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1. INTRODUCTION:

Grassroots Agricultural Technology Evolvement (GATE) was established in 2003 as a non-profit

non-political organization and got registered as Trust in 2004; it is committed to a mission of

harnessing rainfed agricultural technology for environmentally sustainable and socially equitable

development. GATEs focus on off farm informal research and development, training,dissemination and networking in the fields of rainfed agricultural development, biodiversity

conservation, and rural development seek to link sustainable agriculture to livelihood security in a

participatory manner. Among the various initiatives, comprehensive participatory crops

improvement programme introduced during 2003 in operational area in western Madhya Pradesh

and eastern Gujarat, India by GATE, has a visible impact in a short span of time and suitable for

replication in other tribal areas too.

2. OPERATIONAL AREA:

Based on the backwardness index, the planning commission has identified 15 Districts of Madhya

Pradesh and 6 District of Gujarat as disadvantaged District. Out of these districts two districtnamely Jhabua and Dhar in western Madhya Pradesh and one district namely Dahod in eastern

Gujarat identified as GATEs operational area. Agriculture and allied activities are main source of

livelihood for the people of these districts. To achieve the balanced regional development, an

integrated approach for sustainability of livelihoods of these disadvantaged regions of western

India has become imperative. The topography of these disadvantaged districts is mostly

undulating, interspersed with hill ranges, hills and dales, hillocks, plateau and plain lands.

Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh)Jhabua is a predominantly tribal district located in the western part of Madhya Pradesh. River

Narmada forms the southern boundary of the district. The terrain is hilly, undulating typically

known as "Jhabua hills topography". Most part of Jhabua is without any forest cover because of

low fertility of land, sloppy hillocks and extreme soil erosion. The Bhil tribe gives a distinct

identity to Jhabua as tribal district. Jhabua is sparsely populated with a total population of 13.94

lakhs according to 2001 census. The total area is 6793 square km. There are about 1313 inhabited

villages. About 85 percent of the total population is tribal while 3% belongs to Schedule Castes.

Nearly 47 per cent of people live below the poverty line. The literacy rate is 36.87% with female

literacy of only 4%.

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)The area of the district is 8,149 sq. km, which is 1.84 percent of the State's total area. Majority of

the population in Dhar District belongs to the Scheduled Tribes. The main tribes in the District are

Bhils and Bhilalas. A total of 762 Gram Panchayats has 1571 villages. The population is 1,74,0577out of which 112976 belong to Scheduled Castes and 948434 to Scheduled Tribes. The scheduled

tribes constitute 54 percent of district's total population and scheduled castes 6.49 percent. The

rural population is 83 percent.

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Basic details and administration information of operational area (Dhar and Jhabua districts

of western Madhya Pradesh).

# Specific District Dhar District Jhabua

Basic details of the district

1 Area (in sq. 8153 6782

2 Total inhibited 1487 13133 Total 6438 9927

4 Forest village 14 0

5 Town 9 8

6 Crop Zone Cotton and Jowar Cotton Jowar

7 Soil Type Medium Black (Medium) Medium Black (Medium) (Petalawad

Tehsil), Medium Black Skeletal

li ht/medium exce t Petalawad8 Agro climatic

Zone

Malwa Plateau (except Kukshi

and Manawar Tehsil) Nimar

Plain Kukshi and Manawar

Malwa Plateau(Petlawad Tehsil),

Jhabua Hills (except Petlawad Tehsil)

9 Schedule V All blocks of Sardarpur, Dhar, Entire Jhabua districtAdministration information

1 Janpad 13 12

2 Gram 669 612

3 Tehsils 7 8

4 Tribal blocks 12 12

5 Legislative 6 5

Demographic Details of the operational Districts Dhar and Jhabua of western Madhya

Pradesh.

# Demographic details Dhar Jhabua1991 2001 1991 2001

1 Population 1367412 1740577 1130405 1396677

2 Share of state population 2.82% 2.88% 2.33% 2.31%

3 Urban population 13.1% 16.6% 8.7% 8.7%

3 Population of SC 6.9% Na 3.1% Na

4 Population of ST 53.5% Na 85.7% Na

5 Density of population(per sq.kms.) 168 213 167 206

Key features of the operational Blocks of the Dhar and Jhabua District of the western

Madhya Pradesh.

Sr. No. District Dhar Jhabua

Block Dhar Tirla Jhabua Rama

A Demographic details`

% of ST Population 12.06 71.57 94.81 94.34

% of SC Population 16.78 4.41 0.99 1.38

% of Total Literacy 61.5 40.4 36.2 31.9

% of Rural Literacy 52.9 36.8 28.5 28

% of Urban Literacy 76.6 75 86.6 84.8

% of Female Literacy 46.2 29.4 25 22.2

Sex Ratio, All 902 981 985 1031

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Sr. No. District Dhar Jhabua

Block Dhar Tirla Jhabua Rama

A Demographic details`

Sex Ratio, Child 935 962 954 982

B Infrastructure

Road length per 100 sq.kms. 26.4 4.5 33.2 23.6

Villages connected by all weather roads 30.5 66.0 68.5 58.2

Population serviced per post office 2386 3744 5748 7610

C Agriculture and Irrigation

Total cropped Area 578.94 343.18 439.42 597.84

Net Sown Area 82.4% 73.7% 59.4% 50.8%

Gross cropped Area 130.2% 99.9% 87.1% 69.9%

Per capita Net Sown Area 0.67 0.45 0.25 0.36

Agriculture Intensity 158 136 147 138

% Net Irrigated area to net sown area 40.64 23.53 13.68 25.11

% Gross Irrigated area to total cropped 25.73 17.36 9.46 18.76

D Status of Ground Water

Level of Ground Water Development 156.823 63.471 6.265 13.822

Status of Ground Water Over White White White

E Employment

Agriculture laborers in workers (%) 29.39 24.47 10.89 7.39

Worker Participation Ratio 40.75 50.68 48.21 60.89

Dahod (Gujarat state)Dahod was carved of the erstwhile Panchmahal district located on the eastern part of the state on

2nd October 1997. Dahod shares its boundaries with Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The district

comprises of seven Talukas. The total population according to the 2001 census is 16, 35,374 out ofwhich 11, 78,543 belong to the Scheduled Tribes, 49,061 belong to the Scheduled Castes and

4,07,770 belong to Others. Dahod is considered backward as it is predominantly populated by

tribals (71 per cent). The major castes of the district are Bhil/Pateliya and Rathwa. Six of the seven

Talukas of the district have been classified as Most Backward, by the Cowlagi Committee.

Livelihood:Livelihood is the most defining and determining need for a human being. A livelihood in many

ways is almost the entire gamut of issues covering life. For a decent level of human development,

a person and her household requires a source of sustainable livelihood that ensures access to basic

resources and access to basic amenities to survive well. Employment, sustainable, gainful and one

that ensures a basic level of remuneration is essential for all human beings. Employment by itself

is not a complete condition for a sustainable livelihood it is the character of employment itsregularity and periodicity, level of income or benefits from it, and security of employment, and

ensured basic rights of employment.

3. SUSTAINABLECOMMUNITY-MANAGEDSELF-HELPGROUPS AND

PARTICIPATORYPLANNINGANDIMPLEMENTATIONSYSTEM

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Type of Meetings Cumulative Progress of the Year

No. of meetings Total Participants M F

Faliya and General Meetings 8 267 201 66SHGs Meeting 19 432 321 111Identification of Volunteers 5 109 65 44

Gram Sabha 3 56 45 11Panchayat Body Members 3 75 39 36Total 38 939 671 268

Field Level Meeting

Master Trainers (Village Volunteers):

Basically volunteer is a paraprofessional, female or male members of the community, who serves

as an internal catalyst, information bank, service provider, trainer, disseminator and innovator for a

particular field like group, crop, nursery, health etc. Volunteer selection is based on their past

experience and interest in particular field in consultation with community members and Panchayat.

These entire selected volunteer will play key role in community mobilization and implementation

of activities.

Summary of Village Volunteers (Master Trainer)Village Volunteers (Jankars) Cumulative Progress of the Year

M F Total

Group Jankars 00 00 00

Crop Jankars (kisan didi and kisan mitra) 10 10 20

Seed Multiplication Jankar 00 00 00

Nursery Jankars 00 00 00

Health Jankars 00 00 00

Total 10 10 20

Capacity Building and Skill up Gradation

During the year capacity building and skill up gradation trainings were held at field and officelevel on agricultural, watershed management, seed multiplication and low cost techniques with

support of line department. All training have encouraging feed back from community and needs

more intensive and systematic training programme considering their inadequate exposure with

such sort of techniques.

Till date Progress Summary of Trainings

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Topics Cumulative Progress of the Year

No of

Trainings

Total

Participants

M F

Agronomic Practices (Seed Priming / SRI /

Maize Detaslling)

5 105 61 44

Floriculture / Orchard Establishment / KitchenGardening 3 76 48 28

Backyard / Kitchen Gardening 4 120 75 45

Linkage and Networking for Existing Scheme 2 45 30 15

INM / IPM 3 66 43 23

Seed Multiplication 1 35 26 9

Total 18 447 28

3

164

Exposure Visits:During the year total 05 exposure visits were organized, out of which 1 exposure visits organized

within state and 2 exposure visits organized out of state. Exposure visits were organizedconsidering the low agricultural productivity and scope for the participatory crops improvement.

Status of Exposure Visits

Issues Cumulative Progress of the Year

No of Exposure Visits Total Participants M F

Localized Seed Multiplication 02 43 2

6

17

Watershed Development 01 32 2

1

11

Horticulture techniques and

technologies

02 39 2

7

12

Total 05 114 7

4

40

Human and Animal Health Program:

During the year total three five human health camps and two animal health camps have been

organized in which around 430 persons have been benefited from 201 households of 9 villages and

329 animals vaccinated from four villages.

Group Formation and Savings & Credit:After the independence, all most every development work initiated through community

development program for better impacts and results, apart from many reasons communities

involvement to its planning, implementation, benefit sharing and evaluation for sustainability ofthe program. However the concept was initiated for better partnership with communities and other

stakeholders. Moreover the issues of local institutions, understanding of what people want how

they want, when they want was developed, and it was felt very important to respect peoples

knowledge and village dynamics. Therefore, concept of self-help groups was recognized and

presently most of the interventions are implemented either through the SHGs or through it other

form. For example govt. is also forcing on the working through groups for example SGSY

Scheme. GATE as an NGO has its learning process and experience from village level institutions

to self- help groups. The major features of the SHGs: Identification- Forming- Norming-

Storming- Performing- Institutionalizing.

Till now most of the organizations step to the performance stage; however there is always a big

danger of vested interested, breakdown of groups and scope of mistrust, frustration and disinterestto entire approach. Moreover, GATE has it experience through other organizations like MYRADA,

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PEDO, BASIX, PRADHAN etc. that the concept of local institutions if, groomed with the series of

processes brings better impact. These local institutions have proven the capacities and strengthen

in implementing a natural resource management project now a livelihood intervention.

GATE has promoted 10 SHGs following the participatory approach in identification, forming, and

norming. All 10 SHGs are doing regular savings and credit activities and development activities

are being facilitated through these SHGs.The total saving accumulated is around 2.24 lakhs Rs.

4. INTEGRATED LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

DEVELOPMENT

Major livelihoods resource of the farmers in the project area is agriculture. The topography of the

area is undulating which promotes the erosion of soils. The rainfall pattern is very erratic and

uncertainty of the early and late on and off monsoon leads to failure of the crops. The activities

under land and water resource development have been identified.

During year net planning for soil and water conservation, water resource development,

afforestation and pasture land development work has been initiated to create the awareness amongthe community members about low cost techniques of soil and water conservation measures like

contour cultivation, strip cropping following combination of the erosion permitting crops like

maize, sorghum, cotton etc. and erosion resisting crops like rice bean, horse gram, green gram,

black gram, ground nut etc. The training programmes are being organized at village level in project

villages.

Scope for the soil and water measures, main head-wise possible treatment compiled for the soil

and water conservation activities.

Head Activities

Soil and Water Conservation Field bunding (earthen)

Field bunding (stone)

Continuous Contour Trenching (CCT)

Staggered Contour Trenching (SCT)

Gully plugging

Nala bund (earthen)

Nala bund (stone)

Grass seed sowing

Water Resource Development Percolation Tank

Storage Tank

Check Dam (Gated)

Anicut (Overflow Structure)

Gabions

Repairing of water harvesting structures

New well construction and deepening

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Head Activities

Afforestation / Plantation /

Pasture Land DevelopmentPit digging

Plantation of forestry species

Plantation of fruit plants

Kitchen gardening, no. of vegetable seed kits

VermicompostTree platform

Cattle Protection Trench (CPT)

Plantation of forestry species

Grass seed sowing

Thor fencing

5. APPROPRIATE FARMING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES

THROUGHPARTICIPATORY CROPS IMPROVEMENT

(PCI)

In operational area kharif season crop is outmost important for the tribal farming community and

GATEs focus always with kharif season crops improvement through Participatory varietal

selection (PVS) and informal research and development (IRD) trials, these are proven tools for the

screening of the suitable techniques for the marginal areas. Total 445 trails were taken of maize,

paddy, soybean, crops in kharif and wheat, chick-pea and mustard in rabi seasons of improved and

promising materials on farmers field.

Under participatory crop improvement the seed procured and distributed are summarize.

Season Crop Variety Cumulative Progress of the Year

Qty in Kg Total Trials

Kharif 2005

Maize JVM-421 125 25

Soybean JS 335 200 40

JS 95-60 250 50Sub Total 575 115

Rabi 2005-06 Wheat HI-1418 325 65

GW-273 100 40

Chickpea JG-412 25 05

ICCV-2 (k) 25 05

Sub Total 475 115

Grand Total 1050 230

Brief Description of Trial Kharif 2005

Maize Crop:

25 trials in six villages with one entry along with local were conducted in kharif 2005. The

averaged yield data clearly indicated the superiority of JVM 421, over local. The Pre and Post

harvest FGDs revealed that variety JVM-421 is tall, bold seeds, good cob size, high yielding,

filling to the tip, sweet to taste, good cooking quality, high premium, relatively 5-8 days late was

the only negative remark. Almost all participating and non participating farmers demanded for

more seed of JVM-421 variety seeds for the next season. It was felt that proper dissemination of

this variety through localised seed multiplication can boost up the marginal farmers income in a

supplementary manner. With support of line departments working towards localised seed

multiplication through seed society in Golawadi Village of Rama Block Jhabua District.

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Soybean Crop:

90 trials with three entries namely, JS-335, and JS-95-60, were conducted in eight villages. The

yield data averaged over the locations suggested that the genotypes JS-93-05 is superior over local

existing cultivar i.e. JS-335.

Soybean Trial

Brief Description of Trial Rabi 2005-06

Wheat Crop:

115 trials with three entries namely, HI-1418, and GW-273, were conducted in five villages. The

yield data averaged over the locations suggested that the genotypes HI-1418, GW-273 are superiorover local existing cultivar i.e. Lok-1.

Gram Crop:

10 trials with three entries were conducted in four villages. The yield data averaged over the

locations suggested that the genotypes JG-412 in desi type superior over local existing cultivar i.e.

Ujjai-21 and Dahod yellow. ICC-2 chick-pea cultivar is extra early maturing and good for the rain

fed conditions, the yield reported is 10% lower that the local Dahod Yellow.

6. AGRONOMIC TRIALS:

Conventional agronomic practices are prevailing in rainfed agriculture of Jhabua District. These

practices are not contributing in the productivity of the crops. GATE tested some of the most

suitable agronomic practices and found very much cost effective and contributes in the

productivity up to some extent. Considering community interest and areas need, trials on

agronomic practices, were undertaken in GATE operational area on seed priming, maize

detasselling, seed treatment, and thinning to make acquainted to the farming community with

their uses and benefits. Detailed result of these trials are summarized based on the perception of

the farming community, which were obtained through pre and post harvest Focus Group

Discussion (FGD). The results are very encouraging and needs to be disseminated at large scale in

the benefit of the poor tribal community.

Seed Priming in Maize Crop.

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Seed priming is soaking of seed in ordinary water over night and shown after surface drying under

the shadow. Total 11 trials of seed priming were conducted to test the seed priming effect in rainfed

conditions. Trials performance was assessed through pre and post harvest FGDs on key traits of the

crops. It was observed that 95% participating farmers and 67% non participating farmers reported

that, seed priming gives uniform and 3-4 days early emergence, foliage looks dark greenish, and 2-

4% increase in the grain yield over non seed primed plot. The maturity periods shorten due to

priming but farmers were not very clear about it.

Thinning in Maize Crop.

In the marginal areas seed rate is being used just double than the recommended seed rates for the

crops. Considering the maize crops characteristics, as it is more sensitive crop in respect of the

inputs requirement and it covers large area as well. It was observed that plant population is not

being maintained by the farmers. Total 9 farmers identified for the thinning in maize crops to

optimize the plant to plant distance so that plants can get better space, air, water and nutrients for

their growth. In maize crop it is easy also to do thinning and gap filling at a particular stage.

During the pre harvest FGD with participating and non participating farmers it was observed that it

is good practice and improves the crop conditions. Assessment of the incremental benefit in yield

was very difficult but farmers appreciated and some of farmers already practicing thinning in

maize and other crops.

Promotion of thinning in maize crop.

Seed Treatment

In soybean crop seed treatment was done with bio-fertilizer (nitrogen fixing and phosphorous

solubilising bacteria). It is pulse crop and seed treatment with bio-fertilizer is cost effective

fertilization and it also improves soil health conditions through bacterial process.

Seed treatment was done in total 50 trials (25 Rhizobium and 25 PSB bio-fertiliser each). The Pre

and Post harvest FGDs gave very encouraging response, and farmers said that 2-4% increase in the

treated plots were observed.

Trial on Detasselling in Maize Crop

Maize is open pollinated crop and maintaining the seed quality is very big problem with this crop

as it is grown in 50-60% of total cropped area in kharif. Detasselling help in inbreeding whichreduces the chances of cross pollination. Detasselling is the simple agronomic practice, in this

male flowers of the 50% plants removed. These plants get energy diverted into cobs formations

and grain quality gets better.

Pre and post harvest FGD were organized on maize detasselling trials with participating and non

participating farmers gave us very encouraging feedback on the maize detasselling benefits and it

was also reported that its labour intensive practice and at a particular timing it is necessary other

wise it is not beneficial. The right time for the maize detasselling is the initiation of the sheath

(male flowers) and its very easy to pull out the male part and it can be used as bio-waste for the

composting. Plants energy gets diverted into cob formations which result into a bigger cob size,

bold seed and ultimately higher yield returns.

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Particularly in rain fed agriculture agronomic practices are much more important as they are cost

effective and farmers friendly in nature. Farmers interests toward low cost agronomic practices are

getting reduced, as they are little bit labour intensive. Proper orientation through demonstration

and training programme can enhance the interest as well the poor tribal farmers income

significantly. Jhabua district is one of most disadvantaged district in India and farmer are marginal

farmers, there is huge scope for the such sort of low cost intervention in the benefit of poor tribal

farmers.

7. FLORICULTURE & OLERICULTURE:

Operational areas have variety of soils on which floriculture and olericulture as small income

generation activity can be taken up. The agro-climate conditions are well suited, and it can be a

means of livelihoods sustainability of smallholding farmers. However, the need for diversification

is acknowledged by community members to make agriculture more profitable, through optimum

utilization of natural resources (soil, water and environment). Past efforts have not been on

horticultural crops in marginal rainfed areas. In rainfed areas there is huge scope for the

horticulture crop cultivation and changing scenario will boost up these activities.

Considering the complexity of cropping system and agro-climatic conditions of the project area,

horticulture crops may benefit through number of ways as.

Diversification through horticulture crops is a best option as there are several advantages of

growing horticultural crops.

Horticulture crops: produce higher biomass than field crops per unit area resulting in

efficient utilization of natural resources, are highly remunerative for replacing subsistence

farming and thus alleviate poverty level in rainfed, dry land, hilly, and arid regions.

Have potential for development of wastelands through planned strategies,

Need comparatively less water than food crops,

Provide higher employment opportunity,

Are important for nutritional security,

Are environment-friendly,

Are high-value crops with high potential of value-addition,

The importance of floriculture and olericulture in tribals socio-economic cultural and religious life

of the project villages people is negligible. Though flower and vegetable cultivation has not been

practiced in project villages. Scope for the floriculture and its viability is more. Considering the

potential, floriculture and olericulture can generate income and employment opportunities, in

marginal area and promote involvement of women. It has been identified as one of focus area in

consultation with community of project villages during General Meetings, PRA.

Vegetable crops Cumulative Progress of the Year Qty (in Kg)

Brinjal 1.5

Okra 1.00

Bitter guard 0.50Sponge guard 0.50

Bottle guard 0.50

Chili 1.0

Total 5.00

During the year total 102 farmers given the vegetable seed for the backyard kitchen gardening.

Beneficiaries Status

Sr. No. Village Covered Cumulative Progress of the Year

Kharif 2005 8 57

Rabi 2005-06 3 45

Total 102

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agricultural improvement and development in present context. GATE is in close relationship with

department of farmers welfare and agriculture development working for their capacity building

and looking them as resource person for the dissemination of the agricultural techniques and

technologies. They are local resource person for our activities and require more trainings and

exposures so that they can be local facilitator or motivator for the community and will help in

dissemination of techniques and technologies in better ways.

DOCUMENTATION:

Apart from regular progress reporting of the on going interventions, documentation on the low cost

techniques and technologies for the rainfed agriculture, participatory crops improvement, SHGs,

localized seed production and marketing, INM and IPM, soil health management, nursery raising,

orchard establishment and ITK are being done by GATE as training materials for the community,

panchayat body, field level volunteers and field level workers.

13. STAFF CAPACITY BUILDING

During the year four quarterly review and planning meetings and twelve monthly review and

planning meetings were held at Jhabua office, of field and office staff under the facilitation of SrProgramme Coordinator and Programme Coordinators.

During the year total 05 training programme and 02 exposure visits were organized for the field

staff members in collaboration with Department of Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development,

Jhabua. Key staff members are well experience in the field of rural development and allied

activities. Staffs are capable in handle rural development project in operational area. Rapport

developed with community can help us if facilitation of the projects interventions up to a great

extent.

14. OFFICE SET UPGATE office is in place with experience and skilled social and technical staff members. The staff

members with GATE-Jhabua office are.

Position No.

Sr. Programme Coordinator 1

Programme Coordinator 2

Community Organizer 02

Supporting Staff 01

Master Trainer (Village Volunteers) 04

Total 10

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15. KEY VISITORS:

1. Shri Rajkumar Pathak, IAS, District Collector, Jhabua

2. Shri P Dhiman, IFSCEO, Zilla Panchayat

3. Shri, S D Madhwachary, SAS Chief Executive Officer, Janpad Panchayat, Jhabua

4. Shri A S Alawa, Labour Officer, Jhabua5. Shri S H Safdari, Add CEO, Zilla Panchayat, Jhabua6. Dr I S Tomar, Programme Coordinator, KVK, Jhabua

7. Shri Sunil Dubey, DDA, Agriculture Department, Jhabua

8. Shri Lalit B Jadhav, DDM, NABARD, Jhabua

9. Mr. A.S. Bhanvar, Assistant Seed Certification Officer, MPSSCA, Indore.

10. Shri Gauri Shankar Trivedi, ADA, Agriculture Department, Jhabua

11. Mr. A.S. Bhanvar, Assistant Seed Certification Officer, MPSSCA, Indore.

12. Shri Jitendra Parihar, Assistant Director, MP State Organic Certification Agency, Bhopal

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GLOSSARY

AFS:Assistant Field Specialist

CO:Community Organizer

CHES:Central Horticulture Experiment Station, Vejalpur, Gujarat

CPA:Community Problem Analysis

CPR:Common Property Resource

CBO:Community Based Organization

CEO:Chief Executive Officer

DRDA:District Rural Development Authority

FGD:Focus Group Discussion

FMD:Foot and Mouth Disease

FS:Field Specialist

GVT:Gramin Vikas Trust, Jhabua

GO:Government Organization

AAU:Anand Agricultural University, Anand

HS:Haemorrhagic Septicaemia IBD:Infectious Bursal Disease

IRD:Informal Research Development

IVT:Introductory Varietal Trails

IFPRA: Issue Focus Participatory Rural Appraisal

ICRISAT:International Research Institute for Semi Arid And Tropics, Hyderabad

JNKVV: Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur

MoU:Memorandum of Understanding

NRCS:National Research Center for Soyabean, Indore

NGO:Non Government Organization

PC: Programme Coordinator

PRA:Participatory Rural Appraisal

PRI:Panchayat Raj Institutions

PPP:Participatory Planning Process

PEDO: Peoples Education & Development Organization

PVS:Participatory Varietal Selection

RRA:Rapid Rural Appraisal

RVSKVV: Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior

MPUAT: Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur

RGWMDM: Rajiv Gandhi Watershed Management & Development Mission, Bhopal

SWC: Soil & Water Conservation

WBR: Well Being Ranking

WRD: Water Resource Development

WDC: Watershed Development Committee

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