.ConclusionsA single cylinder compression

ignition engine was operatedsuccessfully using methyl ester oJatropha oil as the soul fuel witadditives.The following conclusionaremadebasedontheexperimentaresults. Engine works smoothly on

methyl esterof Jatrophaoil withperformancecomparabletodieseloperation.

Methyl ester of Jatropha oil results in a slightlincreased thermal efficiency as compared to that o

diesel. The exhaust gas temperature i

decreased with the methyl esteof Jatropha oil as compared tdiesel.

CO2 emission is low with themethylesterofJatrophaoil.

CO emission is low at higheloadsformethylesterofJatrophoilwhencomparedwithdiesel.

NOX emission is slightlyincreased with methyl ester oJatrophaoilcomparedtodiesel.

There is significant difference ismoke emissions when themethyl ester of Jatropha oil i

used. Multi-MD-32, Bio-additive

possesses many attributes aMulti-Functional fueladditive. Itability to reduce the surfacetension between two or moreinteracting immiscible liquidshelped the fuel to flow bette

throughinjectorandbetteratomizationoffuel,whicimproved the combustion and performance of thengineatallvariableloads.

Multi-DM-32alsoimprovedthepollutioncontrol. With proper adjustments at fuel injection pum

settings bio-additives wiimprove performance of ICengine.

Useofbio-additivesfordieselwilead tobetter fuel economyanreduced emissions and shoulbeusedbyIndianrefineries.

Automotive industry and oindustrymustworkcloselytofindsolutionsforloweremissionsandconservingfuel.

Table4.75%Diesel+25%esterifiedJatrophaoilcombustionparameters

Load(kgf)


Time takenfor 20cc ofF.C(s)

F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(

oC)

02468101214

2.62.62.62.62.62.62.62.6

1601421271171101037460

0.368041404640.5030.5350.5710.7950.981

-0.8350.4670.3380.2700.2300.2670.283

00.4960.9921.4881.9842.4802.9773.473

010.318.425.4431.8637.332.230.4

180190200210219224263272

Table6.25%Diesel+75%EsterifiedJatrophaoilcombustionparameters

Table5.50%Diesel+50% esterifiedJatrophaoilcombustionparameters

Load(kgf)



F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(

oC)

02468101214

2.62.62.62.62.62.62.62.6

153134122114106938884

0.4020.4590.5050.5400.580.6620.7000.733

-0.9260.5090.3620.2930.27002350.210

00.4960.9921.4881.9842.4802.9773.473

09.316.923.729.3231.836.5340.9

175190200205220240250260

Load(kgf)


Timetaken for20ccofF.C(s)

F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(

oC)

02468101214

2.62.62.62.62.62.62.62.6

151128117110102928478

0.4260.5020.5500.5840.6300.6990.7650.824

-1.0120.2230.3920.3170.2820.2570.237

00.4960.9921.4881.9842.4802.9773.473

08.515.521.927.030.533.436.2

174185195205220230250255

Table7.EsterifiedJatrophaoilwithadditive(0.4mL/L)combustionparametersLoad(kgf)



F.C(kg/h)

S.F.C(kg/kWh)

B.P(kW)

Bth(%)

ExhaustGastemp(

oC)

02468101214

2.62.62.62.62.62.62.62.6

12011811010598705550

0.4890.5060.5430.5690.6190.8531.0861.185

-1.020.5470.3820.3070.3430.3640.341

00.4960.9921.4881.9842.4802.9773.473

09.1116.9924.3330.2927.0325.427.25

183187199206221268317351

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Thismethyl esterof Jatrophaoil alongwith diesel mayreduce the environmental impacts of transportation,reduce the dependency on crude oil imports, and offerbusiness possibilities to agricultural enterprises forperiodsofexcessagriculturalproduction.OnthewholeitisconcludedthatthemethylesterofJatrophaoilwillbea

good alternative fuel for diesel engine for agriculturalapplications.Acknowledgements

TheauthorsareindebtedtothefinancialsupportfromKoneru Lakshmaih College of Engineering. Finallyauthors thank Jatropha oil seeds and consultants,NalgondaforsupplyingtheneededJatrophaoil.References1. Agarwal D, Kumar L and Agarwal AK (2008)

PerformanceEvaluationofaVegetableoilfuelledCIEngine.RenewableEnergy.33,1147-1156.

2. AliYandHannaMA(1994)AlternativeDieselFuelsfromVegetableOils.Biores.Technol.50,153-163.

3. AltnR(1998)Anexperimentalinvestigationonuseof vegetable oils as diesel engine fuels. Ph.DThesis,GaziUniv.InstituteofSci.&Technol.

4. Barnwal BK andSharma MP (2005) Prospects ofbiodiesel production from vegetable oils in India.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 9,363378.

5. Canakci M and Van Gerpen J (2001) Biodieselproduction from oils and fats with high free fattyacids.TransactionsofASAE.44,1429-1436.

6. Forgiel R and Varde KS (1981) Experimentalinvestigation of vegetable oil utilization in a directinjection diesel engine. SAE Alternate fuels fordieselengines,SP500fuelsandlubricantsmeeting

Tulsa,Ok.7. Forson FK, Oduro EK and Hammond-Donkoh E

(2004)Performanceofjatrophaoilblendsinadieselengine.RenewableEnergy.29,1135-1145.

8. Harrington KJ (1986) Chemical and physicalpropertiesofvegetableoilestersandtheireffectondieselfuelperformance.Biomass.9,117.

9. ISI (1980) Methods of test for internal combustionengines. IS: 10000 Part I-XII , Indian StandardsInstitute,NewDelhi.

10.PatilV andSinghK (1991)Oil gloomto oil boom,Jatropha curcas a promising agroforestry crop.ShreeOffsetPress,Nashik,India.

11.PramanikK (2003)PropertiesanduseofJatrophacurcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compressionignitionengine.RenewableEnergy.28,239248.

12.RaghunadhamNandDeshpandeNV(2004)Effectof bio-additives on IC engine performance.NatlConf.onICengines,VNIT,Nagpur.

13.RamanaKVandRaghunadhamN (2004)Effectofadditiveson performanceof ICengines.FirstNatl.Conf.onEnergy and Fuel Issues ofFuture, PuneInst.ofEngg.andTechnol.,India,November5.

14.SarinR,Sharma M,Sinharay S andMalhotraRK(2007)JatrophaPalmbiodieselblends:AnoptimummixforAsia.Fuel,86,1365-1371.

15.Senthil Kumar M, Ramesh A and Nagalingam B(2003) Anexperimental comparison ofmethods tuse methanol and jatropha oil in a compressio

ignitionengine.BiomassandBioenergyJ.25,309318.

16.Suresh Shetty et al ., (2007) Performance andemission studies of diesel engine using ethylenglycol mono-alkyl ethers as oxygenated fueadditives. Intl.Conf. and XX Natl. Conf. on ICEnginesandCombustion(ICONICE-2007),J.N.T.UHyderabad,India,December6-9.

17.Takeda Y (1982) Development study Jatrophacurcas (Sabu Dum) oil as a substitute for dieseengineoilinThailand.J.Agri.Asso.ofChina.1201-8.

18.Vijaya Raju N, Amba Prasad Rao G and RamMohan P (2000) Esterified Jatropha Oil in DieseEngines.Proc.ofthe16thNatl.Conf.onICEngine&Combustion,JadavpurUniversity,January20-22

19.Yamane K, Ueta A and Shimamoto Y (2001Influence of physical and chemical properties obiodieselfuelsoninjection,combustionandexhausemission characteristics in a direct injectiocompressionignitionengine. Intl.J.EngineRes.4249-261.

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