approach to clean airapproach to clean air in asia · 2009. 8. 18. · approach to clean...
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Approach to Clean AirApproach to Clean Air in Asia(JARI) in Asia
T d hi H hi
2008-2-14
Tadayoshi HayashiJapan Automobile Research Institute
1
p1
The Japan Automobile Research I tit t f d d i 1969Institute was founded in 1969 as a non-profit organization for promoting the healthy progress ofpromoting the healthy progress of motorization in society at large.
Location: Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
N b f l 340Number of employees: 340(2007.4)
2
Mission of JARIMission of JARI Challenge for Idealized VehicleGlobalization Challenge for Idealized VehicleーRemove the Side Effectー
Standardization
Globalization of Automobile Technology
WP29 IHRA NHTSAStandardizationHarmonizationDefacto Standard
WP29、IHRA、NHTSAISO/TC22、ISO/TC70、IEA
JARIIndependent and Non-profit
GovernmentI d t
Technology InformTechnology Transfer and Support for Developing Countries
IndustryEngineering
Cooperation with JETRO, JICA, JKFFor ASEAN+CLM, China
3
Motor Vehicles in Asia OutlookOutlook in 2030,China will stand first position
Japan, India, Thailand and Indonesia follow suit
4
Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems
5
Vehicle polluting and Environmental Polices(Environmental issues caused by Motor vehicles)
(11)
(Environmental issues caused by Motor vehicles)(1) 1951 Inspection & Maintenance start(2) 1970 Detect of health hazard Photochemical smog(3) 1971 starting unleaded gasoline sale ( )
(10)(9)
(8)
(7)
(3) 1971 starting unleaded gasoline sale(4) 1973 Air Pollution Control Act(5) 1978 Emission control (Japanese's Muskie's low)(6) 1992 Control of NOx emission(7) 1997 L t l ti (Di l)
(6)
(7) 1997 Long term regulation (Diesel)(8) 2000 Emission regulation (Gasoline)(9) 2002 Control of NOx and PM(10) 2005 New long term regulation (Gasoline & Diesel) (6)(10) 2005 New long term regulation (Gasoline & Diesel)(11) 2009 Post New regulation (Gasoline & Diesel )
(5)
(4)(3)
(2)
(1)
6
History of Japan's Emission Regulations
(Gasoline Passenger Cars)100
( g )
COCO
100
5050%
60%
45%
Mode change (10→10‐15)
0
100
45%5%
75% M d h
1.6% (0.8%)
HCHC59%
75%
48%
8%
Mode change(10→10‐15)
50
2.6% (1 3%)0
100
8%
Mode change(10→10‐15)
* IW ≤ 1,000kg
IW > 1 000kg
2.6% (1.3%)
NOxNOx0
(10→10 15)
39%
70%
8%20%
27%
IW > 1,000kg
50
2.6% (1.3%)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000
2005
* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass7
Japan's Effort for Air Quality I tImprovement
* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.q y p g p p gq y p g p p g
National Average Measurement National Average MeasurementHCCO
Residential area measurementResidential area measurement
'68 CO control '70 HC control
'73 CO HC NOx control
'78 Japanese's Muskie's low
'00 New Short -Term Reg '73 HC control
Source: “Air Pollution Report, 2005", Ministry of the Environment
73 CO,HC,NOx control g 73 HC control
'05 New Long -Term Reg
8
Japan's Effort for Air Quality I tImprovement
* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.
National Average MeasurementNational Average Measurement
NO2 PM (particulate matter)
Residential area measurement
Residential area measurement
'86 diesel vhl reg
'05 New Long-Term Reg
'90 diesel NOx reg
'78 diesel vhl reg'74 diesel vhl reg ‘94 diesel PM reg
Stricter '97 diesel NOx PM reg
‘96 Gasoline sulfur 100ppm
‘05 Gasoline sulfur 50ppm
'76 Diesel sulfur500ppm
'03 Diesel sulfur 50 ppm
'05 Diesel sulfur10 ppm Source: "Ministry of the Environment
Stricter 97 diesel NOx-PM reg
‘07 Gasoline sulfur 10ppm
05 Gasoline sulfur 50ppm
9
Motorization in Asia 1945-2010
Emission Regulation for Passenger car
In Asia, we need effort for emission reduction from vehicles
J
ChinaEuro 2 : 2004Euro 3 : 2009
Euro 4
JapanEuro 3 : 2009Euro 4 : 2008 (Beijing)
Indonesia E 2 2005
Euro 3
Chi
Euro 2 : 2005
Japan 1978 (Euro 3 level)2000 (Euro 4 level)
Euro 3 Euro 2
E 2 China
Indonesia
( ) Euro 2
Euro 2
10
Air Pollution in Asian Large CitiesA di t WHO t (2002)
Latest Year(2002-2005)
According to WHO report (2002), 2/3 of death by air pollution is concentrated in Asia.
Latest Year(2002-2005)City CO NO2 PM10 O3 SOx Lead
Jakarta 2004 E C E C D DKuala Lumpur 2004 C D D C B N.A.Manila 2002 C E E D C BBangkok 2005 A D D B C BHo Chi Minh City 2002 C E E N.A. E EBeijing 2005 E E D N.A. C N.A.Shanghai 2005 N A E D N A E N A
1990City CO NO2 PM10 O3 SOx Lead
Jakarta 1990 C B D C C C
Shanghai 2005 N.A. E D N.A. E N.A.
Jakarta 1990 C B D C C CKuala Lumpur 1990 C C B C B CManila 1990 D D D D B CBangkok 1990 B B E B B CHo Chi Minh City 1990 N A N A N A N A N A N A
A 50 % below from WHO standardB Within WHO standard
Ho Chi Minh City 1990 N.A. N.A N.A N.A. N.A N.ABeijing 1990 D D E C A B
C Within 200 % over from WHO standardD Within 300 % over WHO standardE 300 % over from WHO standard
Sources: official site of AQM,WB,ADB11
Time Schedule for Emission Regulation and Fuel QualityEmission Regulation and Fuel Quality
( Gasoline Passenger Vehicle)
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Indonesia Euro2
Target: Euro 4Target: Euro 2
ULGULG/Jakaruta
ULG
ULG2000
5000 1000 500Malaysia Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4
3000 500
ULGULG/Jakaruta
ULG2000
ULG
Philippines
Euro 1 Euro2 Euro31000 500
Thailand Euro1Euro2 Euro3 Euro4500 501996
ULG2000
ULG
500 50SingaporeEuro 1 Euro3
500 150Vietnam Euro 3Euro4 (Tentative)
Euro 2
Euro 2
E i i l l d i t f lf d ti
( )10000 5000 500
Target : Target year agreed by AMEICC2004
Emission level and requirement of sulfur reductionEuro2 : < 500 ppmEuro3 : <150 ppmEuro4 : < 50 ppm
: Unleaded GasolineULG
12
Policy Options for Emission Reduction from Vehicles
EmissionEmissionEmission Regulation
F l
Guarantee
Fuel Fuel Quality Regulation
Vehicle MaintenanceRegistration SystemRegistration SystemInspection System
Quality ManagementQuality ManagementFuel Quality MonitoringAir Quality Monitoring
13
Environmental Degradation in AsiaP f i t & l tiPoor of maintenance & regulationIncrease of Motor vehicle useDelay of Enforcement regulationPoor of Statistical dataLack of Environmental data
Fear of health effectsFear of health effects.
Necessity of good policyNecessity of good policy
14
How to assure Air Quality Improvement ?Air Pollution Act Air Pollution Act
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Policiesin the Actual Situation
Emission RegulationEmission Regulation
in the Actual Situation
Fuel Quality RegulationFuel Quality RegulationEvaluation under theActual SituationActual Situation
Vehicle MaintenanceVehicle MaintenanceQuality ManagementQuality Management
Effective policies
Air Quality ImprovementAir Quality Improvement
Evaluation Method based on Survey f P li t I Ai Q litfor Policy to Improve Air Quality
Survey of Real Vehicle Usage Air Quality
Si l ti
Model of Typical Driving Cycle
SimulationCollection of data Analysis
Problem Analysis
Objective Analysis
PolicySelection AnalysisAnalysisSelection
Evaluation of Policy Effectiveness
Proposal for Better Air Quality Plan
16
Policy Effectiveness Better Air Quality Plan
Schematic Diagram on Air Quality Simulation Study of JCAPAir Quality Simulation Study of JCAP
Emission data on ChassisDynamometer and RSD
Scenario for Air Quality ImprovementMacro Traffic Model
Mobile Source E i i I t
Questionnaire Analysis on Vehicle Activity
Meteorological Data
Roadsidescale
Emission Inventory
Regional Road Meteorological Model
Meteorological Data Micro Traffic Model(Traffic Stream
on targeted Road)model
modelside model Configuration Data
of BuildingsBoundary condition on Road sideRegionalscale
g )
Geographical Data
Air Quality ModelRoad Side
Dispersion Model
scale
non- Mobile Source Emission Data
Geographical DataAtmosphericMeasurement
Estimated data on air Model
Estimated data on air pollution materials
Secondary Aerosol formation Model Evaluation on Air Quality
Estimated data on air pollution materials
Model Validation
Simulation Result① Year 2000 Base Case
NOx and SPM concentration distribution from 13:00 to 14:00
NOx conc distributionWD: NNEWD: NNE
SPM conc distributionNOx conc. distribution13:00 – 14:00
SPM conc. distribution13:00 – 14:00
WD: Wind direction
Purpose for Inspection & Maintenance i J
P t
in Japan
Reduce fuel consumption …
PreventAir pollution
Effect for in-used Vehicles
SecureSafety
Reduction of Road Traffic Accidents
19
Effects of Maintenance & Inspection
(Clean Bus program:Indonesia)Emission reduction (on road vs after service) as result from
PUTE Activityy
49 % 53 % 61 %
5 % of Fuel saving potential20
Trend of Fuel Specification(Gasoline in Japan )
1970 1980 1990 2000 20101986 1996 1999 2004
Octane number (RON)
C l
Gums
No.1(Premium) : ≧ 95No.2(Regular) : ≧ 85
No.1(Premium) : ≧ 96.0No.2(Regular) : ≧ 89.0
1986 1996 1999 2004
≦ 5 mg/100mL
Orange color
T10
T50
Vapor pressure
Color
Copper corrosion(50℃,3h)
≦ 125℃
≦ 70℃
75~110℃
Orange color
≦1
44~78 kPa
T50
T90
T97
EP
Distillation
Density
O
≦ 0.783 g/cm3
≧
75 110℃
≦ 220℃
≦ 205℃
≦ 180℃
Lead content
Sulfur content
Benzene content
Oxidation stability
≦ 0.01 mass%≦ 0.0050 mass%
≦ 5 vol%
≧ 240 min
≦ 0.001 g/L (Alkyl lead)
Fuel is improved every time forKerosene content
Methanol content
Benzene content
MTBE
≦ 5 vol%≦ 1 vol%
≦ 7 vol%
≦ 4 vol%
≦ 0.5 vol%
Fuel is improved every time forQuality improvement of engines and Cleaner Air in long time.
Ethanol content
Oxygen content
≦ 3 vol%
≦ 1.3 vol%
Trend of Fuel Specificationp(Diesel oil in Japan)
1980 1990 2000 20101986 1997 2004199219881983
Distillation(T90)
1986 1997 20041992
Special No. 1 : ≦ 360℃ No. 1 : ≦ 360℃
1988
Special No. 1 : ≧ 50No 1 : ≧ 50
1983
Special No. 1:≦350℃ No. 1:≦350℃ No. 2:≦350℃ No. 3:≦330℃Special No. 3:≦330℃
Cetane index
Flash point
No. 1 : ≧ 50 No. 2 : ≧ 45 No. 3 : ≧ 45Special No. 3 : ≧ 45
Special No. 1 : ≧ 50℃ No. 1 : ≧ 50℃ No. 2 : ≧ 50℃
No 3 : ≧50℃
Kinematic viscosity@ 30℃
No. 3 : ≧ 45℃Special No. 3 : ≧ 45℃
Special No. 3 : ≧ 1.7 mm2/s
No. 3 : ≧50℃Special No. 3 : ≧50℃
Special No. 1 : ≧ 2.7 mm2/s No. 1 : ≧ 2.7 mm2/s No. 2 : ≧ 2.5 mm2/s No. 3 : ≧ 2.0 mm2/sSpecial No. 3 : ≧ 1.8 mm2/s
Carbon residue
Pour point No. 2 : ≦-7.5℃
No. 1 : ≦-2.5℃
≦ 0 1 mass%
Special No. 1 : ≦+5℃ No. 1 : ≦-5℃ No. 2 : ≦-10℃ No. 3 : ≦-20℃Special No. 3 : ≦-30℃
≦ 0 10 mass%(10%resid)
Sulfur content ≦ 0.5 mass%
≦ 0.20 mass%≦ 0.05 mass% ≦0.0050 mass%
Special No. 1 : -
≦ 0.1 mass%≦ 0.10 mass%
≦ 0.50 mass%
CFPP
Density @15℃ ≦ 0.86 g/cm3
Special No. 1 : No. 1 : ≦-1℃ No. 2 : ≦-5℃ No. 3 : ≦-12℃Special No. 3 : ≦-19℃
Japanese Standards for Diesel fuel containing 5% FAME:containing 5% FAME:
Investigation of Acid Generation in est gat o o c d Ge e at oFAME Blended Diesel Fuels and its
I C iImpact on CorrosionT k hi T hiSAE 2006-01-3303Takehiro Tsuchiya
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
Hitoshi Shiotani and Shinichi GotoNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
T h l (AIST)Technology (AIST)
Gen Sugiyama and Akira MaedaJapan Automobile Research Institute (JARI)
METIMinistry of Economy,Trade and Industry
BackgroundFuel Policy Subcommittee's second
BackgroundFuel Policy Subcommittee's second
interim report (July 5, 2004) pointed out that quality regulations for BDF-blended diesel oil is necessary.yCharacteristics of BDF-blended diesel oil that
t h f l f f t d i t lare not harmful from safety and environmental perspective, when used with ordinary diesel
hi l h ll b t di d d i tvehicle, shall be studied, and appropriate specifications shall be reflected in the fuel
l tiregulation.2006-01-3303
Regulations outline in case of diesel oilProducer・Importer◆Duty of Quality identification
Authority of Minister of
g
y ybefore shipment Minister of
Economy, Trade and Industry
wholesale
◆ fDistributor
◆Prohibition of nonstandard diesel oil
◆Entry for inspection◆Collection of reports
SQ (Standard Quality)k L b li t
◆Penalty・Penal servitude・Fine
mark Labeling system
Consumer Distribution channel of petroleum product
Regulatory action Setting of statutory requirement
BDF Quality Control MethodLaw for Quality Control
BDF Quality Control MethodLaw for Quality Control
of Gasoline etc.
Diesel producer Diesel distributor Consumer
BDF/diesel blendingNeat BDF production
Neat BDF standard (JIS)( S)(100% BDF)
2006-01-3303
Amended Diesel Fuel Regulation in Japan
Items LevelItemsSulfurCetane Index
Level50 ppm max (2)(2)
45 minCetane IndexT90FAME contentFAME content (1)(1)
45 min360 deg.C max5 mass% max5 mass% maxFAME content FAME content ( )( )
Trigriceride Trigriceride (1)(1)
TANTAN (1)(1)
5 mass% max5 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0 13 mgKOH/g max0 13 mgKOH/g maxTAN TAN (1)(1)
Individual Organic Acid Individual Organic Acid (1)(1)
Oxi Stability (Acid)Oxi Stability (Acid)(1)(1)
0.13 mgKOH/g max0.13 mgKOH/g max30 ppm max 30 ppm max (3)(3)
0 12 mgKOH/g max Increase0 12 mgKOH/g max IncreaseOxi. Stability (Acid)Oxi. Stability (Acid)(1)(1)
Methanol Methanol (1)(1)0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max
N t (1) Add d b d d l tiNote (1) Added by amended regulation(2) 10ppm max from 2007(3) Total of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acids 2006-01-3303
Requirement of regulation for acidRequirement of regulation for acid
Corrosion test resultsAppearancepp
TAN Pb (ppm) Sn (ppm)Diesel fuel FAME 5%
Initial TAN and ( ) ( )Diesel fuel 0.05 2 1>FAME 1 % 0.05 8 1>FAME 2 % 0.06 460 1>
Initial TAN and Pb, Sn content
FAME 3 % 0.06 40 1>FAME 4 % 0.07 88 1>FAME 5 % 0.07 1800 12
Acid from FAME makes metal corrosion
Apparatus and temperature schedule f f l t k i l ti t tof fuel tank circulation test
T t C t l Ch b
Condenser
T t C t l Ch b
Condenser1 l (24 H )g.
C
Temperature Control Chamber
Fuel
Temperature Control Chamber
Fuel60
1 cycle (24 Hrs)
ham
ber,
deg
FuelPumpFuelPump
RT
erat
ure
of C
h
FuelTank(70L)
FuelTank(70L)
Heater ON Heater OFFTem
pe
Fuel Pump ON Fuel Pump OFF
(8 H ) (16 H )Test Fuel (35L)
(70L)Test Fuel (35L)
(70L) (8 Hrs) (16 Hrs)
Total test duration: 2000 Hrs
2006-01-3303
Test fuels for fuel tank circulation test
F l A ti id Ol i i id A ti id t tFuel Acetic acid Oleinic acid Antioxidant concept
1 27 ppm 525 ppm None addedMeet maximum limit of initial acid & initial TAN in1 27 ppm 525 ppm None added initial acid & initial TAN in the specificationEvaluate the effect of
2 27 ppm 525 ppm 20 ppm antioxidants in the pres-ence of existing acid
3 None added None added 20 ppm
Evaluate the effect of antioxidants with no additional acids added
JIS No.2 diesel fuel containing 5% FAME (P:R:S = 60:36:4)P: Palm oil methyl ester
2006-01-3303
P: Palm oil methyl esterR: Rapeseed oil methyl esterS: Soybean oil methyl ester
Test results of 2000 hour fuelcirculation test
TC92TC92405060
resi
dual
(g
/m2 )
The plating was
Added acids0
2030
10
Plat
ing
rqu
antit
y was corroded because of i ffi i tAdded acids
30405060
g re
sidu
al
ty (g
/m2 )
insufficient oxidation stability.
Added acids & antioxidant0
2010
60Pl
atin
gqu
anti
al
) Pl ti
20304050
ing
resi
dua
ntity
(g/m
2 ) Plating corrosion did not
Lower UpperAntioxidant 0 2004
Hour (h)
010
Plat
quan occur
Test results of 2000 hour fuelcirculation test
EGC3/3EGC3/3
resi
dual
y
(g/m
2 )
3456
The plating was
Added acids
Plat
ing
quan
tity
0123
6
was corroded because of i ffi i tAdded acids
ng re
sidu
altit
y (g
/m2 )
23456 insufficient
oxidation stability.
Added acids & antioxidant
Plat
inqu
ant
ual
2 )
012
56
ting
resi
duan
tity
(g/m
2
2345 Plating
corrosion did not
Lower UpperAntioxidant 0 2004
Hour (h)
Pla
qua
01 occur
Producer, importer, refinerOil quality guarantee law” in Japan (1996~)
HeavyDuty of quality verification(self analysis, request to appointed institute)
Analysis request
ypunishment
Voluntary check before distribution
METI
y q
inspectionAppointed analysis i i
distribution
Analysis request
institute
Service stations( abourt 48,000 places)
P hibiti f lli i f i il
Voluntary check
If SS request analysis every 10 days, it costs ¥100,000/year
Subsidy for quality test¥2.9 billion/ yearFrom special account for oil
Prohibition of selling inferior oilQuality analysis dutyQuality report duty
Heavypunishment
http://www.meti.go.jp/feedback/data/ikisf68j.htmlhttp://www.ylw.mmtr.or.jp/~ooshima/k030516.htm
33
ALLOTMENT OF DUTIES FOR Healthy Vehicle SocietyHealthy Vehicle Society•Maintenance
•Practice of Eco-drive•Choice of Eco transportation
•Academic Research•Evaluation Test
User
•Choice of Eco-transportation
•Improve transport efficiency•Practice of Eco-drive
•Evaluation Test•Proposal for countermeasureand Regulation
H lth V hi l S i tBusiness
User
Academia•Introduce improved Vehicles
Healthy Vehicle Society
Administration
User
Improvement to reduce
OEM
•Regulation measure•Support to improve
Vehicles and Fuel
environmental loadfrom Vehicles and its production process
OEM Vehicles and Fuel•Promote Diffusion•Promote Infrastructure•Maintenance
•ELV TreatmentI t t d i t l
JCAP
Service Material•Improvement to reduce environmentalload from Materials and production process •Collaboration with Car maker
Clean Air forClean Air for E b d !Everybody!
Thank you for your [email protected]
Diversification in Vehicle TechnologyDiversification in Vehicle Technology• Traditional single-track scenario was to realize fuel cell vehiclesg
• However, rising interests in hybrids, clean diesels, and alternative fuels show how vehicle technology has diversified in recent years
Gasoline vehicles Fuel cell vehiclesTarget Penetration of FCVs
2010Approx. 50,000
Approx. 5,000,000
Approx. 15,000,000
2020
2030
EVs, HVs HVs Plug-in HVsCommuter EVs
Clean DieselVehicles More efficient diesel vehicles in emission gas performance
AlternativeFuels
Gasoline vehicles: Gasoline Bio-ethanolDiesel vehicles: Diesel Oil BDF, GTL and others
36
,
Gasoline Diversification