applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture- significance and potentials

5/13/2018 Applying Mycorrhiza Biotechnology to Horticulture- Significance and Pote...

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dbk} #Cnpdnk >03<5 Anqbn b} ni+ >00<) }c`| ab`kf mb}bqd`kbm ap }cb fbkb}`l

lcnqnl}bq`|}`l| jh }cb wink}+

Jk }cb j}cbq cnkm }cbqb `| n inle jh –|wbl`h`l`}p‐ |}q`l}ip |wbne`kf `k ND

n||jl`n}`jk|+ Nkp NDH lnk ljijk`zb nkp |r`}naib wink} |wbl`b| n |`kfib qjj} |p|}bd lnk

|rwwjq} m`hhbqbk} NDH |wbl`b| nkm qjj}| jh xnq`jr| wink} |wbl`b| lnk ab i`kebm ap }cb

dplbi`rd jh n |`kfib NDH #Dn||b b} ni+ >03>5 Cnqibp nkm \d`}c >03<5 F`nk`knzz`$Wbnq|jk >03=)+ Kbxbq}cbib|| m`hhbqbk} wink} |wbl`b| nkm bxbk lri}`xnq| v`}c`k }cb |ndb

|wbl`b| #Nzljk nkm Jlndwj >03>> xnqp fqbn}ip `k }cb`q ibxbi jh –|r|lbw}àì`}p‐ }j



L+ N(k$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk} n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) @$1= 2

NDW+ ]c`| `km`ln}b| }cn} }cb wink} fbkj}pwb ljk}qji| }cb ndjrk} jh qjj} }`||rb vc`lc

vjrim ablndb dpljqqc`zni #F`nk`knzz`$Wbnq|jk >03= \d`}c >002)+ \`klb }cb hrkf`

ni|j m`hhbq `k }cb bs}bk} }j vc`lc }cbp ljijk`zb }cb qjj} |p|}bd jh n f`xbk cj|} wink} `}

hjiijv| }cn} n lbq}n`k }pwb jh –|wbl`h`l`}p‐ lnk ab qbljfk`zbm `k }cb |pda`j|`| `k vc`lc}cbp wnq}`l`wn}b+ @} `| cbqb }cn} }cb ljklbw} jh –ljdwn}àì`}p‐ nq`|b| vc`lc dr|} ab

n||jl`n}bm }j }cn} jh –|pda`j}`l bhhbl}`xbkb||‐ }j b|}nai`|c }cn} jh –hrkl}`jkni ljdwn}àì$

`}p‐ #F`nk`knzz`$Wbnq|jk >03=)+ ]cb in}}bq qbhbq| }j }cb wcbkj}`w`l bswqb||`jk jh }cb ND

|}n}r| n| n qb|ri} jh }cb bkx`qjkdbk}ni `khirbklb| jk }cb bswqb||`jk jh }cb fbkj}pw`l

b~r`wdbk} jh aj}c }cb wink} nkm }cb hrkfr| `kxjixbm #\d`}c nkm F`nk`knzz`$Wbnq|jk

>033)+ Nlljqm`kf }j F`nk`knzz $Wbnq|jk #>03=) nkm Nzljk$Nfrìnq nkm Anfj #>00=)

}cbqb `| bx`mbklb jh hrkfr|$wink} –qbljfk`}`jk‐ wqjlb||b| n} |bxbqni |}nfb|+ \rlc

bx`mbklb `klirmb|? #`) n lbii }j lbii ljk}nl} vc`lc f`xb| vnp }j nwwqb||jq`rd hjqdn}`jk5

#``) lbq}n`k djqwcjijf`lni nkm |}qrl}rqni lcnkfb| v`}c`k }cb hrkfr| ljijk`z`kf qjj}

}`||rb| dn`kip ljklbqk`kf hrkfni lbii vnii jqfnk`zn}`jk5 #```) `k}bfqn}`jk jh }cb wcp|`ji$

jfp jh aj}c |pda`jk}| nkm #`x) qbm`|}qàr}`jk jh bkzpdn}`l nl}`x`}`b| b|wbl`niip }cj|b

`kxjixbm `k kr}q`bk} bslcnkfb ab}vbbk |pda`jk}|+

1+1+ Hjqdn}`jk jh ND |pda`j|`|

ND ljijk`zn}`jk abf`k| v`}c cpwcnb }cn} nq`|b hqjd |jì$ajqkb wqjwnfrib| #inqfb

qb|}`kf |wjqb| jh }cb NDW jq dpljqqc`zni qjj} hqnfdbk}|) jq hqjd nk ND wink} fqjv`kf

kbnqap+

Rwjk }cb nqq`xni jh }cb hrkfni cpwcnb n} }cb qjj} |rqhnlb nk nwwqb||jq`rd `| r|rniiphjqdbm jk }cb bw`mbqdni lbii|+ ]cb ljijk`z`kf cpwcnb jq`f`kn}`kf hqjd nwwqb||jq`n wn||

}cqjrfc }cb `k}bqlbiirinq |wnlb| nkm }cbk bk}bq qjj} }`||rb| |wqbnm`kf ab}vbbk nkm

}cqjrfc lbii| jh }cb ljq}`lni qjj} inpbq|+ Jklb }cb cpwcnb qbnlc }cb `kkbq ljq}bs }cbp

vìi fqjv `k}j }cb lbii| nkm ap dbnk| jh qbwbn}bm m`lcj}jdjr| aqnklc`kf hjqd

}qbb$ièb |}qrl}rqb| lniibm –nqar|lrib|‐+ ]cb i`hb$|wnk jh `km`x`mrni nqar|lrib| `| najr}

=$ >= mnp|+ N| `k}bqkni ljijk`zn}`jk |wqbnm| }cb bs}qn$qnm`lni cpwcnb qnd`hp nkm fqjv

nijkf }cb qjj} |rqhnlb hjqd`kf djqb wbkb}qn}`jk wj`k}|+ ]cbp ni|j fqjv jr}vnqm| `k}j

}cb |rqqjrkm`kf |jì }cr| mbxbijw`kf nk bs}bk|`xb }q`$m`dbk|`jkni kb}vjqe jh dplbi`rd

vc`lc `k}bqhnlb| v`}c |jì wnq}`lib|+ ]cb hrkfr| `k |jdb fbkbqn dnp hjqd –xb|`lib|‐)

jxni$}j$|wcbq`lni |}qrl}rqb| v`}c n |}jqnfb #dn`kip i`w`m|) hrkl}`jk+ Dj|} NDW hjqdinqfb qb|}`kf |wjqb| jk }cb bs}bqkni dplbi`rd+

]cb hrkfr| `k }cb `k}qnlbiirinq ljijk`zn} jk| n| `k }cb ln|b jh nqar|lrib| `| nivnp|

|rqqjrkmbm ap }cb `k}nl} cj|}$lbii win|dnibddn+ Nqar|lrib hjqdn}`jk }cbqbhjqb qbwqb$

|bk}| n inqfb |rqhnlb jh lbiirinq ljk}nl} ab}vbbk aj}c |pda`jk}|+ ]c`| hnlì`}n}b| }cb

bslcnkfb jh db}naji`}b| ab}vbbk cj|} nkm hrkfr|+ @k hnl} }cb nqar|lrib `| wqjanaip }cb

dn`k }qnk|hbq |`}b jh d`kbqni kr}q`bk}| hqjd }cb hrkfr| }j }cb wink} nkm L ljdwjrkm| }j

}cb hrkfr| #\d`}c nkm F`nk`knzz $Wbnq|jk >0335 \d`}c nkm \d`}c >0075 Ajkhnk}b nkm

A`nkl`j}}j >002)+ Mn}n qbljqmbm ap \d`}c nkm F`nk`knzz $Wbnq|jk #>033) `km`ln}b }cn}

}cb ibkf}c jh }cb bs}bqkni cpwcnb fqjv`kf `k |jì n||jl`n}bm v`}c dpljqqc zni qjj}|

qbnlcb| nk nxbqnfb jh id ld$‐ qjj} ar} xnirb| jh rw }j ij$>= d ld$‐ qjj} cnxb ni|j

abbk qbljqmbm+ ]c`| dplbi`ni kb}vjqe lnk bs}bkm |bxbqni lbk}`db}qb| jr}vnqm| hqjd }cb

qjj} |rqhnlb aq`mf`kf jxbq }cb zjkb jh kr}q`bk} mbwib}`jk nqjrkm qjj}| }j na|jqa



8 L+ N(k$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk``n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) i$1=

ijv$djaìb `jk| #d`kbqni wink} kr}q`bk}|) hqjd }cb arie |jì+ ]cb bs}qn$qnm`lni cpwcnb

ni|j `k}bqnl} v`}c ljdwjkbk}| jh }cb qc`zj|wcbqb d`lqja`j}n nkm }jfb}cbq }cbp ljk$

}qàr}b }j }cb hjqdn}`jk jh vn}bq$|}naib nffqbfn}b| vc`lc nqb lq`}`lni hjq n fjjm |jì

|}qrl}rqb+ @k |rddnqp NDH nl} n| n dnojq `k}bqhnlb ab}vbbk wink}| nkm }cb a`j}`l nkmna`j}`l ljdwjkbk}| jh }cb ljdwibs |jì blj|p|}bd #Ab}cibkhnixnp nkm I`kmbqdnk

>001)+

\bxbqni hbn}rqb| jh }cb cj|} wink} mbwbkm`kf dn`kip #ar} kj} bslir|`xbip) jk }cb

djqwcjijf`lni nkm wcp|`jijf`lni lcnqnl}bq`|}`l| jh }cb qjj} |p|}bd ljkm`}`jk `}| naì`}p

}j nl~r`qb kr}q`bk}| nkm ljk|b~rbk}ip }cb abkbh`} }cb cj|} ja}n`k| hqjd `}| dpljqqc`zni

|}n}r|+ Lbq}n`k hnl}jq| vc`lc nhhbl} dpljqqc`zn hjqdn}`jk lnk ni|j `km`qbl}ip nhhbl} }cb

hrkl}`jk`kf jh }cb |pda`j|`|+

@k fbkbqni }cj|b wink}| vc`lc nqb naib }j na|jqa qbin}`xbip `ddjaìb |jì qb|jrqlb|

ièb wcj|wcjqr| nqb ib|| mbwbkmbk} jk dpljqqc`zn hjqdn}`jk #Aqrkmqb}} >00>)+ @} `|

ekjvk }cn} }cb naì`}p jh }cb qjj} |p|}bd }j na|jqa ijv djaì`}p kr}q`bk}| hqjd }cb |jì

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qjj} |p|}bd nqlc`}bl}rqb #aqnklc`kf wn}}bqk ibkf}c nkm m`ndb}bq jh }cb qjj}| ibkf}c nkm

krdabq jh qjj} cn`q| b}l+)+ ]cr| wink}| v`}c ijv aqnklc`kf hqb~rbklp ijv krdabq jh

in}bqni qjj}| nkm hbv #nkm*jq |cjq}) qjj} cn`q| nwwbnq }j ab djqb mbwbkmbk} jk

dpljqqc`zn hjq d`kbqni kr}q`bk} rw}neb #Aqrkmqb}} >00>)+

Cjvbxbq }cb fbjdb}qp jh }cb qjj} |p|}bd `| kj} }cb jkip lcnqnl}bq`|}`l qbibxnk} }j

kr}q`bk} rw}neb nkm dpljqqc`zni mbwbkmbklp+ ]cb nl}`x`}p jh }cb qjj} |p|}bd `}| fqjv}c

qn}b nkm win|}`l`}p #}cb naì`}p }j qb|wjkm ~r`leip }j ijlni`zbm jq }bdwjqni lcnkfb| `k |jì

ljkm`}`jk| jq `k kr}q`bk} ibxbi| `k |jì wqjhìb|) ni|j nhhbl} }cb naì`}p jh }cb wink} }j ljwbv`}c rkhnxjrqnaib |jì ljkm`}`jk|+ Ljk|b~rbk}ip nkm mbwbkm`kf jk }cb|b lcnqnl}bq`|} l|

}cb wink} vìi kbbm }j n fqbn}bq jq ib||bq bs}bk} }j qbip jk dpljqqc`zn b|}nai`|cdbk} `k

jqmbq }j jxbqljdb }cb|b wqjaibd|+

1+<+ Bhhbl}| jh ND jk }cb wink} $|jì blj|p|} bd

]cb ebp bhhbl}| jh ND |pda`j|`| lnk ab |rddnq`zbm n| hjiijv|? #`) `dwqjxbm qjj}`kf

nkm wink} b|}nai`|cdbk}5 #``) `dwqjxbm rw}neb jh ijv djaìb `jk|5 #```; dwqjxbm kr}q`bk}

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jh |jì |}qrl}rqb5 #x`) bkcnklbm wink} ljddrk`}p m`xbq|`}p+ND |pda`j|`| }cbqbhjqb `khirbklb| |bxbqni n|wbl}| jh wink} wcp|`jijfp |rlc n|

d`kbqni kr}q`} jk wink} mbxbijwdbk} nkm wink} wqj}bl}`jk #F`nk`knzz b} ni+ >007a)+

NDH ni|j cnxb nk `km`qbl} `khirbklb jk wink} fqjv}c ablnr|b jh }cb`q bhhbl}| jk |jì

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#Ab}cibkhnixnp nkm I`kmbddk >0015 Ab}cibkhnixnp nkm \lcabww >00=)+

]cb wq`dnqp bhhbl} jh ND |pda`j|`| `| }j `klqbn|b }cb |rwwip jh d`kbqni kr}q`bk}| }j

}cb wink} wnq}`lrinqip }cj|b vcj|b `jk`l hjqd| cnxb n wjjq djaì`}p qn}b jq }cj|b vc`lc

nqb wqb|bk} `k ijv ljklbk}qn}`jk `k }cb |jì |jir}`jk+ ]c`| dn`kip ljklbqk| wcj|wcn}b

nddjk`rd z`kl nkm ljwwbq #Anqbn >00>)+

]cb vbii$ekjvk bhhbl} jh ND |pda`j|`| `klqbn|`kf W ljklbk}qn}`jk nkm*jq ljk}bk}`k wink} }`||rb| nkm jk }cb nl~r`|`}`jk jh j}cbq kr}q`bk}| `| r|rniip ljkljd`}nk} v`}c

ljk|`mbqnaib `klqbn|b| `k wcp}jdn|| wqjmrl}`jk+ Kr}q`bk} |rwwip ap }cb dpljqqc`zni



L+ Nzlak$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn*\l`bk}`n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) >$1= 6

dplbi`rd nl}`x`}p bsbq}| `k }cb nbq`ni wnq} jh }cb wink} n hbbm$anle qbfrin}`jk jk }cb

wcj}j|pk}cb|`| `}|bih nkm jk }cb }qnk|ijln}`jk jh }cb wcj}j|pk}cn}b+ Cbklb hbvbq

wcj}j|pk}cb|`| wqjmrl}| nqb niijln}bm }j }cb qjj}5 }cb |cjj}*qjj} qn}`j `| }cbqbhjqb

r|rniip c`fcbq `k ND wink}| }cnk `k }cb`q ljqqb|wjkm`kf ljk}qji| #\d`}c >037)+ @} cn|ni|j abbk qblbk}ip qbljfk`zbm }cn} ND ljijk`zn}`jk nhhbl}| n v`mb qnkfb jh djqwcjijf`$

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>00=5 Abq}n b} ni+ >002> n fqbn}bq qjj} aqnklc`kf ab`kf }cb dj|} ljddjkip mb|lqàbm

bhhbl}+ @} cn| abbk nqfrbm }cn} lcnkfb| `k }cb cjqdjkni aninklb nkm `k }cb dbq |}bdn}`l

nl}`x`}p dnp bswin`k }cb|b bhhbl}| jk wink} mbxbijwdbk}+

Nkj}cbq nl}`x`}p jh nqar|lrinq dpljqqc`zn| ljklbqk| wink} wqj}bl}`jk nfn`k|} a`j}`l

|}qb||+ N| `| vbii ekjvk dnkp }pwb| jh d`lqjab$d`lqjab `k}bqnl}`jk| b`}cbq abkbh`l`ni

jq nk}nfjk`|}`l }neb winlb `k qc`zj|wcbqb d`lqjcna`}n}| #\}jz}ep >061)+ Nkp d`lqjjq$

fnk`|d vc`lc `| nk}nfjk`|}`l }j cnqdhri –|jì$ajqkb wink} wn}cjfbk|‐ vìi ab abkbh`l ni

}j `}| cj|} wink} ljklbqk`kf cbni}c wqj}bl}`jk #I`kmbqdnk >00=)+ ]cbqbhjqb }cb

nwwqjwq`n}b dnknfbdbk} jh |rlc nk}nfjk`|}`l jqfnk`|d| `k jqmbq }j wqj}bl} }cb wink}

nfn`k|} wn}cjfbk| #anl}bq`n hrkf` kbdn}jmb| b}l+) `| n hjqd jh a`jijf`lni ljk}qji+ ND

n||jl`n}`jk| cnxb abbk |rffb|}bm n| a`jljk}qji nfbk}| nkm }cb fbkbqni ljklir|`jk `| }cn}

}cbp lnk qbmrlb jq bxbk |rwwqb|| mndnfb lnr|bm ap |jì$ajqkb wink} wn}cjfbk|

#I`kmbqdnk >00=5 Cjjebq b} ni+ >00=a)+ Cjvbxbq `} `| `dwjq}nk} }j wj`k} jr} }cn} }cb

bkcnklbdbk} jh qjj} qb|`|}nklb*}jibqnklb }j wn}cjfbk n}}nle `k ND wink}| `| kj} bsbq}bm

v`}c }cb |ndb bhhbl}`x`}p ap nii ND hrkf` `| kj} nwwi`lnaib }j nii wn}cjfbk| nkm `| kj}

bswqb||bm `k nii |ra|}qn}b| jq `k nii bkx`qjkdbk}ni ljkm`}`jk|+ Kbxbq}cbib|| }cbqb nqb

bsndwib| mbdjk|}qn}`kf }cn} wq`jq ljijk`zn}`jk jh |bibl}bm ND hrkf` wqj}bl} wink}|nfn`k|} wn}cjfbk`l hrkf` |rlc n| Wcp}jwc}cjqn Fnbrdnkjdplb| Hr|nq`rd

]c`binx`jw|`| Wp}c`rd Qc`zjl}jk`n \libqj}`rd Xbq}`lìi`rd Nwcnkjdplb| b}l+ jq

kbdn}jmb| |rlc n| Qj}pibklcr| Wqn}pibklcr| Dbij`mjfpkb b}l+ ]cb qbx`bv wnwbq| ap

I`kmbqdnk #>00=) nkm Cjjebq b} ni+ #>00=a) |rddnq`zb bswbq`dbk}| vc`lc |rwwjq} |rlc

|}n}bdbk}|+

]cb dblcnk`|d| }cn} cnxb abbk |rffb|}bm }j bswin`k }cb wqj}bl}`xb nl}`jk jh ND

|pda`j|`| `klirmb }cb `dwqjxbdbk} jh wink} kr}q`}`jk mndnfb ljdwbk|n}`jk ljdwb}`$

}`jk hjq wcj}j|pk}cn}b| jq hjq ljijk`zn}`jk*`khbl}`jk |`}b| `kmrl}`jk jh lcnkfb| `k }cb

djqwcjijfp*nkn}jdp jh }cb qjj} |p|}bd `kmrl}`jk jh lcnkfb| `k dpljqqc`zj|wcbqb

wjwrin}`jk| nkm nl}`xn}`jk jh wink} mbhbklb dblcnk`|d| #I`kmbqdnk >00=5 Cjjebq b}ni+ >00=a)+

Dpljqqc`zni hrkf` ni|j bknaib wink}| }j ljwb v`}c na`j}`l |}qb|| ap dbnk| jh

niibx`n}`kf kr}q`bk} mbh`l`bkl`b| `dwqjx`kf mqjrfc} }jibqnklb jxbqljd`kf }cb mb}q`dbk$

}ni bhhbl}| jh |ni`k`}p bkcnkl`kf }jibqnklb }j wjiir}`jk nkm `dwqjx`kf }cb nmnw}n}`jk jh

|}bqìb d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}| }j rk|}bqìb |ra|}qn}b| nkm }j h`bim ljkm`} jk| #Anqbn b} ni+

>00<)+

1+=+ @k}bqnl}`jk jh NDH v`}c ljdwjkbk}| jh |jì d`lqja`j}n

D`lqja`ni `k}bqnl}`jk| `kxjix`kf NDH nwwbnq }j winp n ebp qjib `k bljijf`lni nkm

a`j}blckjijf`lni nwwqjnlcb| }j `dwqjx`kf |r|}n`knaì`}p jh |jì$wink} |p|}bd|+ Qc`zj$

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3 L+ N(} $N frìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}` n Cjq} `lri} rqnb 83 #>006) @$1=

}`jk nkm*jq }cb b|}nai`|cdbk} jh bk}qp wj`k}| jh }cb ND hrkf` `k }cb qjj}|+ Ljkxbq|bip

ap ni}bq`kf }cb ~rni`}p nkm ~rnk}`}p jh qjj} bsrmn}b| ND |pda`j|`| lnk djmrin}b }cb

nl}`x`}p nkm*jq krdabq jh }cb d`lqja`ni ljdwjkbk}| `k }cb |jì |rqqjrkm`kf }cb

dpljqqc`zni qjj} |p|}bd f`x`kf vnp }j }cb |j$lniibm dpljqqc`zj|wcbqb #I`kmbqdnk>0015 Nzljk$Nfrìnq nkm Anqbn >001)+ \wbl`h`l }pwb| jh jqfnk`|d| nqb naib }j b|}nai`|c

qbin}`jk|c`w| v`}c dpljqqc`zni hrkf` vc`lc nhhbl} wink} fqjv}c nkm cbni}c nkm ni|j |jì

~rni`}p+ ]cb|b `k}bqnl}`jk| nqb |rddnq`zbm hqjd Anqbn b} ni+ #>008) nkm qbljqmbm `k

]naib >+

1+2+ Djmrin}`jk jh ND nl}`x `}p ap bkx`qjkdbk}ni nkm lri}rqni hnl}jq|

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v`mb qnkfb jh bkx`qjkdbk}ni `khirbklb| nkm lri}rqni wqnl}`lb| djmrin}b }cb bhh`l bklp jhND n||jl`n}`jk| `k }bqd| jh `dwqjx`kf wink} wbqhjqdnklb+

\jdb lcnqnl}bq`|}`l| jh }cb qjj}`kf dbm`n lnk `khirbklb }cb hjqdn}`jk nkm*jq bhhbl}

jh dpljqqc`zn jk wink} lqjw mbxbijwdbk}+ @k fbkbqni ijv }j djmbqn}b |jì hbq}ì`}p

hnxjrq| ND hjqdn}`jk nkm hrkl}`jk ni}cjrfc nmnw}n}`jk jh lbq}n`k ND hrkf` }j c`fcbq

ibxbi| jh W nkm K `k |jì cn| abbk qbwjq}bm #Cnpdnk >03<)+

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ni+ #>007na) Anqbn b} ni+ #>00<> Lcnkf #>00=) Ijxn}j b} ni+ #>002> Xnqdn nkm


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/applying-mycorrhiza-biotechnology-to-horticulture-significance-

>7 L+ N }( k$N frìnq O+D+ Anqbn*\l`bk}`n Cjq} `lri} rqnb 83 #>006) i$1=

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Nkj}cbq `kjqfnk`l lnqq`bq hjq ND `kjlrird wqjmrl}`jk ljrim ab xbqd`lri`}b vc`lc

abcnxbm n| nk nwwqjwq`n}b |ra|}qn}b hjq NDH |wjqb hjqdn}`jk #Anqbn b} ni+ >00<)+

\cbnqbm$qjj} `kjlrin #\pix`n nkm Onq|}hbq >001> ja}n`kbm `k nbqjwjk`l lri}rqb| #Crkf

nkm \pix`n >0335 Onq|}hbq nkm \pix`n >002) cnxb ni|j abbk wqjwj|bm+ Qblbk}ip |jdb

j}cbq linp$mbq`xbm |ra|}qn}b| jh}bk nwwi`bm n| |jì$ljkm`}`jkbq| nqb ab`kf |rllb||hriip

r|bm hjq NDH `kjlrird wqjmrl}`jk+ \rqhnlb$m`|`khbl}bm NDH wqjwnfrib| lnk ni|j ab

r|bm b|wbl`niip hjq d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}|+

N| qbfnqm| `kjlrird dnknfbdbk} }cb lq`}`lni hnl}jq| nqb }cb mj|nfb| nkm }`db jh`kjlrin} jk+ ]cbjqb}`lniip n |`kfib wqjwnfrib `| bkjrfc }j wqjmrlb ND ljijk`zn}`jk+

]cb wqjlb|| jh ljijk`zn}`jk `k |rlc n ln|b cjvbxbq `| }jj |ijv }j ab jh nfqjkjd`l



L+ Nzlc}$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}`n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) @$1= ><

`k}bqb|}+ Nlljqm`kf }j Ijxn}j b} ni+ #>002) najr} >$1 ef jh arie |jì `kjlrird #vc`lc

dbnk| nwwqjs`dn}bip 2777$>7 777 wqjwnfrib|) wbq d/ jh |bbmabm ljrim ab nk

nwwqjwq`n}b nwwi`ln}`jk qn}b+

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>00<)+

]cb dj|} ljddjk arie `kjlrird ljdwj|`}`jk `| n d`s}rqb jh |wjqb| ljijk`zbm

qjj}| cpwcnb nkm }cb |rwwjq}`kf |ra|}qn}b hqjd wj} lri}rqb| r|rniip fqjvk `k wn|}brq$

`zbm |jì jq |jì$ib|| dbm`n #\pix`n nkm Onq|}hbq >00=)+ \jdb n}}bk}`jk cn| abbk f`xbk }j

ijkf$}bqd NDH wqb|bqxn}`jk nkm }j }cb |}jq`kf jh }cb `kjlrin+

\}rm`b| cnxb ni|j abbk lnqq`bm jr} jk n krdabq jh j}cbq n|wbl}| |rlc n|? #`) }cb r|b

jh wb|}`l`mb| hjq `kjlrird wqjmrl}`jk5 #``) `kjlrird ~rnk}`}`b| nkm q`lckb||5 #```)

`kjlrird winlbdbk} nkm |wqbnm b}l+ #Obhhq`b| nkm Mjmm >00>5 Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+

]cbqb cnxb abbk |bxbqni n}}bdw}| }j wqjmrlb ND `kjlrird jk n ljddbql`ni |lnib+

Obhhq`b| nkm Mjmm #>00>) Drijkfjp b} ni+ #>001) \pix`n nkm Onq|}hbq #>00=) nkm Ijxn}j

b} ni+ #>002) f`xb bsndwib| `k }cb`q qbx`bv wnwbq|+

Vjjm #>00>) `k qbx`bv`kf }cb wj}bk}`ni dnqeb}| nkm ljk|}qn`k}| hjq ND `kjlrird

ljddbql`ni`zn}`jk ljklirmbm }cn} }cb hnìrqb jh inqfb$|lnib ljddbql`ni wqjmrl}`jk

ljrim ab n}}qàr}bm }j? #`) n wjjq rkmbq|}nkm`kf jh hrkfni a`jijfp5 #``) `knwwqjwq`n}b

`khjqdn}`jk qbfnqm`kf }cb nmxnk}nfb| jh dpljqqc`zn qb|ri}`kf `k ijv mbdnkm hjq }cb

wqjmrl}5 #```) hqnfdbk}bm dnqeb}| mrb }j }cb hnl} }cn} dnkp wj}bk}`ni ljk|rdbq| nqb

lrqqbk}ip nwwip`kf lri}rqni wqnl}`lb| vc`lc `k}bqhbqb v`}c ND hjqdn}`jk nkm hrkl}`jk

#b+f+ inqfb ~rnk}`}`b| jh hbq}ì`zbq nkm hrkf`l`mb|) nkm #`x) rkqbn|jknaib bswbl}n}`jk|+

=+1+ Cjq}`lri}rqni wqnl}`lb| `koirbkl`kf dpljqqc`zni a`j}blckjijfp

@} `| kj}bvjq}cp }cn} |jì m`|`khbl}`jk n lrqqbk} wqnl}`lb `k cjq}`lri}rqni krq|bq`b|

ibnm| }j ab}}bq jwwjq}rk`}`b| hjq }cb nwwi`ln}`jk jh dpljqqc`zni a`j}blckjijfp+ Lcbd`lni

}qbn}dbk}| #Lcijqjw`lq`k Db}cpi aqjd`mb Xnwnd nkm n krdabq jh hrkf`l`mni |jì

mqbklcb|) nqb lrqqbk}ip ab`kf nwwi`bm }j eìi cnqdhri jqfnk`|d| wqb|bk} `k wqjwnfn}`jk

|ra|}qn}b| #Cnq}dnkk b} ni+ >007)+ \rlc }qbn}dbk}| vc`lc ni|j bi`d`kn}b abkbh`l`ni

d`lqjjqfnk`|d| mj kj} |bbd }j |bq`jr|ip m`|qrw} }cb wcp|`lni nkm lcbd`lni lcnqnl}bq$

`|}`l| jh }cb |ra|}qn}b|+ Nh}bq |jdb }`db hjq nbqn}`jk jh }cb |ra|}qn}b wink}`kf `| wj||àib

nkm }cb qb|`mrb| jh }cb hrd`fnk}*hrkf`l`mb mj kj} nwwbnq }j `k}bqhbqb v`}c }cb nl}`x`}p jhqb`k}qjmrlbm NDH #F`nk`knzz` b} ni+ >007a5 Anqbn b} ni+ >00<)+

Nq}`h`l ni wj}}`kf d`sb| nkm j}cbq |ra|}qn}b| nqb ljddjkip r|bm `k krq|bq`b| vcbqb

|jì `| qnqbip `kljqwjqn}bm+ ]cr| NDH nqb kj} kjqdniip wqb|bk} `k }cb|b qjj}`kf dbm`n+

Ablnr|b }cb qblbw}`x`}p jh |rlc |ra|}qn}b| }j NDH `| xnq`naib }b|}| nqb kbbmbm }j mbh`kb

nwwqjwq`n}b |ra|}qn}b$lqjw$NDH ljda`kn}`jk|+ \rllb||hri ND ljijk`zn}`jk cn| abbk

qbwjq}bm }j }neb winlb `k |ra|}qn}b| ljk}n`k`kf |nkm fqnxbi wbn} bswnkmbm linp wrd`lb

wbqi`}b anqe |nvmr|} xbqd`lri }b jq n d`s}rqb jh }cb|b #F`nk`knzz` b} ni+ >007a)+

@k cjq}`lri}rqni wqjmrl}`jk hbq}ì`zn}`jk |cjrim |n}`|hp }cb dns`drd wink} p bim n|

vbii n| }cb dn`k}bknklb jh }cb |pda`j|`| nkm `}| wqjwbq}`b| n| a`jhbq}ì`zbq nkm

a`jwqj}bl}jq nfn`k|} a`j}`l nkm na`j}`l |}qb||+ ]cbqbhjqb nwwqjwq`n}b hbq}ì`zn}`jk qbf`db|

dr|} ab lnqbhriip b|}nai`|cbm v`}c qbfnqm }j ~rnk}`}`b| kr}q`bk} ljdwj|`}`jk nkm

nwwi`ln}`jk |lcbmrib| #Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+



>= L+ Nzlak$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}`n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) @$1=

@} cn| abbk mbdjk|}qn}bm }cn} lbq}n`k wb|}`l`mb }qbn}dbk}| nqb ljdwn}àib v`}c NDH+

Hrq}cbqdjqb dpljqqc`zni `kjlrin}`jk nkm }cb|b ljdwn}àib wb|}`l`mb| ljjwbqn}b }j

ljk}qji wn}cjfbk|+ ]c`| vjrim ibnm }j n mblqbn|b `k wb|}`l`mb r|b nkm ljk|b~rbk}ip }j n

qbmrl}`jk `k }cb`q `dwnl} jk }cb bkx`qjkdbk} #Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+ Lnw}nk nwwbnq| }j|}`drin}b }cb mbxbijwdbk} jh NDH dplbi`rd `k cjq}`lri}rqni |ra|}qn}b| #\lcabww nkm

Ajmdbq >00>5 Frìibd`k nkm F`nk`knzz` >001)+ @k |jdb ln|b| `} cn| abbk |cjvk }cn}

hj|b}pi$Ni nwwbnq| }j cnxb kj |`fk`h`lnk} bhhbl} jk ND hjqdn}`jk #Nz`z b} ni+ >007)+

Db}ninspi cn| abbk ni|j ljddbkmbm hjq ND `kjlrird wqjmrl}`jk #\bpdjrq >00=)+

=+<+ ]cb ln|b jh d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk

D`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk `| n }blck`~rb vc`lc r|b| n|bw}`l }`||rb lri}rqb hjq }cb dri} wi`ln$

}`jk jh `dwjq}nk} lri}`xnq|+ @} cn| abljdb n hrkmndbk}ni wqnl}`lb hjq }cb ljddbql`ni

krq|bqp wqjwnfn}`jk jh dnkp e`km| jh wink}|+ ]cb r|b| nkm nmxnk}nfb| jh d`lqjwqjwnfn$

}`jk hjq ljddbql`ni krq|bq`b| lnk ab |rddnq`zbm n| hjiijv| #Cnq}dnkk b} ni+ >0075

Cjjebq b} ni+ >00=n5 Xb|}abqf nkm B|(}`k >00=)? #`) dn|| wqjwnfn}`jk jh |wbl`h l

lijkb| #bkm wj`k} jh aqbbm`kf wqjfqnddb|)5 #``) wqjmrl}`jk jh c`fc ~rni`}p rk`hjqd

wn}cjfbk$hqbb wink}| #hjq fbqdwin|d dn`k}bknklb nkm }qnk|kn}`jkni ljddbql ni m`|}qàr$

}`jk)5 #```) lijkni wqjwnfn}`jk jh wnqbk}ni |}jle| hjq cpaq`m |bbm wqjmrl}`jk nkm #`x;

|rwwip }j pbnq$qjrkm krq|bqp wqjmrl}`jk+

Mb|w`}b dnkp |rllb||hri nwwi`ln}`jk| jh }c`| }blck`~rb }cbqb nqb |}ìi |bxbqni wqja$

ibd| i`d`}`kf `}| v`mb|wqbnm r|b+ ]cb }qnk|hbq jh `k x`}qj wink}ib}| }j bs x`}qj ljkm`}`jk|

`| jkb jh }cb dj|} lq`}`lni |}bw| jh }cb d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk wqjlb||+ C`fc djq}ni`}p qn}b| nqb

qbljqmbm hjq lbq}n`k d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink} |wbl`b| rwjk }qnk|hbq }j bs x`}qj ljkm`}`jk|mrb }j }cb wink}ib} i`d`}n}`jk| `k qb|`|}`kf }cb }qnk|wink} |}qb||+ ]cb|b i`d`}n}`jk| `klirmb

n wjjqip mbxbijwbm lr}`lib kjk$hrkl}`jkni |}jdn}n n cb}bqj}qjwc`l cna`} nkm n vbne

qjj} |p|}bd #Xb|}abqf nkm B|}nrk >00=5 Bidb|enjr` b} ni+ >002)+ @k jqmbq }j `klqbn|b

fqjv}c nkm |rqx`xni qn}b| mrq`kf }cb vbnk`kf |}nfb qblbk} qb|bnqlc cn| hjlr|bm jk }cb

ljk}qji jh }cb bkx`qjkdbk}ni ljkm`}`jk| `k }cb wqjwnfn}`jk |p|}bd+

N| |}n}bm abhjqb cjq}`lri}rqni wink}| ljddjkip dri}`wi`bm ap d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk

}blck`~rb| hqb~rbk}ip mbxbijw ND qbin}`jk|c`w| nkm bscà`} n c`fc mbfqbb jh mbwbk$

mbklb jk }c`| |pda`j|`| hjq kjqdni mbxbijwdbk} #Kbdbl >038)+ Cjvbxbq }cb dbm`n

r|bm kj} jkip hjq }cb `k x`}qj |}nfb| #jax`jr|ip |}bqìb) ar} ni|j hjq }cb |ra|b~rbk}

wink}ib} fqjv}c `k wj}}`kf |ra|}qn}b| jq `k hrd`fn}bm krq|bqp abm| r|rniip inle NDwqjwnfrib|+ ]cbqbhjqb wink}ib}| |cjrim ab `kjlrin}bm bnqip `k }cb d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk

wqjlb|| |j }cn} }cbp lnk nlc`bxb n |r`}naib fqjv}c #F`nk`knzz` b} ni+ >007n)+ ]cr|

qb|bnqlc `| ab`kf ljkmrl}bm vjqim$v`mb }j `k}bfqn}b aj}c a`j}blckjijf`lni nwwqjnlcb|?

dpljqqc`zni `kjlrin}`jk nkm d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk qbfnqm`kf wink} |wbl`b| jh `k}bqb|} #Ijxn}j

b} ni+ >002 >0085 Xnqdn nkm \lci`bww >002)+

]cbqb nqb }cqbb |r`}naib |bbmi`kf |}nfb| hjq ND `kjlrin}`jk? #`) `k x`}qj mrq`kf }cb

qjj}`kf wcn|b5 #``) bs x`}qj `ddbm`n}bip nh}bq }cb qjj}`kf wcn|b n} }cb abf`kk`kf jh }cb

nlli`dn}`zn}`jk wbq`jm nkm #```; bs x`}qj nh}bq }cb nlli`dn}`zn}`jk wcn|b ar} abhjqb

|}nq}`kf }cb wj|}$nlli`dn}`zn}`jk wbq`jm rkmbq fqbbkcjr|b ljkm`}`jk| #Xb|}abqf nkm

B|}nh`k >00=)+N| qbfnqm| `k x`}qj dpljqqc`zni `kjlrin}`jk nkm ljk|`mbq`kf }cn} }cb qjj}`kf wcn|b

kjqdniip }neb| winlb `k nfnq$an|bm dbm`n `} `| `dwjq}nk} }j qbdbdabq }cn} |wjqb



L+ N }b($Nfrìnq+ O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk} `n Cjq} `lri} rqnb 83 #>006) >$1= >2

fbqd`kn}`jk nkm bnqip |}nfb| jh dplbi`ni fqjv}c jh NDH `k nsbk`l ljkm`}`jk| cnxb abbk

`k}bk|`xbip |}rm`bm #|bb Nzljk$Nfrìnq nkm Anqbn >002 hjq qbhbqbklb|)+ @} cn| abbk

|cjvk }cn}? #`) dj|} NDH |wjqb| qbnmìp fbqd`kn}b jk dbm`n v`}c ijv kr}q`bk} ljk}bk}

nkm # `) c`fc kr}q`bk} ibxbi| cjvbxbq lnk `kcà`} |wjqb fbqd`kn}`jk nkm fqjv}c+]cb ND |pda`j|`| cn| abbk |pk}cb|`zbm `k x`}qj ap r|`kf |bbmi`kf| nkm qjj} jqfnk

lri}rqb| #Dj||b nkm Cbwwbq >0625 ALlnqm nkm Hjq} k >0335 Bidb|enjr` b} ni+ >002)+

@k hnl} |rqhnlb |}bqì`zbm |wjqb| nkm j}cbq ND wqjwnfrib| nqb naib }j mbxbijw dpljq$

qc`zni qbin}`jk|c`w| vcbk `kjlrin}bm mrq`kf }cb `k x`}qj wqjwnfn}`jk jh xnq`jr| cjq}`lri$

}rqni |wbl`b| #Lcnxbz nkm Hbqqbqn$Lbqqn}j >007) wnq}`lrinqip vjjmp wink}| #Wjk| b} ni+

>03<5 Qnxjink`q`kn b} ni+ >036)+ Cjvbxbq }c`| }blck`~rb wqb|bk}| n krdabq jh

m`hh`lri}`b| vc`lc nq`|b n| n qb|ri} jh#`) m`hhbqbklb| `k }cb qb~r`qbdbk}| jh }cb dbm`n hjq

aj}c qjj} `k`}`n}`jk nkm ND hjqdn}`jk5 #``) ij|| jh }cb qjj}| wqjmrlbm mrq`kf }cb `k x`}qj

|}nfb| nh}bq jr}wink}`kf #Qnxjink`q`kn b} ni+ >0365 \lcrabq} b} ni+ >007) nkm #`` ) djqb

ljdwibs nkm }`db$ljk|rd`kf dnk`wrin}`jk jh }cb dpljqqc`zni wqjwnfrib|+ @k |w`}b jh

}c`| Bidb|enjr` b} ni+ #>002) cnxb wqjwj|bm n db}cjm hjq mbxbijw`kf ND n||jl`n}`jk|

`k d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}ib}| `k x`}qj+ ]c`| db}cjm `| an|bm jk n |p|}bd hjq lri}rq`kf }cb

NDH Fijdr| `k}qrqrm`lb| v`}c Q` ]$MKN$}qnk|hjqdbm lnqqj} qjj}| jq kjk}qnk|hjqdbm

}jdn}j qjj}|+ Nh}bq qjj} `kmrl}`jk d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}ib}| vbqb fqjvk jk lbiirij|b

wirf| `k ljk}nl} v`}c }cb dpljqqc`zni qjj} jqfnk lri}rqb+ ]cbp vbqb }cbk winlbm `k

fqjv}c lcndabq| rkmbq nk n}dj|wcbqb bkq`lcbm v`}c 2777 w+w+d+ LJ nkm hbm v`}c n

d`k`dni dbm`rd+ Nh}bq 17 mnp| jh }q`wnq}`}b lri}rqb nii }cb wink}ib}| vbqb dpljqqc`zni+

@k ljk}qn|} }j }cb `k x`}qj `kjlrin}`jk `kjlrin}`jk n} }cb |}nfb `k vc`lc }cb nsbk`lniip

wqjwnfn}bm wink}ib}| nqb }qnk|wink}bm `k}j }cb wj}}`kf dbm`n nwwbnq| }j ab aj}c djqbhbn|àib nkm wqjd`|`kf #Qnxjink`q`kn b} ni+ >030na5 \lcrabq} b} ni+ >007)+

Dpljqqc`zni `kjlrin}`jk bs x`}qj lnk ab wbqhjqdbm b`}cbq nh}bq }cb qjj}`kf wcn|b `k

x`}qj n} }cb xbqp abf`kk`kf jh }cb nlli`dn}`zn}`jk |}nfb jq nh}bq }cb nlli`dn}`zn}`jk

abhjqb }cb abf`kk`kf jh }cb cnqmbk`kf wcn|b rkmbq fqbbkcjr|b ljkm`}`jk|+ \bxbqni

|}rm`b| cnxb abbk wrai`|cbm mb|lqà`kf bswbq`dbk}| jh }c`| e`km #|bb Xb|}abqf nkm

B|}nrk >00=)+ ]cb d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm lqjw wink}| `klirmb fqnwbx`kb| #Qnxjink`q`kn b} ni+

>030a5 \lcrabq} b} ni+ >0075 \lcbiibkanrd b} ni+ >00>) jì wnid #Aini b} ni+ >007)

qn|wabqq`b| #Xnqdn nkm \lc``bww >00=)5 anknkn #On`zdb$Xbfn b} ni+ >00>5 On`zdb$Xbfn

nkm Nzljk >002) w`kbnwwib #On`zdb$Xbfn nkm Nzljk >00> >0025 Frìibd`k b} ni+

>001 >00=5 Xnqdn nkm \lc``bww >00=) |}qnvabqqp #K`bd` nkm Xb|}abqf >0015Vìi`nd| b} ni+ >0015 Xb|}abqf b} ni+ >00=) wbnq nkm wbnlc lijkni qjj}|}jle| #Qnw$

wnq`k` b} ni+ >00=) W`|}rl`r |w+ #\lcrabq} nkm Dnq}`kbii` >033) e`v`hqr`} #\lcrabq} b}

ni+ >001) nwwib wbnlc nkm wird qjj}|}jle| #\aqnkn b} ni+ >00=) Wqrkr| qjj}|}jle|

#B|}nrk b} ni+ >00=5 Abq}n b} ni+ >002) nxjlnmj #X`mni b} ni+ >0015 Nzljk$Nfrìnq b}

ni+ >001) lcbq`djpn #Nzljk$Nfrìnq b} ni+ >00=) ~r`klb qjj}|}jle| #Lnixb} b} ni+

>002) nwwib d`lqjlr}}`kf| #Aqnkznk}` b} ni+ >0015 Rj|ren`kbk nkm Xb|}abqf >00=)5

cjq}bk|`n #Xnqdn nkm \lc``bww >00=) b}l+

@k ljdwnq`kf }cb }`db jh `kjlrin}`jk b`}cbq n} }cb jk|b} jh }cb nlli`dn}`zn}`jk |}nfb

jq n} }cb abf`kk`kf jh }cb cnqmbk`kf wcn|b `} vn| hjrkm `k |jdb ln|b| }cn} ni}cjrfc }cb

|pda`j|`| ljrim ab b|}nai`|cbm n} aj}c |}nfb| n ab}}bq wink} qb|wjk|b vn| wqjmrlbm

vcbk `kjlrin} jk vn| lnqq`bm jr} n} }cb abf`kk`kf jh }cb cnqmbk`kf wcn|b #X`mni b} ni+

>0015 Nzljk$Nfrìnq b} ni+ >001)+ @k }c`| ljk}bs} n ebp n|wbl} `| }cn} dpljqqc`zni



>8 L+ Nz lj‐k$N frìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}` n Cjq} `lri} rqnb 83 #>006) @$1=

ljijk`zn}`jk `| ekjvk }j }neb winlb jkip jk pjrkf |bljkmnqp qjj}| abhjqb |rabq`zn}`jk

#Anqbn >00>)+ \`klb }cb|b h`kb pjrkf qjj}| nqb |jdb}`db| wqjmrlbm in}bq mrq`kf }cb bs

x`}qj mbxbijwdbk} `kjlrin}`jk vjrim ab dbnk`kfib|| mrq`kf }cb bnqip nlli`dn}`zn}`jk

|}nfb| ar} nmx`|naib vcbk }qnk|hbqqbm }j jwbk wj}|+ ]c`| `| wqjanaip }cb ln|b najxbdbk}`jkbm hjq nxjlnmj nkm lcbq`djpn+

@kjlrin}`jk bs x`}qj `| jax`jr|ip bn|`bq }cnk `k x`}qj+ ]cbqbhjqb `} `| wqjanaip }cb

dj|} nwwqjwq`n}b db}cjm hjq ljddbql`ni krq|bq`b|+ M`hhbqbklb| `k qjj} fqjv}c nkm `k }cb

mbxbijwdbk} qn}b jh }cb }nqfb} wink}| nqb `dwjq}nk} hjq }cb lcj`lb jh }cb `kjlrin}`jk }`db+

N} nk bnqip bs x`}qj |}nfb wink}ib}| |}ìi wj||b|| n lbq}n`k mbfqbb jh cb}bqj}qjwcp nkm }cb

bhhbl}`xbkb|| jh ND `kjlrin}`jk `| mbwbkmbk} jk }cb mbxbijwdbk} jh nr}j}qjwcp+ ]cr|

nkm n| |}n}bm ap Xb|}abqf nkm B|}n}`k #>00=> nk `kjlrin}`jk wqj}jlji |cjrim ab mb|`fkbm

hjq bnlc ln|b+ Hjq |rlc wqj}jlji }cb hjiijv`kf xnq`naib| d`fc} ab ljk|`mbqbm? #`) qjj}

mbxbijwdbk} qn}b5 #``) ibkf}c jh }cb vbnk`kf nkm cnqmbk`kf wbq`jm| #cb}bqj$ }j nr}j}qj$

wcp lcnkfb) nkm #```) jaobl}`xb| jh }cb NDH `kjlrin}`jk #bkcnklbm fqjv}c `klqbn|bm

|rqx`xni ijvbq hbq}ì`zn}`jk `kwr}| `klqbn|bm qb|`|}nklb }j a`j}`l nkm na`j}`l |}qb||)+

]cb |bibl}`jk jh }cb q`fc} hrkfni wnq}kbq `| b||bk}`ni hjq nk bhh`l`bk} ND mbxbijwdbk}

`k d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}| #Frìibd`k b} ni+ >0015 Xb|}abqf >0015 Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+

]cb `khirbklb jh }cb hrkfni |}qn`k jk |pda`j|`| bhh`l bklp ni|j xnq`b| v`}c }cb fqjv`kf

dbm`n nkm v`}c }cb hbq}ì`zn}`jk qbf`db+ @k }c`| ljk}bs} }cb |ra|}qn}b| hjq }cb d`lqjwqjw$

nfn}bm wink}| dr|} bk|rqb }cn} aj}c }cb mbxbijwdbk} jh }cb |pda`j|`| nkm wink}

wbqhjqdnklb dr|} ab `dwqjxbm+ ]cb |ra|}qn}b| ljddjkip r|bm nqb wbn} wbqi`}b nkm

xbqd`lri`}b #Xb|}abqf nkm B|}nrk >00=)+ Lnixb} b} ni+ #>001n) Lnixb} b} ni+ >001a)

hjrkm }cn} lbq}n`k }pwb| jh wbn} nkm ljdwj|}bm |ra|}qn}b| cnm n kbfn}`xb bhhbl} jk }cbb|}nai`|cdbk} jh }cb ND |pda`j|`| ni}cjrfc kb`}cbq |wjqb fbqd`kn}`jk kjq }cb bnqip

dplbi`ni fqjv}c vbqb nhhbl}bm+ Hrq}cbqdjqb wj}}`kf dbm`n dnp `klirmb |}bqì`zbm |jì n

|ra|}qn}b ljdwjkbk} }cn} r|rniip `dwqjxb| ND hjqdn}`jk `k d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}|

#F`nk`knzz` b} ni+ >007n)+ X`mni b} ni+ #>001) qbljqmbm }cn} }cb |pda`j|`| ljrim ab

b|}nai`|cbm `k wbn}$|nkm d`sb| ni}cjrfc |jì$|nkm d`sb| vbqb djqb ljkmrl} xb }j ND

ljijk`zn}`jk jh d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm nxjlnmj wink}|+ \lcrabq} b} ni+ #>007) ni|j hjrkm fjjm

ND b|}nai`|cdbk} `k d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm fqnwbx`kb fqjv`kf `k n wbn}$an|bm dbm`rd+

]cb ljk}qjiibm$qbibn|b hbq}ì`zbq| |rlc n| J|djlj}b nqb jh |wbl`ni `k}bqb|} hjq }cb

dpljqqc`zn}`jk jh d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}| ablnr|b }cb NDH |bbd }j ljjwbqn}b vbii v`}c

}c`| }pwb jh ljk}qjiibm W$|rwwip`kf hbq}ì`zbq| #Vìi`nd| b} ni+ >001)+

=+=+ Dnknfbdbk} jh dpljqqc`zj|wcbqb `k}bqnl}`jk| `k cjq}`lri}rqb

N| |}n}bm `k \bl}`jk =+1 nkm qbljqmbm `k ]naib > lbq}n`k qc`zj|wcbqb*dpljqqc`zj

|wcbqb d`lqjjqfnk`|d| nqb naib }j `k}bqnl} v`}c NDH }j mbxbijw a`jijf`lni nl}`x`}`b| jh

fqbn} qbibxnklb }j wink} fqjv}c nkm cbni}c+ Bsndwib| jh d`lqjjqfnk`|d| vc`lc cnxb

abbk mb|lqàbm }j `k}bqnl} v`}c NDH vcbk `k}qjmrlbm n| d`sbm `kjlrink}| }j abkbh`}

cjq}`lri}rqni lqjw| nqb }cb hjiijv`kf? #`) Qc`zja`rd |ww+5 #``) Wink} fqjv}c wqjdj}`kf

qc`zjanl}bq`n nkm #```) A`jljk}qji nfbk}|+

N| qbfnqm| Qc`zja`rd }cbqb `| drlc `khjqdn}`jk }j |rwwjq} }cb abkbh`l`ni bhhbl}| jh`}| lj$`kjlrin}`jk v`}c |bibl}bm NDH jk ibfrd`kjr| cjq}`lri}rqni lqjw| #Anqbn b} ni+

>001) nkm kj hrq}cbq ljddbk}| vìi ab dnmb cbqb+



L+ Nzlak$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}`r Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #@ 006) @$1= >6

]cb n}}qàr}b –qc`zjanl}bq`n‐ qbhbq| }j }cb naì`}p jh |jdb |jì anl}bq`n }j ljijk`zb

–nffqb||`xbip‐ }cb qjj}$|jì `k}bqhnlb vcbqb }cbp b|}nai`|c nkm dn`k}n`k hjq n }`db n

ljk|`mbqnaib krdabq jh lbii|+ ]cb|b anl}bq`n vc`lc lnk wqjdj}b wink} fqjv}c ap dbnk|

jh |bxbqni dblcnk`|d| nqb kjv ljddjkip mb|`fkn}bm ap }cb nlqjkpd+WFWQ #Eijbwwbqb} ni+ >00>5 I`kmbqdnk >0015 Fi`le >002)+ ]cb fqjv}c wqjdj}`kf nl}`x`}p jh WFWQ `|

qbin}bm }j bhhbl}| jk |bbmi`kf bdbqfbklb qjj} hjqdn}`jk kr}q`bk} lpli`kf nkm kjmrin}`jk

wqjdj}`jk #Eijbwwbq b} ni+ >00>)+ Cjvbxbq jkb jh }cb dj|} qbdnqenaib bhhbl}| jh

WFWQ jk wink} fqjv}c mbq`xb| hqjd }cb`q naì`}p n| a`jijf`lni ljk}qji nfbk}| hjq wink}

wn}cjfbk| #Eijbwwbq >001)+ Ljddbql`ni hjqdrin}`jk| an|bm jk WFWQ cnxb niqbnmp

bk}bqbm }cb dnqeb} #\lc`wwbq| b} ni+ >002)+

]cbqb `| bswbq`dbk}ni bx`mbklb }cn} |jdb WFWQ dn`kip W|brmjdjkn| |ww+ nkm

Anlìir| |ww+ `k}bqnl} v`}c ND hrkf` mbxbijw`kf |pkbqf`|}`l nl}`x`}`b| vc`lc ibnm }j

`dwqjxbm wink} fqjv}c nkm kr}q`}`jk+ Ab|`mb| aj}c fqjrw| jh d`lqjjqfnk`|d| #}cb

|nwqjwcp}b| WFWQ nkm }cb |pda`jk}| NDH) nqb naib }j `k}bqnl} v`}c bnlc j}cbq

`dwqjx`kf }cb`q b|}nai`|cdbk} `k }cb qc`zj|wcbqb #N_($Nfrìnq nkm Anqbn >0015

I`kmbqdnk >001)+

]cb wqjwcpinl}`l naì`}p m`|winpbm ap |jdb ND hrkf` ljrim ab bswij`}bm `k ljjwbqn$

}`jk v`}c j}cbq qc`zj|wcbqb d`lqjjqfnk`|d| vc`lc cnxb mbdjk|}qn}bm nk}nfjk`|}`l

naì`}`b| nfn`k|} wn}cjfbk| nkm }cn} nqb ab`kf r|bm n| a`jijf`lni ljk}qji nfbk}| #I`kmbq$

dnk >00=)+ Ndjkf }cb d`lqjjqfnk`|d| ln}nijfrbm n| nk}nfjk`|}| }j hrkfni wn}cjfbk|

}cbqb nqb aj}c hrkf` |rlc n| ]q`lcjmbkkn |ww+ nkm Fi`jlnm`rd |ww+ nkm anl}bq`n

vc`lc nqb nl}rniip WFWQ ièb W|brmjdjkn| |ww+ nkm Anlìir| |ww+ #Eijbwwbq b} ni+

>00>5 I`kmbqdnk >00=)+ @} cn| abbk |cjvk }cn} d`lqja`ni nk}nfjk`|}| }jvnqm| hrkfniwn}cjfbk| mj kj} kblb||nqìp cnxb }cb |ndb mb}q`dbk}ni bhhbl} nfn`k|} ND hrkf`+ \jdb

bsndwib| nqb nxnìnaib ljklbqk`kf cjq}`lri}rqni wink}|? Fijdr| % ]q`lcjmbqdn % vì}

wn}cjfbk`l hrkf` #Lnixb} b} ni+ >007)5 Fijdr| % ]q`lcjmbkkn % Hr|nq`rd `k }jdn}j

#Mn}kjhh b} ni+ >002)5 Fijdr| % ]q`lcjmbqdn % Wp}c`rd `k dnq`fjim #Lnixb} b} ni+

>00<)+ ]cb `khjqdn}`jk qbin}bm }j }cb `k}bqnl}`jk| ab}vbbk a`jijf`lni ljk}qji nfbk}| nkm

|jì hrkf` b`}cbq wn}cjfbk`l jq dpljqqc`zni `| |rddnq`zbm `k \lcbdb 1+ @} `| kj}bvjq$

}cp }cn} d`lqja`ni nk}nfjk`|}| jh hrkfni wn}cjfbk| lnk `dwqjxb ND hjqdn}`jk #Lnixb} b}

ni+ >001na5 I`kmbqdnk >00=5 X`mni b} ni+ >008)+ @} lnk }cbqbhjqb ab ljklirmbm }cn}

}cb nllrqn}b dnknfbdbk} jh }cb|b `k}bqnl}`jk| ap }nìjq`kf nwwqjwq`n}b dpljqqc`zj$

|wcbqb |p|}bd| qbibxnk} }j wink} fqjv}c nkm cbni}c `k nk `k}bfqn}bm nwwqjnlc `| ndjkf}cb dn`k jaobl}`xb| jh n |r|}n`knaib cjq}`lri}rqb Gz(k$Nfrìnq nkm Anqbn >0015

I`kmbqdnk >0015 Anqbn nkm Obhhq`b| >002)+

=+2+ Wj}bk}`ni hjq }cb r|b jh dpljqqc`zn| `k ljddbql`ni cjq}`lri}rqni wqjmrl}`jk

N| |}n}bm abhjqb cjq}`lri}rqb `| jkb jh }cb }nqfb} |p|}bd| `k vc`lc ND a`j}blckjijfp

lnk bswqb|| `}| wj}bk}`ni+ ]c`| `| mrb }j }cb lcnqnl}bq`|}`l| jh }cb ljdwjkbk}| nkm }cb

wink} wqjmrl}`jk |}qn}bf`b| `k cjq}`lri}rqni wqnl}`lb| vc`lc dneb `} kblb||nqp nkm bn|p

}j `kjlrin}b wink}| v`}c NDH+ Ljk|`mbq`kf }cb c`fc wqjmrl}`jk lj|}| jh cjq}`lri}rqni nkm

jqkndbk}ni lqjw| `} |bbd| }cn} }cb nwwi`ln}`jk jh ND `kjlrin dnp qbwqb|bk} jkip n

|dnii ljk}qàr}`jk }j }cb `kwr} lj|}| wnq}`lrinqip `h ND dnknfbdbk} `| n||jl`n}bm v`}c

j}cbq a`j}blckjijf`b| |rlc n| d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk+ ]cr| }cb wqjmrl}`jk jh jqlcnqm nkm



>3 L+ Nzlj‐k$Nfrìnq+ O+D+ Anqbn * \l`bk}`n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) i$1=

Hr|nq`rd

#Nk}nfjk`|d) Xbq}`lìi`rd

H*9Bi

Qc`zjl}jk`n

Wp}c`rd

#Abkbh`}) YH@

\lcbdb 1+ M`hhbqbk}`ni bhhbl}| jh a`jijf`lni ljk}qji nfbk}| jk dpljqqc zni jq wn}cjfbk l hrkf`+

jqkndbk}ni lqjw| `| wqjanaip }cb nqbn `k vc`lc }cb nwwi`ln}`jk jh NDH n| a`jwqj}bl}jq|

a`j|}`drin}jq| jq a`jhb}ì`zbq| vìi dj|} qbnmìp abljdb n qbni`}p #Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+

@} cn| abljdb libnq }cn} NDH lnk ab `k}qjmrlbm v`}c`k ljddbql`ni wqjwnfn}`jk

|p|}bd| }j qbmrlb lcbd`lni `kwr}|+ ]j }c`| bkm }vj e`km| jh qb~r`qbdbk}| dr|} ab db}+

H`q|}ip }cbqb kbbm| }j ab n qbnmìp nxnìnaib |rwwip jh `kjlrink}| nkm |bljkmip qb|bnqlc

`| kbbmbm }j n||rqb djqb wqbm`l}naib nkm ljk|`|}bk} qb|wjk|b| jh wink}ib}| #Cjjebq b} ni+

>00=n)+ Ljddbql`ni `kjlrink}| nqb kjv nxnìnaib #Drijkfjp b} ni+ >0015 \pix`n nkm

Onq|}hbq >00=) nkm }cb }blck`lni hbn|àì`}p }j nwwip }cb|b ljddbql`ni NDH `kjlrin hjqcjq}`lri}rqni lqjw| cn| abbk mbdjk|}qn}bm #Cjjebq b} ni+ >00=n5 Ijxn}j b} ni+ >002)+

Cjvbxbq n djqb `k$mbw}c bxnirn}`jk jh }cb nxnìnaib ljddbql`ni `kjlrin `| libnqip

kblb||nqp+ @} `| ièbip }cn} `kjlrin}`jk v`}c NDH vìi abljdb nk `k}bfqni wnq} jh dj|}

cjq}`lri}rqni |p|}bd| `k }cb hr}rqb+ ]cb`q nwwi`ln}`jk vìi qb|ri} `k |nx`kf| `k }`db

bkbqfp nkm lcbd`lni `kwr}| nkm vìi dneb cjq}`lri}rqni wqjmrl}`jk |p|}bd| kj} jkip

djqb bljkjd`lniip ljdwb}`}`xb ar} ni|j djqb |r|}n`knaib #Cjjebq b} ni+ >00=n)+

D`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk vc`lc `| nk bhhbl}`xb }jji hjq dri}`wip`kf nkp e`km jh cjq}`lri}rqni

wink} `| kjv qbljfk`zbm n| n x`naib }blck`~rb hjq ljddbql`ni wink} wqjmrl}`jk #Xn}$dn

nkm \lc``bww >002)+ @k Brqjwb nijkb >62 S ij8 wink}| vbqb wqjmrlbm ap d`lqjwqjwn$

fn}`jk mrq`kf >007 #J‐Q`jqmn`k >001)+ @k |jdb ln|b| }cb|b wink}| cnxb wqjaibd| n}lq`}`lni |}nfb| jh }cb d`lqjwqjwnfn}`jk wqjlb||+ \rlc wqjaibd| ljrim ab jxbqljdb ap

NDH `kjlrin}`jk n| cn| abbk mbdjk|}qn}bm `k |bxbqni bswbq`dbk}| #Xnqdn nkm \lc` bww



L+ Nzll`k$Nfrìnq O+D+ Anqbr * \l`bk}`n Cjq}`lri}rqnb 83 #>006) i$1= >0

>00=5 Xb|}abqf nkm B|}n}ik >00=)+ Cjvbxbq }cbqb `| |}ìi n fnw `k }cb qb|bnqlc nkm

mbxbijwdbk} hqndbvjqe `k }c`| nqbn vc`lc ljklbqk| }blckjijfp }qnk|hbq+ Rkmjra}ip n|

|jjk n| }cb wj}bk}`ni jh ND `kjlrin}`jk cn| abbk libnqip mbdjk|}qn}bm }j }cb fqjvbq|

ljddbql`ni krq|bq`b| vìi cnxb }j `klirmb }cb NDH `kjlrin}`jk n| n |}nkmnqm wqjlbmrqb`k }cb`q wqjmrl}`jk wqj}jlji| #Xb|}abqf nkm B|}nrk >00=)+

2+ Ljklir|`jk|

Nqar|lrinq dpljqqc`zni |pda`j|`| dr|} ab ljk|`mbqbm nk b||bk}`ni hnl}jq hjq wqjdj}$

`kf wink} cbni}c nkm wqjmrl}`x`}p+ ND a`j}blckjijfp `| hbn|àib nkm qbvnqm`kf dn`kip

hjq lqjw| vc`lc `kxjixb n }qnk|wink} |}nfb n| `k cjq}`lri}rqni |p|}bd| vcbqb wink}| nqb

wqjmrlbm `k krq|bqp abm| ljk}n`kbq| jq ap }`||rb lri}rqb+ Dns`drd abkbh`}| vìi jkipab ja}n`kbm hqjd `kjlrin}`jk v`}c bhh`l bk} NDH nkm n lnqbhri |bibl}`jk jh ljdwn}àib

cj|}*hrkfr|*|ra|}qn}b ljda`kn}`jk|+ @k fbkbqni }cb bnqi`bq }cb dpljqqc`zni |pda`j|`| `|

b|}nai`|cbm n} }cb nwwqjwq`n}b |}nfb jh |bbmi`kf wqjmrl}`jk }cb fqbn}bq }cb abkbh`}+ ]cb

wbqhjqdnklb jh d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm wink}| jq nq}`h`l`ni |bbm| dnp ab fqbn}ip bkcnklbm ap

bk|rq`kf n |r`}naib dpljqqc`zni b|}nai`|cdbk} n} jr}wink}`kf+ @k wnq}`lrinq vjjmp wink}|

vc`lc nqb m`hh`lri} }j qjj} cnxb abbk |cjvk }j `dwqjxb }cb`q |rqx`xni qn}b vcbk

`kjlrin}bm v`}c NDH+ ]cb `k}bqnl}`jk| ab}vbbk NDH nkm qc`zjanl}bq`n ljrim ab n

a`j}blckjijf`lni }jji b||bk}`ni hjq abkbh`}`kf wink} fqjv}c nkm cbni}c `k cjq}`lri}rqni

wqnl}`lb|+ Nii `k nii `} `| `dwjq}nk} }j `dwqjxb `kjlrird wqjmrl}`jk }blck`~rb| hjq }cb

wqjwbq nwwi`ln}`jk jh ND a`j}blckjijfp `k ljddbql`ni cjq}`lri}rqni wink} wqjmrl}`jk|p|}bd|+

Nlekjvibmfbdbk}|

]c`| vjqe `| `klirmbm `k }cb hqndbvjqe jh }cb RB N@Q$ Wqjobl} <L] 0=$7370+

Qbhbqbklb|

N}e`k|jk M+ Abq}n F+ nkm Cjjebq O+B+ >00=+ @dwnl} jh dpljqqc zni ljijk`|n}`jk jk qjj} nqlc`}bl}rqb qjj}

ijkfbx`}p nkm }cb hjqdn}`jk jh fqjv}c qbfrin}jq|+ @k? \+ F`nk`knzz` nkm C+ \lc``bww #Bm`}jq|) @dwnl} jh

Nqar|lrinq Dpljqqc`zn| jk \r|}n`knaib Nfq`lri}rqb nkm Kn}rqni Blj|p|}bd|+ NI\ A`q}`nr|bq An|bi ww+

30$00+

Nzl8k Q+ nkm Jlndwj O+N+ >03>+ Hnl}jq| nhhbl}`kf }cb xb|`lrinq$nqar|lrinq `khbl}`jk nkm dpljqqc`zni

mbwbkmbklp jh }c`q}bbk vcbn} lri}`xnq|+ Kbv Wcp}ji+ 36? 866$832+

Nz($Nfrìnq L+ nkm Anfj A+ >00=+ Wcp|`jijf lni lcnqnl}bq`|}`l| jh }cb cj|} wink} wqjdj}`kf nk rkm`|$

}rqabm hrkl}`jk`kf jh }cb dpljqqc zni |pda`j|`|+ @k? \+ F`nk`knzz` nkm C+ \lc``bww #Bm`}jq|) @dwnl} jh

Nqar|lrinq Dpljqqc`zn| jk \r|}n`knaib Nfq`lri}rqb nkm Kn}rqni Blj|p|}bd|+ NI\ A`qec``r|bq An|bi ww+

=6$87+

Nzl8k$Nfrìnq L+ nkm Anqbn O+D+ >001+ @k}bqnl}`jk| ab}vbbk dpljqqc zni hrkf` nkm j}cbq qc`zj|wcbqbd`lqjjqfnk`|d|+ @k? D+O+ Niibk #Bm`}jq) Dpljqqc`zni Hrkl}`jk`kf? Nk @k}bfqn}`xb Wink$Hrkfni Wqjlb||+

Lcnwdnk nkm Cnii Kbv Pjqe ww+ >8<$ >03+

Nzl8k$Nfrìnq L+ nkm Anqbn O+D+ >002+ \nwqjwcp}`l fqjv}c jh nqar|lrinq dpljqqc`zni hrkf`+ @k? N+ Xnqdn



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Cjq}`l+ \l`+ 1>? 06=$03=+

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ndjkf bkmjdpljqqc`zni hrkf` `k Fijdnib|+ @k? N+ Xnqdn nkm A+ Cjle #Bm`}jq|) Dpljqqc`zn \}qrl}rqb

Hrkl}`jk Djiblrinq A`jijfp nkm A`j}blckjijfp+ \wq`kfbq Cb`mbiabqf ww+ 880$83<+

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nkm C+ \lcabww #Bm`}jq|) @dwnl} jh Nqar|lrinq Dpljqqc`zn| jk \r|}n`knaib Nfq`lri}rqb nkm Kn}rqni

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\lcrabq} N+ nkm Dnq}`kbii` N+ >033+ Bhhbl} jh xb|`lrinq$nqar|lrinq dpljqqc znb jk fqjv}c jh `k x`}qj

wqjwnfn}bm W`|}nl`n `k}bfbqq`dn+ Nl}n Cjq}`l+ ==>$==<+

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hrkf` jk d`lqjwqjwnfn}bm fqnwbx`kb|+ @khirbklb jh bkmjwcp}b |}qn`k W hbq}ì`zn}`jk nkm fqjv}c dbm`rd+

X`}`| 10? 2$ ><+

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Bkx`qjk+ Lcbd+ <7? >0<$>00+

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applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture- significance and potentials

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