applying pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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(Daniel Fried)
1973 1994
1998 Stephen Owen
2003
(University of Alberta)
PMLAReview of English StudiesComparative Literature
Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, and Reviews
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GRE
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University of Alberta
Canadian Review of Comparative Literature
2005
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Contents
1. Should you attend graduate school in the humanities?2. How to select a program3. Application list4. TOEFL and GRE5. Writing sample and letters of recommendation6. Preparing the statement of purpose7. Other things to remember8. After youre admitted
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1. Should you attend graduate school in the humanities?
While there are many people who get graduate degrees in the humanities, and
then go on to careers in business, government, or publishing and journalism,
humanities graduate programs are primarily intended to train university professors.
Those who finish degrees in humanities and then go into fields outside of academia
generally do so as a second choice, because they were unable to find academic
positions that satisfied them; moreover, you can get a job in all of those other fields
without having a graduate degree in humanities. Therefore, before you actually apply
to a graduate program in the humanities, you ought to ask yourself: do you really want
to be a professor? Is that really the best thing that you can do with your life? After
all, the salaries are generally quite low; yet one has to work just as hard as any
high-powered business executive. Dont be fooled by the fact that your professors
teach class only a few hours a week and get summers off; besides preparing classes,
grading student work, and administering university business, we also have to publish
large amounts of research, and this takes up all of our weekends, evenings, and
summers. And research in the humanities is basically self-assigned homework. Do
you like spending all day in the library doing homework? Do you like reading until
you fall asleep at your desk? Do you like writing final papers about your reading?
Would you like to write longer papersand then books? If so, then go ahead and
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apply to graduate school; youll make a great professor.
If not, then you should probably find something else to do with your life. Dont
go on to graduate school by inertia. By now you have been going to school a long
timebut its ok, you can stop now. It isnt a horrible tragedy to go get a job; lots of
people do it.
If you do decide to go on to graduate school, you should be prepared for your
workload to increase immediately, not in some distant future after you have already
finished your doctorate. You probably think that you study hard now, but you will
be asked to do much more in a foreign graduate program. Do not base your
expectations on what you are told by friends or older siblings in local graduate
programsthey simply are not as rigorous as foreign universities, and do not expect
the same workload from graduate students. When professors here try to assign as
much work as they can assign abroad, students simply do not finish the workbut
this is not the case abroad. If you go into a foreign graduate program, you will be
assigned hundreds of pages of reading each week for each class; your classmates will
all finish the assignments, and you will have to do so, as well. You should consider
carefully what effect such workloads will have on your life: will you have time to
exercise and sleep well? Will you have time for hobbies? For MSN with your
online friends? For romantic relationships (or even for casual sex, if thats your
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style)?
If this sounds scary to you, but you still want to be a professor, you might be
tempted to apply for a local graduate program, rather than going abroad. However,
this would probably be a mistakebecause once you finish your degree, you will be
competing for academic jobs with those students who did go abroad. And even a
Ph.D. from the top local university is probably only as attractive as a Ph.D. from a
merely average foreign university. Hopefully, this will not be the case forever, but it
is the case now. Of course, even going abroad for graduate school will not guarantee
you a jobevery year, there are many PhDs from the very top universities in the
world who have to leave academia because there are simply no jobs for them.
Therefore, if you continue down this path, you should expect a lifetime of hard
work, and little financial rewardif you can even get a job after years and years of
study. The rewards of this work are different: the opportunity to read, write, and
think all day and be paid to do so; the satisfaction of teaching the complexities and
nuances of culture to engaged, thoughtful adults; the privilege of serving as one of the
de facto guardians of civilizational memory. If this is enough to make you happy,
then go ahead and apply to grad school.
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2. How to select a program
There are thousands of universities in the world, and at least hundreds of good
universities. Once youve decided to go abroad for graduate study, you will have to
find some way of choosing a group of schools to which you wish to apply.
First, do not limit yourself by country unless you have some strong reason to do
so. Many students only consider applying to U.S. schools, and this is understandable,
since U.S. schools are in general both the wealthiest and most prestigious. But this
is only a general rule, and there are some very obvious exceptions. Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, Stanford, Duke, and Chicago are not necessarily better or more prestigious
than Oxford, Cambridge, Sorbonne, Toronto, Leiden, or Tokyo. Even outside those
groups of the worlds top elite, there are still many excellent universities in Britain
and Ireland, continental Europe, Canada, and Australia. Some of your choice of
schools would have to depend on your own interests and abilities: you certainly could
not attend Sorbonne unless you can speak fluent French, and you probably should not
apply to English literature departments in non-English-speaking countries. But that
should still leave you dozens of great non-U.S. programs from which to choose, in
addition to dozens more within the U.S.
More important than choosing a list of big-name universities is choosing a list of
departments that are strong in the field you wish to study. Sometimes lesser schools
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have highly respected departments. So, for example: in most fields, it would be
useless to have a Ph.D. from the University of Tulsa or the University of Nevada at
Renobut a Ph.D. in Womens Studies from Tulsa or in Environmental Literature
from Nevada-Reno would be very respectable. The same is true outside the U.S.:
many people would think it a weird choice if you were to attend the University of
Ljubljana, in Sloveniaunless, of course, you could tell them that you went there to
study Lacan under Slavoj iek. Contrarily, even the most elite schools can have
weak areas: Harvard, for example, has no program in Cultural Studies. So you ought
to research what schools have the best programs in whatever field you wish to study.
Like generations of students before you, you can ask your professors for advice on
which departments would be best; unlike earlier ages, you have the great advantage of
web access. There is no excuse for not Googling.
However, even investigating individual programs is not detailed enough research;
you should also think specifically about which professors you would want to work
with. This is especially true for students interested in common topics, simply
because you will have too many good choices. If you wanted to study Shakespeare,
you could go to any English department on the planet. But even if you are a brilliant
top student, and can take your pick of getting a Ph.D. in English at Harvard or at Yale,
there is a huge difference between studying Shakespeare with Harvards Stephen
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Greenblatt and Yales Harold Bloom. Both are equally famous, but have radically
different approaches to the work. Hence, part of choosing a graduate program
should be reading the articles or books published by professors in the fieldif you
find one scholar whose work you love, then you should consider applying to her or his
department, even if it is only an average university in other respects.
Also worth remembering while investigating specific faculty members is that it
will be important to work with a professor who is not just a good scholar, but also a
good person. Your dissertation advisor will have considerable control over your life,
and could make you miserable if she or he has a mean streak. This information is
harder to come by, because it usually circulates in personal conversation (i.e., gossip)
rather than in publication. However, you can ask your current professors what they
know about whom; you can also try to contact current or former students of the
department in which you are interested.
Of course, you will also be concerned about selecting programs on the basis of
where you think you might be accepted, as well as on where would be ideal. This is
a tough choice: based on your GRE scores and your knowledge of your own work,
you might be able to estimate your chances, but there really are no easy ways to know
where you can get in. Hence, it is a good idea to apply to a range of schoolssome
top schools, some average, and some safeties. It is also a good idea to apply to
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more schools rather than less: at the top schools, a department might have fifty truly
outstanding applications and only ten openingsas a result, many brilliant, genius
students may be denied admission on the basis of the random impressions of
whichever faculty are reading the applications. Really average students will never
get into the top schools, and really bad students will never get in anywhere, but since
the process is at least partially random, you should take as many reasonable shots as
you can. Your chances of getting in somewhere are definitely much better than your
chances at winning the lottery.
Finally, pay attention to how each school structures the relationship between its
M.A. and Ph.D. programs. In the U.S., the M.A. is generally considered rather
unimportant. Most schools offer an M.A., but they conceive of it as simply a
temporary marker on the way to the Ph.D. Some schools have done away with the
M.A. altogether, and simply expect students to go directly from undergraduate studies
to a Ph.D. program. However, even where the M.A. has been kept, it is merely a
formality, and hence, often American schools will not allow students to apply for an
M.A. only, because they consider the M.A. and Ph.D. as a single track, and dont want
to waste time on students who arent planning to get a Ph.D. Even if a U.S. school
does allow you to apply separately for the M.A., it will almost never offer you
financial aid to attendthey want to save their money to give to those students who
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are committed to becoming scholars. However, this downplaying of the M.A. is
most true of U.S. schools; in Canada and Britain, for example, universities often
require that students go through the programs separatelyapply first for the M.A.,
and then apply again later for the Ph.D. In these cases, schools do (sometimes) offer
financial aid for M.A.-only students, because they know that they are the ones
requiring you to get the M.A. first.
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3 Preparing the Application
Here is a list of some of the most commonly items which departments will
request that you include in your application. TOEFL and GRE exams, letters of
recommendation, writing samples, and statements of purpose will all be discussed in
greater detail in following sections.
Application forms Application fees Financial aid forms TOEFL GRE Transcripts
Your transcripts, of course, need to be in English. But you do not just needto translate the course titles, you may also need to translate your scores.
For instance, at Taiwanese universities, any grade over 80 is usually
considered an A; but in the U.S., a grade of 80 would be considered a B-,
and would often be the lowest grade in the class. You should ask your
university or your department to supply explanations of the grading
standard used at your university.
Sometimes, a university might ask you to provide course abstracts, or
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short descriptions of your courses. This is somewhat unusual, but if
requested, you should ask your professor from each relevant course to
provide a paragraph in English about the course.
Departmental summary This is a one-page description, in English, of your current department,
written by the departmental chair. It is not often requested, but you might
want to ask your department chair to provide you with a copy anyway.
This is especially true if your home department has special expertise in the
field you plan to study while abroad; U.S. universities in particular pay little
attention to their foreign counterparts, and may not even know which are
your top local universities, much less which departments are strong in
which fields.
Resume/c.v. If asked to provide this, you should write one that focuses on your academic
achievements and any academic work experience (such as research
assistantships, etc.), rather than non-academic jobs.
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4. TOEFL and GRE
In order to attend graduate school in the U.S., it is almost always required that
you take the TOEFL and GRE; occasionally, schools in other countries may have
other national exams that they prefer you would take instead, but for the most part, the
TOEFL and the GRE are international standards.
Regarding the TOEFL, there is not much to say. You know that it is a basic test
of English proficiency, and that there are lots of test prep books and courses that you
can take. Honestly, if you are going to go into graduate school in the humanities, the
TOEFL should not be a big problem for youif you cant pass it fairly easily, then
you should probably stop thinking about graduate school abroad. Most universities
publicize on their websites what TOEFL scores they expect foreign applicants to
receive, and most dont care what score you get, so long as you pass. A perfect score
on the TOEFL isnt going to matter to your application.
The GRE is more important and also used more subtly in evaluating candidates.
However, while important, it is not the most important part of your application. This
may seem hard for you to believe, since your entrance to college was probably
determined entirely by your test scores. But your writing sample and statement of
purpose will be significantly more important. A perfect score on the GRE would be
nice, and would be noticed more than a perfect score on the TOEFL, but it wont
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guarantee that you are accepted.
Usually, the way that universities use GRE scores is to screen out bad candidates,
rather than to select from good ones. A good university will often receive four times
as many applications as it has open spaces; the very top universities can receive up to
twenty times as many. Professors are busy people, and they do not want to waste
time reading endless application essays from mediocre students. Hence, they start
by throwing out all applications with GRE scores below a certain levelsometimes
this is done directly by the department itself, other times by a central graduate
applications office, which then sends only the high-scoring applications on to the
departments.
What is the level that you have to reach on the GRE? It changes every year, for
every department. Occasionally, a university or department will tell you that directly
on its website, but for the most part, there is no set standard. Instead, a department
will simply collect all its applications, and decide to read only the top 30 (or 40, or 50)
by GRE score. Once the GRE scores have been used to determine which
applications are thrown away, they are forgotten, and the admissions committee will
look at the other materials to make the final decision about who is admitted and who
is not.
The result is that, while good GRE scores cannot get you into graduate school,
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bad scores can keep you outand you have no way to know exactly where the
dividing line is between good and bad. Probably, if you have scored in the 60th
percentile or below, you really need to retake the test and get a better score; probably
if you scored 95th percentile or above, you dont. But between those markers, you
have to make your own guesses based on the schools to which you wish to apply. If
you know anyone who is at the school and can take a survey of their scores, go ahead
and ask. Otherwise, guess.
While the GRE general test is almost always required for admission to graduate
programs, the GRE subject tests are less often required. Departments whose focus is
clearly matched by one single subject test usually will require it; unrepresented or
interdisciplinary departments often do not. However, this varies greatly by
individual departments: some English departments do not require the English
literature subject test because they find it too heavily dominated by the traditional
canon; on the other hand, some comparative literature departments require that you
take the subject test for whichever literature you plan to focus on. Hence, if you
really do not want to take the subject test, you can and should search for departments
that do not require it.
You can and should study for the subject test, just as you can and should study
for the general test. However, the method of study should be different. The only
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way to learn how to do a general GRE is by doing lots and lots of practice exams,
studying your mistake, and perhaps memorizing additional vocabulary words. But
since the subject test matters college-level knowledge, rather than college-level
intellectual ability, you will have to review your undergraduate coursework, and
perhaps learn new material on your own that was never offered in courses. The
subject test in English literature covers the whole scope of English, American, and
Anglophone literatures from the medieval period through the presentbut most
English students in East Asia have huge gaps in their knowledge of literary history,
perhaps having read nothing before the 19th century but one or two plays of
Shakespeare. If you have huge gaps in your knowledge of your subject, then you
need to go learn it: in the case of English, this would probably mean reading through
all of the Norton Anthologies of British and American literature, as well as
memorizing authors, novels, characters, stylistic movements, etc. from an
encyclopedia such as the Bloomsbury Dictionary of English Literature or the Oxford
Companion to English Literature. And, of course, if you can find some practice tests,
go ahead and take them.
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5. Writing Sample and Letters of Recommendation
Your writing sample and letters of recommendation are more important than your
test scores. They are important and you should put thought into them.
First, the writing sample: this should be an example of your best scholarly
writing. It should be narrowly focused, make a fascinating and original argument,
demonstrate a mastery of both primary and secondary sources, and show deep
understanding of relevant theoretical frameworks (though you should not feel
pressured to endorse any one theory). It should be written clearly and, if possible,
with some attention to good English prose style; and it must use perfect grammar,
spelling, and diction. And, by all means, stay within the maximum page limits set
by each department. More is not better. Professors who review applications are
busy, do not enjoy reading applications, and if they see that you have given them a
huge writing sample, they may resent you for it. That does not mean that you should
send as short a sample as possible, just stay within their posted limits.
Normally, your writing sample will consist of either your bachelors thesis (if
your department requires such a thing) or, more likely, the final paper which you
wrote for one of your courses (or, for M.A. students, one chapter from your M.A.
thesis). Do not simply use the paper that you got the best grade on; use a paper that
your professor is willing to give you advice on revising, and help you proofread for
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errors. You should expect to spend at least as much time revising your paper for
applications as you needed to write it for class in the first place. It is also often a
good idea if you can submit a writing sample that is related in some way to the
particular field you will propose studying in your statement of purpose, but that is not
absolutely necessaryit is better to submit a great and unrelated paper than a merely
good paper on the right topic.
Similar principles apply to how you should choose which professors you want to
ask for recommendation letters. Do not simply ask those professors who gave you
the best grades, or even those who like you the most (although dont ask anyone who
gave you awful grades, or who hates you). The best professors to ask are
internationally famous scholars who know your workbecause a recommendation
from someone who is known abroad will carry more weight than one from someone
unknown. If you dont have any famous professors, you might want to at least
consider asking professors who have connections at one or more of the schools to
which you want to apply.
In addition to famous or well-connected professors, you should also prefer
professors who specialize in the subject matter that you propose to study in graduate
school. You might also want to consider asking those professors whose letters in
past years have helped other students in your department get accepted abroad.
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Of course, whatever professor you ask for a recommendation, that professor has
to know who you are. The better a professor knows you, the more detail he or she
will be able to offer about you in the letterand detail is good. Anyone can write,
Amy is a very intelligent student, and she did very well in my class, but the
professor who can write honestly about your strengths and weaknesses, describe your
intellectual interests in detail, and the progress of your mental growth will be much
more helpful. Actually, this is a great problem with most recommendation letters
from East Asia: they are rarely detailed, and rarely candid about a students
weaknesses. As a result, all applications from Chinese-speaking students are at a
disadvantage, because Western departments have learned to ignore all the
wonderful-but-vague recommendation letters they get from Chinese-language
universities. Hence your professors will be doing you a favor if they can write (a
little) about your weaknesses as well as your strengths, and by all means go into
detail.
When you have chosen your professors, you need to be very nice about asking
them. They are doing you a favor. Hence, ask them a long time in advanceat
least a month, maybe more. You should also prepare everything neatly for them:
give each one a packet containing the papers you wrote for them in the past, your
completed c.v., writing sample, and statement of purpose, all the forms they need to
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fill out, along with stamped and addressed envelopes, and a neat timeline of due dates
for each schools letter. If you need to, send a couple of polite email reminders close
to when the due dates are close.
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6. Preparing the Statement of PurposeThe statement of purpose is probably the single most important part of your
application. Because it is your only chance to speak directly to the admissions
committee, it is your best chance to convince committee members that you are a smart
scholar-to-be, with a sensible plan of research and the determination to finish graduate
school in a timely fashion. Moreover, because it is relatively short, the committee
will be likely to read it more carefully than your writing sample. You should plan to
spend several weeks writing and revising the statement in conjunction with a faculty
member whom you trust and who is knowledgeable about foreign graduate programs.
Although the statement of purpose is sometimes referred to as a personal
statement, it should under no circumstances be personal. Rather, your tone
throughout should be professional and scholarly. You do not want to be confessional
or autobiographical. Do not offer inspiring stories of your personal triumph over
adversity. Do not reminisce about your grandmother who taught you to appreciate
poetry. Do not talk about fulfilling your dreams to be a professor, or about your
patriotic dreams to serve your homeland. Do not talk about your own sexual,
political, or religious experiences, even if your proposed plan of research involves sex,
politics, or religion. Keep everything intellectual.
This will be surprising to many undergraduates, since there is a common
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assumption that applications to U.S. graduate schools are intended to be personal.
Partially, this is due to mistaken assumptions about American university life: since
American professors both in the U.S. and abroad are often more relaxed and
egalitarian in the classroom than their foreign peers, some students wrongly assume
that American academic life is always informal in all respects. However, this
assumption has been compounded by misinformation sold in graduate-school guides,
both in English and in Chinese. Many of these books are reprints or translations of
books sold in the U.S., and uniformly urge students to be as personal as possible in
their personal statements. Some books offer dozens of sample essays that got
students into Harvard or other prestigious universities, every one of them personal.
What you may not realize is that such books are written for U.S. high school
students applying to college, not U.S. college students applying to graduate school.
This makes all the difference. Undergraduate applications should be personal,
because of the nature of undergraduate admissions and college life. An
undergraduate admissions office receives thousands upon thousands of applications
from students with high grades and high standardized test scores. Since colleges do
not expect high school graduates to be intellectually mature and certain of a career
path, a high school student can only make himself memorable by giving an interesting
personal narrative. Moreover, undergraduate admissions offices are staffed by
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professional administrators, for whom managing admissions is a full-time job. The
university expects them not only to find a group of intelligent students, but to craft a
viable undergraduate community. Since the university knows that undergraduates
will be living in campus dorms, they want to make college life as a whole an
educational experience, and that means admitting a diverse group of freshmen each
year. The admissions office does not just want the smartest students, it wants a
balance of smart students from different ethnic, national, educational, religious,
political, and philosophical backgrounds. Hence the high school students personal
statement should really be personal, to give the committee a sense of how he would fit
in with life at that college.
In contrast, graduate admissions are handled in a much different way, and for a
much different purpose. Although a university may direct all graduate applications
through a graduate admissions office, all admissions decisions are made by the
individual departments. Each department will receive a few dozen to a few hundred
applications (depending on the size and status of the program) and the applications are
reviewed by a small group of the departments professors. For them, this is an
unpleasant extra chore: faculty consider their main job to be teaching and research,
and will want to handle application reviews as quickly as possible. When they do
review the applications, these professors are not at all interested in the applicants
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personal lives. Graduate students may live on or off campus, but no school puts all
of a departments graduate students together, and hence no department has to worry
about whether its graduate students will form a viable community. Graduate school,
unlike college, is not meant as an opportunity for holistic personal growth, but as an
intellectual and professional training.
Therefore, what the faculty committee does care about is whether an applicant
has sufficient intelligence and education to adapt to high-level instruction and
research. In addition, they are looking to see that an applicant has a cogent and
well-defined intellectual stance, and a clear idea of what sort of research he wishes to
pursue. This is not to say that you are expected to know, by the time of application,
what the specific topic of your dissertation is going to be. However, you are
expected to be able to identify a direction for your research, to explain your interest in
a given subject, and to demonstrate that you have a basic knowledge of the field
sufficient to begin serious inquiry. Finally, the admissions committee will want to
know that you have a research plan which matches their departments resources. If
you know, for example, that you want to research Asian American literature (or
medieval poetry, or queer theory, or whatever), you need to make sure that you apply
to departments where there is at least one scholar who specializes in Asian American
literature (or medieval poetry, or queer theory, or whatever). Otherwise, the
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admissions committee may be very impressed with your intelligence and preparedness,
but will conclude that you arent right for their department and had better go
somewhere else.
Therefore, your statement of purpose should contain the following elements:
1. A clear statement of research interests, including relevant periodsor authors, and theoretical assumptions or planned methodology
2. An explanation of why the research is relevant and important3. A description of how your undergraduate training has prepared
you to begin advanced study and research in your proposed field
4. An explanation of why you wish to pursue this particular programof research at that particular university to which you are applying
More detail about each of these is given below.
1. A clear statement of research interests, including relevant periods or authors, and
theoretical assumptions or planned methodology
Many applicants to graduate school are applying simply because they enjoy their
field of study, and dont particularly want to get a job, and dont know what else to do
with their lives. This is exactly the kind of applicant whom admissions committees
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dontwant. It just isnt enough to enjoy reading literature, or history, or any other
subject, and no matter how well or how passionately you describe your love for
literature in general, admissions committees will not be impressed. They are not
looking for passion, but for ideas. They want to admit students who have clear ideas
of what kinds of problems or issues they want to research, know why they are
interested in them, and have enough basic training to begin to approach their chosen
subject intelligently.
Therefore, you should think of the statement of purpose as a very vague first draft
of a dissertation proposal. Obviously, you cannot know before you begin graduate
school exactly what the topic of your dissertation will be, and admissions committees
will not expect you to make exact or binding proposals. But they will expect you,
from the first, to have some idea about what are the kind of topics that you might want
to research. In most humanities fields, one normally begins by choosing a historical
period in which one is most interested. However, merely selecting a period is not
enough. One also has to choose a specific issue, or a set of related problems which
are important in that period, and have some kind of idea about what methodologies
one will want to use in analyzing these problems. This is not a real research
proposal, since a real research proposal would also have to include a clear statement
of what the argument of the thesis would be. For the statement of purpose, you dont
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have to know what you will want to argue, only what you will want to study.
Therefore, it is not enough to propose: I want to study English literature. Nor
is it enough to propose: I want to study British Romantic Literature. Nor is it even
enough to propose: I want to study issues of gender in British Romantic poetry,
though that is getting closer. You have to make your proposal even more specific,
and propose something like: I want to study the interaction between constructions of
masculinity and epic form in Blake, Byron, and Keats. This kind of statement isnt
a dissertation proposal; dissertation proposals have to be much more specific and
detailed even than this. However, it is a very good proposal for a course of study in
graduate school, and the first paragraph of your statement of purpose should be
dedicated to making and explaining this sort of proposal.
But what if you really dont know what exactly you want to study? Think about
which subjects you enjoyed most as an undergraduate, and make your best guess as to
what you would like to study. Then write a proposal that sounds like you are
reasonably certain of your topic. Dont worry; all that matters here is getting into the
program. Once you are in, you can change your field of research; no one will stop
you from changing. Most likely, no one will even remember what exactly it was that
you proposed to study in your statement of purpose. Of course, departments make
admission decisions in part based on what kinds of research programs they are
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well-suited to support. If, once you are in the program, you decide that you
absolutely must study some field in which your department is weak, you might be
stuck. But if you are willing to take responsibility for the consequences of your own
choices, it is a gamble you may wish to take.
2. An explanation of why the research is relevant and important
When professional scholars make proposals for research funding, they usually
spend a great deal of time and space explaining why their research is important and
must be supported. For a prospective graduate student, you do not need, and will not
be able, to convince a faculty admissions committee that one particular question is of
utmost importance to the field.
Nonetheless, it is often a good idea to offer some sort of explanation as to why
you think your proposed field of research is important. The object is not to convince
professors that it is, but rather to demonstrate to them that you are capable of thinking
in such terms, that you are aware of the major trends and debates in the field, and
have some idea of how your own narrowly-focused research might be related to those
large-scale trends.
In addition, this gives you a good opportunity to display your understanding of
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the important theoretical issues currently in favor in your field. You will not be
justifying the importance of a field of research in personal terms (I need to research
this because it will help me to be a better person), nor in terms of your hopes for a
career (I need to research this because my professor says all the new jobs are in this
part of the field), but rather in scholarly terms that demonstrate the quality of your
undergraduate education (I need to research this because it perfectly gets to the heart
of the debate between nativist and poststructuralist responses to colonial aggression).
3. A description of how your undergraduate training has prepared you to begin
advanced study and research in your proposed field.
For the most part, a statement of purpose ought to be about the future, not the
past. Your other documents are about the past: your transcripts tell how hard you
worked, your standardized test scores tell what language proficiency you have
achieved, your writing sample is evidence of your acquired analytical abilities, and so
on. The main point of the statement of purpose is to give an admissions committee
some idea about what your plans for the future are, after you are admitted to their
program.
That said, it makes sense if your future plans are built upon a solid educational
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foundation. If you propose to research the connection between masculinity and epic
form in Blake, Byron, and Keats, then you ought to be able to explain what
experience you have had reading Romantic poetry, and how you became interested in
this topic. If you have never taken any courses on the subject, admissions
committees will either not believe that you are really interested in it, or they will think
that you simply dont have the foundational knowledge of the field necessary to begin
a graduate program dedicated to the research project you have proposed.
Therefore, after you have given a detailed and convincing explanation of your
plans for a research program in graduate school, you should go on to explain how you
came to be interested in that topic from your readings and coursework while an
undergraduate. This does not have to be long; one paragraph will do. Simply
describe what courses you took in the field, and what you read both inside and outside
of classes, and how some particular aspect of that material caught your attention. If
your research plan continues to develop some theme that you first wrote on for a final
paper, then describe that final paper. Explain what your thesis was, how you argued
it, and what you learned from the process of research. Finally, turn back to your
current project and end with a sentence explaining how your current and future
research interests are a continuation of (or perhaps a revision of) your previous work.
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4. An explanation of why you wish to pursue this particular program of research at
that particular university to which you are applying
Even if you have proposed a wonderful, complex, and important program of
research, and you thoroughly convince an admissions committee that you are a
brilliant student who ought to be in a doctoral program, you still might not be
accepted. Not only do you have to convince an admissions committee that you
belong in graduate school, you also have to convince them that you belong at their
university, in their department. So, for instance, if you propose to do research on
contemporary Asian-American literature, but the department to which you are
applying has no one who specializes in Asian-American literature, then you will
probably be rejected from that schoolnot because you arent smart enough, but
because there will be no one there to help you do your research. Or if you make it
clear that you are very conservative in your approach to literature, you might be
rejected from a liberal program (or vice-versa). Or if you propose a very
interdisciplinary research program to a department which is not set up to be
interdisciplinary, you might be rejected. Or if you propose a research program that
will need access to special collections, and the university library does not have the
right archives, you may be rejected.
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If this sounds harsh, remember that the same factors will also help you to be
accepted if you propose something appropriate to a given department. If you want to
work on Asian-American literature, and you apply to a department with three top
scholars working on Asian-American literature, you will be more likely to be accepted,
especially if your research proposal addresses similar issues to one or more of those
scholars. If you are proposing a radical research program in queer theory to a
department known for its radical sexual politics, you will be more likely to be
accepted. If you are proposing to research a certain modern author at a university
which possesses all of that authors manuscripts, then you will be more likely to be
accepted. In short, you have to know the resources of the departments to which you
are applying, and prove that you would be a good match for them.
Ideally, you ought to come up with a research program first, and then choose
which schools you want to apply to. Think about what you would need to pursue
your proposed researchare there special collections that you would need to have
access to? Is it an interdisciplinary project that would need the support of an
interdiscipinary program? Is it a highly ideological project which needs to be done
in an ideologically supportive enclave?
Most importantly, you have to decide who are the best scholars in the field to
support your research. To some degree, this is a matter of prestige, and your
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undergraduate professors can help you to identify who are the most renowned
scholars working in any given field, and what their research is focused on. However,
prestige is not the only factor: there should be a good mesh of your interests with the
professors. If you know that you want to pursue a research program in postcolonial
theory, and you apply to Harvards English department because you want to work
with the highly prestigious Homi Bhabha, you might or might not be accepted. But
you will probably not be accepted if you say that you want to study postcolonialism
by disproving Bhabhas theories of hybridity, which you find ridiculous.
Therefore, you should also do some research of your own. Hopefully, your
undergraduate professors have already made you find scholarly articles on the topics
which you have researched for your course papers. Think about what were the
scholarly books and articles that influenced you the most, or that you found the most
interesting or useful or intelligent. Then look up which departments those professors
are in, and apply to them, and in your application make it clear that you know
such-and-such a professor through her work, and are anxious for the chance to work
with her.
Of course, this means that you will need to edit your statement of purpose for
each school to which you are applying. Dont say that you are dying to work with a
Harvard professor in your application to Yale. This is especially true if you have
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chosen your schools on the basis of reputation rather than on the basis of what makes
sense for your proposed research program. If all that you want is to go to a famous
school, and you dont care what you research, then you may have to edit your
statement of purpose quite heavily, and not just in the paragraphs about what
professors you want to work with. You might have to actually propose quite
different (but equally specific) programs of research for different schools. Or, if you
are proposing a constant topic of research, you might at least emphasize different
aspects of it for different programs. So, if you are proposing a research project on
nushu (), you would emphasize the sinological aspects of the project in an
application to a Chinese department, the gender aspects to a program in womens
studies, and the oral-formulaic aspects to a program in folklore.
Even after all of this description, it still may be hard to imagine exactly what a
statement of purpose should sound like in practice. Therefore, let us consider
hypothetical examples of how a statement of purpose ought and ought not not to be
written.
Imagine a student, Christine Chang, who is a senior in the English department of
National XYZ University. Christine has always liked literature, and has always also
been good at English. She has been in good public schools in Taiwan from
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elementary school through high school, and she has attended buxiban and worked
hard. Her parents do not have very good English, or many opportunities to go
abroad, but Christine has been able to spend two summers abroad, one in Canada
during high school, and one in the United States during university. As a result, she
feels comfortable going abroad, and wants to perfect her language and literary skills
by going to the U.S. for graduate school.
Christine is one of the better students in her class. Some of her classmates have
lived abroad and have perfect English; Christine is not quite as fluent as them, but she
knows that she is intelligent, and has always gotten good grades in her college
coursework. She has taken a number of different kinds of courses in university, but
she has liked her classes in English literature most of all. She took one class in
Shakespeare, one class in Romantic poetry, two classes in Victorian novels, one class
in modern novels, and two classes in film. Of these her favorite were the three
classes on novels, which she took with a famous professor who is an expert in
feminist theory and made the courses very interesting explorations of gender in fiction.
Christine thinks that she might like to read more novels from these periods in graduate
school, and perhaps do more with feminist theory, but she isnt sure. Actually, she
would be willing to study anything, so long as she got the chance to go abroad.
Here, then, is an example of the kind of statement of purpose that Christine
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should notwrite:
I am a free and independent girl, always willing to tackle new challenges and full
of an unconquerable spirit. Though I have grown up in a small country, I am filled
with eagerness to see the world and to experience the different sights and sounds that
various cultures have to offer. Since I have began my life as a student in the English
department of National XYZ University over three years ago, I have grown in my
experience of foreign literature, and I have also perfected my ability in English.
However, in order to take the next step, and to continue growing as a person, it is
necessary that I move to an environment where I can interact directly with people of a
different culture, and to try new kinds of food and make new kinds of friends. This
is the reason why I want to pursue graduate study in the United States, and why in
particular I want to attend State University, because I know that your university values
diversity.
If you ask anyone I know, he or she will tell you that I am a very diligent student,
yet one who is very sensitive to the beauty of literature. I have been a devoted fan of
literature ever since I competed in a national poetry contest for kindergarten pupils,
and won first place. Since then, I have loved to read every day, and sometimes I
think that literature is the soul which gives meaning to my life. I continued to be an
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excellent student in high school, and spent many hours every day perfecting my
English reading ability. Although it was a struggle, I finally conquered all obstacles
and managed to get an excellent score on the national college entrance examinations,
allowing me to enter the English department of my beloved alma mater, National
XYZ University.
When I was a freshman, I continued to struggle to get used to university life, but
I never lost sight of my goal. I successfully completed the university required
courses in Mathematics, Science, and Chinese, and the departmental courses in
Freshman Writing and Freshman Oral Conversation. Since I got straight As, I was
filled with confidence in my English ability, and motivated to work even harder.
Eventually, I was able to take several courses in the love of my life, English
literature. I took a class in Shakespeare, and though it was especially difficult to
understand his antiquated English, I was very happy to at last have the chance to read
this very famous poets works for myself. The next semester, I took a course in
Victorian fiction with Professor Wang, and was enchanted with the many memorable
characters of Charles Dickens in Great Expectations andHard Times, and the skillful
irony of William Makepeace Thackeray in his novel, Vanity Fair. After successfully
completing these courses, I took other classes in film, modern fiction, and Romantic
poetry. Then, during this first semester of my senior year, I had the chance to take
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another of Professor Wangs classes, this time concerned with the fiction of George
Eliot. This is a graduate-level class, and I think that it shows my determination to
absorb literature at an advanced level.
Therefore, to conclude, I am a great lover of literature who has overcome many
obstacles and who is determined to succeed. I have graduated from a top university,
and am ready to meet the world. This is why I need to come to the United States to
attend State University, since I see from your website that you welcome a
community of scholars from many countries and cultures. This is exactly the kind
of community I have always dreamed of joining, and hence I am determined to be an
outstanding student who can make many important contributions to your English
department.
The English of the above essay is perfectthere are no grammatical mistakes,
spelling mistakes, or awkward expressions. But it is an awful statement of purpose.
It is vague, trite, boring, overly personal, focused on the past rather than the future,
and talks about graduate study as if it were a vacation to an exotic foreign country,
rather than as a serious program of research. The statement of purpose tries to be
inspirational, but it just ends up being silly and embarassing.
Instead, here is the kind of essay that Christine should write:
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I am a prospective scholar who wishes to research issues of gender in Victorian
fiction. In particular, I want to go beyond simply asking how writers construct
discourses of femininity and masculinity, and to inquire how the construction of such
discourses is related to the gendered conditions of production and consumption of
period fiction. Since the well-known study of So-and-so was published twenty years
ago, it has been widely acknowledged that the novel market in mid-19th-century
England was still primarily organized around the well-to-do young woman, and that
plot, theme, and characterization were adjusted to meet the tastes of the market.
Although the gender-bias was not as strongly marked as in the consumption of
eighteenth-century fiction, and certainly moralistic and didactic elements were less
overtly manifested, it is clear that the propriety of the young gentlewomans boudoir
was still a main criterion of selection for book publishers, as well as for the literary
periodicals.
I am fascinated by this process, and think that it must have a direct bearing on
the ways in which period norms of masculinity and femininity were constructed
through fiction. Such constructions have been examined intensively, of course, since
the rise of gender theory in literary criticism; however, it seems to me that such
analyses are often not strongly grounded in social history, and treat the individual
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novelist as an autonomous and unconstrained intellectual agent. In contrast, I start
from the assumption that authors choices about gender constructions are determined
by their relative position as men (or occasionally women) seeking to market lifelike
and moral depictions of gender relations to a largely-female audience. The
possibility of performing such an analysis exists with almost any of the major
novelists: currently my interest and experience is largely in Thackeray, Dickens,
Hardy, and, of course, George Eliot. However, I am also hoping to gain some
comparative insight into some of the less well-known authors of the period, especially
ladies authors and lower-class and religious mass-market fiction.
My interest in this field grows directly out of my work as an undergraduate at
National XYZ University. While here, I have taken several courses in related areas;
but I have especially benefitted from two courses in Victorian literature offered by
Professor Janice Wang. For my final paper for the first of these classes, I undertook
a research project on Great Expectations, in which I argued that, through the story of
Miss Havishams molding of Estella, Dickens comes close to acknowledging the
constructed nature of gender identity, and only falls short when unable to
acknowledge the possibility of self-construction of gender identity. This was a
breakthrough paper for me, in that it was the first time in which I not only fully
grasped the fundamentals of contemporary gender theory, but also found myself able
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to apply it to the analysis of literary narratives.
Although I am applying to several graduate programs, the English department at
State University is one of my top two programs, because I would love to work with
Professor Fictional Name. I first became aware of Professor Names work while
preparing the research paper described above: her seminal essay Dickens and
Gender was one of my primary theoretical references in that paper, and I have gone
on to read her monograph on George Eliot with great pleasure. Naturally, it would
be an honor to study under a scholar who has already helped shape my thinking about
these topics, and I therefore sincerely hope that you will give me the opportunity to
join your program next fall.
This is much better: it includes all of the four main elements above, it is focused
on the future rather than the past, it is intellectual and professional rather than
personal. It does not waste time on meaningless phrases, and does not try to be
inspirational. Instead, it demonstrates an aptitude for literary study by discussing a
specific topic in literature. Perhaps Christine Chang isnt perfectly certain that the
research proposal outlined above is exactly what she wants to pursue. Frankly, it
doesnt matter. If she is admitted, people will remember that she is Professor
Fictional Names student, but they wont remember exactly what she proposed.
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And once shes in, shes in. Christine can change her focus of research if she wants.
She could switch from gender in Victorian fiction to deconstruction in contemporary
Anglophone African poetry, if she really wanted to. The important thing for the
application is that you demonstrate that you know what kind of research can be
proposed, and that you are able to demonstrate that you have enough background
knowledge to be able to begin a course of graduate study.
Finally, I ought to note: do not copy the above essay or any part of it. Do not
copy any sentence or any part of a sentence. I know it will seem tempting, since I
am offering this essay in English as an example of a perfect Statement of Purpose.
But dont do it: that would be plagiarism, the worst academic sin. Moreover, it
would be stupid, because you will get caught. Remember that you are not the only
one reading this: your classmates are reading it too, and some of them may decide to
ignore my advice here, and to be lazy students who will copy phrases rather than
compose their own essays. But admissions committees are not stupid, and when
they notice a pile of statements of purpose from Taiwan that all begin, I am a
prospective scholar who wishes to research they will know that these applicants
are dishonest, and they will throw away the materials. Use the above essay as a
model, but for your own sake, do not copy so much as a single word of it. You will
get caught if you do.
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7. Other Things to Remember
Many students wonder if it is acceptable to take a few years off before applying
to graduate school. In general, this is fine. It is especially a good idea if you arent
sure that you want to go to graduate schoolmuch better to try working first for a
few years; if you hate it, you can always go onto graduate school later. However,
there are a few things you should remember. First, it is easier for you to take time
off between your undergraduate degree and your masters than between your masters
and PhD; if you do the latter, some schools might wonder why you decided to stop in
what they consider the middle of a unified course of graduate study. Secondly, you
should think about demographics. Right now, in 2007, there is a wave of high
enrollment in U.S. colleges; this means that for the next few years, there will be more
and more competition each year for entrance to graduate programs. You might want
to think about applying sooner rather than later, to maximize your chances. Finally,
you should realize that when you are done with your PhD, it will be easier for you to
find a job the younger you are. Age isnt very important, certainly not as important
as which school you attend or the quality of your dissertation. However, it is one
consideration, because universities want to hire scholars who have a longer time to
build up reputations in their fields.
Once you have decided that you want to go to graduate school, it is better to
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begin preparing as soon as possible. If you want to go to graduate school directly
after you finish college, then you cant start any later than the summer before your
senior year. Besides taking the GRE (studying for which might take you all summer,
or longer), you will also need time to research which programs and which professors
you would want to work with, as well as writing your statement of purpose and
revising your writing sample. All of this takes more time than you think it will, and
you need to remember that applications are often due about the same time that your
fall semester ends.
You might want to try to improve your chances of being accepted by publishing
something. Probably, publishing a scholarly article in a peer-reviewed journal will
not be possible for you just yet. But it may be possible even for undergraduates to
present a research paper at a scholarly conferenceit has been done before. And
there may be other kinds of professional publication which might look nice on your
c.v.publishing a short story in the student literary magazine wont be very
impressive, but getting one into a professional literary magazine would. Publishing
translations might be a testament to your language ability.
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8. After You Are Admitted
Hopefully, you will be admitted by more than one university; if so, you will have
the pleasant problem of choosing which offer to accept. The most important rule is
this: do not go into any graduate program that would require you to borrow money in
order to live. Graduate school is fantastically expensive, and you have no guarantee
of getting a job when you are doneit is just not worth going into debt for this.
Some schools are richer than others, of course, and can offer better conditions. Rich
private schools might be able to give you full tuition scholarships plus US$20,000 per
year, without doing any undergraduate teaching until you are past your general exams;
poorer state schools may only offer you the opportunity to earn your way by teaching
classes immediately. But all schools should have some way to keep you from
borrowing money, and you should insist on this.
There is another good reason to only go to schools that offer you financial aid
awards: if the school gives you money, it is investing in your development, and hence
will have an interest in your success. Often, departments will admit students without
offering them financial aid, thinking at least that the students wont do anybody any
harm. But this shouldnt be enough for you: you want to be someplace where the
faculty is excited to have you there, and believes strongly enough in you to bet their
money on you.
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Oh, and then, of course, having financial aid will usually make your application
for a visa much simpler. Since 9/11, no foreign visa has been very easy to get,
especially U.S. visas, and even if you have a full scholarship to Harvard you may get
rejected for no good reason. But financial aid helps, because embassy personnel are
more likely to believe that you really are a good student, and that you wont need to
try to work illegally in order to have money on which to live.
Once you have decided on a school, and accepted their offer (send your
acceptance letter by registered express mail!), then get ready to go. Apply for your
visa immediately, because it is a slow process even when it works, and buy your
airplane tickets early as well. Your school should also have an international student
office to help you adjust, know what to bring, how to sign up for dorms and classes,
etc.; look for their website or ask the secretary of your new department for help.
When you get to your new department, study hard. Get professors to like you
(they will have to write you recommendation letters when you look for a job). Start
submitting papers to scholarly conferences (at least one per year); then start sending
your good seminar papers to journals, and try to publish. Get to your dissertation
quickly, and once youve gotten to it, try to finish it quickly, because it will be easier
for you to find a job if you do. Along the way, apply for every fellowship, every
graduate student research program, every essay prize that you candont assume you
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arent good enough. Dissertation-writing fellowships are especially important, both
because they are prestigious and because they will help you finish quickly. The
more prizes, the more honors, the more grants you can rack up, the better your resume
will look, and the more chance you will have of getting additional money and honor
(and job offers!) the next time.
Oh, and enjoy your reading!
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400
$250
$250
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Jonathan Spence
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