appositive phrases verbals - participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAMMAR
Appositive Phrases
Verbals - Participial, Gerund, and Infinitive Phrases
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Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that replaces a noun that is close to it in a sentence. It is generally set off by commas, but no commas are used if the sentence needs the appositive to make 100% sense (essential).
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Appositive Examples
The author O. Henry wrote “One Thousand Dollars.” O. Henry is an essential appositive and uses no comma.
O. Henry, a former convict, settled in New York. The appositive a former convict is NOT essential to the meaning of the sentence and IS set off by commas.
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Appositive Examples The successful singer Michael Jackson died in
2008. Michael Jackson - Essential
Michael Jackson the successful singer died in 2008.
Michael Jackson, the successful singer, died in 2008. the successful singer is non-essential.
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VERBALSVerbs that act as Nouns and Adjectives
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Participial Phrases
A participle is a verb form acting as an adjective. They usually end in –ing or -ed.
Participial Phrases are always used as adjective phrases that modify nouns or pronouns.
Comma rules are similar to appositives and the participle should be close to the word it modifies.
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Participial Phrase Examples Sitting in his office, the President called
the Vice-President.
Jen, waving good-bye, drove away.
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Gerund Phrase
A Gerund is a verb that ends in –ing and functions as a noun.
A Gerund Phrase consists of the gerund and all of its modifiers.
Remember that Present Participles end in –ing also, but they act as adjectives.
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Gerund Phrase Examples
Driving a car takes concentration. Driving a car – Gerund Phrase Paul finished painting the ceiling. painting the ceiling – Gerund Phrase A dog, wearing one of these collars, is
protected against fleas. wearing one of these collars – Participial
Phrase – acts as an adjective
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Infinitive Phrase
An Infinitive Phrase is a Verbal that begins with the word to and is followed by a verb and all of it’s modifiers. It functions as a Noun, Adjective, or an Adverb.
Do not confuse Infinitive Phrases and Prepositional Phrases. Prepositional Phrases consist of the word to followed by a noun.
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Infinitive Phrase Examples He helped to build the roof. to build the roof – Noun I need a book to read on vacation. to read on vacation – Adjective, book The officer returned to help the
inspector. To help the inspector – Adverb, returned