apply first aid face to face delivery national units of competency hltfa301c – apply first aid...
TRANSCRIPT
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Apply First Aid Face to Face Delivery
National Units of CompetencyHLTFA301C – Apply First AidHLTCPR201B – Perform CPR
HLTFA201B – Provide Basic Emergency Life Support
Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd – Registered Training Organisation 32268
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Course Induction & Housekeeping
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= Picture of real/makeup injury on next slide
Emergency Exits Mobile Phones Breaks Refreshments Smoking Toilets Certification Assessment Policies & Procedures Enjoy!
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Legal Considerations First-aiders could be expected to;1: Act in accordance with their level of training and do so to the best of their ability2: Stabilise the casualty until advanced assistance is available 3: Maintain a consistent level of training
Scope of Practice
First Aid Code of Practice 2004 (Qld)
Duty of Care / Obligation
Consent
Recording
Negligence
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What is First Aid?
Immediate and temporary treatment of a person of sudden illness or injury while
awaiting the arrival of medical aid
Basic lifesaving skills
Doing the best you can with the resources you have
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What is First Aid?
Culturally aware, sensitive and respectful
Reassuring
Confidentiality
Skills & Limitations
Australian Resuscitation Council
Debriefing © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd
03/04/2012 V1.0
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Perform a Scene Survey
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Emergency Action Plan
DRS ABCD D – Danger
R – Response
S – Send
A - Airway
B - Breathing
C – CPR
D – Defibrillation © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd
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Help
Defibrillator
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Danger & Safety Hazard – A source or situation with the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these.
Risk – The potential of the hazard being realised
Environmental / Physical DangersFire, fumes, fuel, electricity, gas, trip & slip hazards, visibility, sharp objects, chemicals, bystanders/relatives,
Communicable DiseasesDiseases or infections transmitted by bodily fluid or touch
Manual Handling Always follow safe manual handling practices when dealing with first aid situations. Use help to lift if available
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Response
Is the casualty conscious or unconscious?“Talk & Touch”
COWSC – Can you hear me?O – Open your eyesW – What’s your name?S – Squeeze hands / shoulders
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000 – Emergency number for all emergency services in Australia
112 – International standard emergency number
106 – Text emergency number (deaf)
ICE – In Case of Emergency (mobile phone)
Send for Help
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Airway
Remember ‘pistol grip’ Check the mouth before performing head tilt / chin lift Clear the mouth of foreign material if required
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Breathing
“Look, Listen & Feel”for NORMAL BREATHING
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Recovery Position
All casualties who are unconscious andbreathing normally must go into the recoveryposition regardless of their injuries.
Important PointsHead must have full head tiltFace should be angled towards the floor
Spinal Injuries – Use the spinal log roll if possible © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd
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Important note – Pregnant women must be rolled on to their left side
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Cardiac Arrest
Recognition of Cardiac ArrestUnresponsiveNot Breathing Normally
Always ensure that the ambulance has been called. Then start CPR!
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What is CPR?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitationits purpose is to maintain a flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart, thereby delaying tissue death and extending the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Defibrillation and advanced life support are usually needed to restart the heart.
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CPR
Ratio30 Compressions - 2 Breaths
Depth1/3 the depth of chest
Rate 100 min
Same for Adults, Children & Infants© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0
REMEMBERHARD & FAST!
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CPR
If during CPR… the casualty starts to breath normally
- put the casualty into the recovery position- monitor airway and breathing
the casualty vomits or regurgitates
- put the casualty on their side and clear the mouth- reassess breathing- continue CPR if needed
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CPR
If you are unable or unwilling to give rescue breaths, do chest compressions only.
“Any attempt at resuscitation is better than no attempt”
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Hands Only CPR Video
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When to Stop CPR
Another first aider takes over Professional help arrives The casualty starts to breath normally The situation becomes too dangerous to continue You become too exhausted to continue A medical Doctor tells you to stop
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CPR Practical
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Children & Babies
Children 1 – 8yrs Infants 0 – 1yrsRatio30 Compressions - 2 Breaths
Depth1/3 the depth of chest
Rate 100 min
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Early Access(call for help)
Early CPR Early Defibrillation
Early ALS
Chain of Survival
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Resuscitation Video
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Defibrillation
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Choking
Mild Airway Obstruction Treatment
Reassure the casualty
Encourage the casualty to lean forward
Encourage the casualty to keep coughing
Call 000/112 if object is not clearing
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Choking
Severe Airway Obstruction Treatment
Call 000/112 quickly, but attend to the casualty first if alone
Give up to 5 firm back blows between the shoulder blades
If unsuccessful – give up to 5 chest thrusts
If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0
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Choking – Children & Babies
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Questions & Break
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Snake Bite Paired fang marks, but often only a
single mark or a scratch mark may be present
Signs and symptoms will depend on the type of snake and venom
Signs and symptoms may not appear for hours
Treatment DRS ABCD & Call 000 Lay the casualty down and keep completely still Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely
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DO NOT! Wash the bite site Try to catch and identify the snake Cut the bite site Suck the venom out Move the casualty unless in danger Apply a tourniquet
Snake Bite
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Funnel Web Spider &
Mouse Spider
Treatment DRS ABCD & Call 000 Lay the casualty down and keep completely still Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely
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Red Back & White TailedSpider
Treatment DRS ABCD Apply cold pack Watch for allergic reaction Seek medical advice
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Bee & Wasp Sting
Potential Signs & Symptoms Immediate pain Local swelling and redness
Treatment Remove Sting (bee) Apply ice pack for the pain
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain and burning at the site Swelling
Treatment Rinse ants off with running water Wash with soap and water or disinfectant Apply ice packs for the pain
Fire Ants
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Local irritation Lethargy Muscle weakness Unsteadiness in walking Double vision Difficulty in swallowing and breathing
Treatment DRS ABCD Tweezers either side of the head and pull straight out Apply disinfectant
Paralysis Ticks
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Treatment DRS ABCD & Call 000 Lay the casualty down and keep completely still Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely
Blue Ringed Octopus&
Cone Shell
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Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Carefully remove tentacles but do not rub Apply liberal amounts of vinegar to the area DO NOT use a pressure immobilisation bandage Be prepared to start CPR
Box Jelly Fish & Irukandji Jelly Fish
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Blue tentacles stuck to the body Red welts on the skin Pain for some hours Pain in the groin and armpits
Treatment DRS ABCD & reassure patient Remove tentacles, do not rub Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate If hot water is not available, apply an ice pack
Blue Bottle Jelly Fish
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Extreme pain Bleeding, swelling and discolouration at the site Panic, irrational behaviour
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate
Fish Stings
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Diabetes
What is it?
Type 1 & Type 2
Hypoglycaemia – Too little blood sugar
Hyperglycaemia – Too much blood sugar
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Diabetes
Hypoglycaemia Potential Signs & Symptoms Quick onset of symptoms Sweating Pale, clammy skin Weakness, tiredness Trembling Confusion & aggression Vomiting
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Hypoglycaemia Treatment DRS ABCD Give a sugary drink If no improvement after 5 mins give more Call 000 if no improvement If casualty is unconscious do not give them anything to eat or drink,
follow DRS ABCD
Diabetes
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Seizures
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Provide a safe environment Place padding around the person if safe to do so Put person into the recovery position once the seizure stops or diminishes Cover with a blanket if loss of bladder control Get bystanders to move away Do not restrain the person (unless essential to prevent injury) Do not put anything in their mouth (including fingers) Do not hold on to their head Record start/finish time of seizure Reassure until fully recovered
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Febrile Convulsions
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Asthma
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Wheezing (which disappears as the attack gets worse) Breathing difficulty Coughing Rapid pulse Pale, clammy skin Possible blue skin colour around lips Difficulty in speaking more than a few words Drowsiness Exhaustion Anxious
Asthma Attack
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Asthma Attack Treatment
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Heart Attack
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain or discomfort in the chest Pain described as crushing or squeezing Pain may radiate to the left arm, jaw, shoulder, back and neck Shortness of breath Nausea / vomiting Sweating Pale/grey clammy skin Feeling of impending death Feeling of needing to use the toilet
Heart Attack
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Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Get the casualty to stop and rest Sit the casualty upright with knees supported Assist with medication Loosen tight and restrictive clothing Reassure Be prepared to start CPR
Heart Attack
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Stroke
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Flushed face Loss of movement and feeling down one side of the body Severe headache Difficulty swallowing Slurred speech Altered level of consciousness Pupils may differ in size Pounding, rapid pulse Facial droop Look and feel ill Nausea / vomiting
Stroke
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Stroke
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Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Reassure the casualty Loosen tight clothing Maintain body temperature Rest in semi reclined position (if able to maintain airway) Roll in to recovery position if unconscious or unable to maintain airway Ensure airway is open and clear Nil by mouth
Stroke
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Anaphylaxis
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Potential Sign & Symptoms Difficult / noisy breathing Wheeze or persistent cough Swelling of face and tongue Swelling / tightness in throat Difficulty talking and /or hoarse voice Loss of consciousness and / or collapse Pale and floppy (young children) Abdominal pain and vomiting Hives, welts and body redness
Anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Prevent further exposure to the triggering agent Assist to administer the casualties auto-injector (Epi-Pen/Anapen) Allow the patient to choose a comfortable position Monitor airway and breathing If anaphylaxis is due to an insect bite/sting, remove
sting and apply pressure immobilisation to the affected limb Be prepared to start CPR if breathing stops
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Ingested (Swallowed) Inhaled (Breathed In) Absorbed (Through the Skin) Injected (Pierced Skin)
Poisoning
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Potential Signs & Symptoms
Ingested Looking & feeling unwell Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Abdominal and / or chest pain Altered conscious state Headache Breathing difficulties Seizures
Inhaled Pale or bluish skin to indicate lack of oxygen Breathing difficulties Altered conscious state Possible visible burns to face and neck
Injected Possible visible injection site Red / discoloured skin Other signs and symptoms will depend
on the injected poison
Absorbed Red or burnt skin Other poisoning sign & symptoms
Poisoning
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Poisoning
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 if required Treat life threatening conditions Do not make the casualty vomit If vomiting occurs, keep to show emergency services
If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken to ensure you do not become contaminated
(i.e Mouth to mask technique)
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13 11 26
Poisons Information Centre
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Drug & Alcohol Abuse
Common DrugsAmphetaminesAlso known as speed, goey, whiz, crystal, meth, base, paste, ice, shabu.
Alcohol CannabisAlso known as marijuana, grass, pot, ganja, mull, hash, dope, yarndi, skunk, hydro. CocaineAlso known as coke and sometimes available as freebase or crack. EcstasyAlso known as E, pills. HallucinogensIncludes Magic Mushrooms and LSD (also known as trips, acid, tabs, wangers, microdots). HeroinAlso known as hammer, H, shit, smack, horse, harry, white, scag, junk, slow, rock. Steroids (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) Volatile Substances (Solvents, Inhalants)Includes a wide range of different substances such as petrol, spray paints, some glues, laughing gas (nitrous oxide), butane and other chemicals.
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Drug & Alcohol Abuse
Treatment of Suspected Drug Use/Overdose DRS ABCD Call 000 Be aware of your own safety including the possibility of contaminated
needles. Do not put yourself in danger Manage life threatening conditions Do not leave the casualty alone unless you are in danger Roll casualty into recovery position if they have a reduced level of
consciousness or are unconscious
If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken(i.e Mouth to mask technique or continual chest compressions only)
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Needle Stick Injury
Treatment of Needle Stick Injury Wash the area with soap and water If water is not available use hand wipes
and alcohol-bases liquid or gel An antiseptic such as povidine-iodine
may also be applied Cover with a dressing Immediately seek medical attention
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Questions & Break
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Secondary Survey
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Top to toe examination of the casualty Monitor vital signs Ask bystanders for information Look for medical alert devices Take a good history from the casualty
– Allergies– Medication– Previous relevant medical history– Last food and/or drink– Events leading to the incident
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Shock
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Shock is a loss of effective circulation resulting in impaired tissue oxygen, and nutrient delivery and causes life threatening organ failure.
Severe bleeding Major or multiple fractures or major trauma Severe burns or scalds Severe diarrhoea and vomiting Severe sweating and dehydration
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Pale, cool, clammy skin Irritability / restlessness / anxiety Irrational behaviour & confusion Drowsiness Muscle weakness Rapid, shallow breathing Rapid weak pulse Nausea / vomiting Thirst Feeling cold Reduced level of consciousness Collapse or unconsciousness
Shock
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Shock
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Lay casualty down Render the necessary first aid treatment Elevate the legs if injuries permit Provide reassurance Maintain body temperature Loosen tight and restrictive clothing Ensure good oxygen flow Nil by mouth
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External Bleeding
Treatment
Pressure, Elevation, Rest, Treat for Shock Wear personal protective equipment Apply direct pressure to wound Elevate above the level of the heart Rest and reassure the casualty Treat for shock if required Nil by mouth
Remember to call 000 for life threatening bleeding
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External Bleeding
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External Bleeding
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Embedded Objects
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Amputation
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Constrictive Bandage(Tourniquet)
As a last resort and only when other
methods of controlling bleeding have failed.
life-threatening bleeding e.g., traumatic amputation of a limb or major injuries with massive blood loss.
5cm wide Note time applied on bandage Not to be removed once applied Do not apply directly to the wound or over a joint Do not cover constrictive bandage with any other bandages or clothes
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Minor Wounds
Use swabs and sterile saline to clean the wound Cover with a non-adherent dressing Watch for signs of infection Seek medical advice if required
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Nose Bleeds
Pinch the fleshy part of the nose Get the casualty to lean forward Ask the casualty to breath through their mouth Maintain pressure for 10 minutes Apply a cool compress to the back of the
neck and the forehead If bleeding persists apply pressure for a
further 10 minutes If the bleeding is still not controlled call help
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Traumatic Abdominal Injuries
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Fainting
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Crush Injury
Car accidents Falling masonry Mine shaft collapse Trench cave-in
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Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If safe and physically possible, all crushing forces should be
removed as soon as possible after the injury. If the crushing force has been in place for 30 min or longer (or the
first aider is unsure of time) the crushing force should not be removed
Control any external bleeding Reassure and monitor the casualty
Crush Injury
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Internal Bleeding
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Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain and tenderness over or around the area Rigidity, swelling and distension Discoloration of the skin in the affected area Shock The appearance of blood from a body opening History of an injury
Internal Bleeding
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Internal Bleeding
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Control any external bleeding Treat for shock Provide reassurance Nil by mouth Place casualty in appropriate position determined by injuries Keep any body fluids to show ambulance crew
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Using Bandages – Practical
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Check circulation once bandage is applied and continue to monitor
Continue the pressure and elevation If bleeding persists
Apply further, firmer bandages over the first to control heavy bleeding
It may be necessary to remove the first bandage to check the bleeding point if major bleeding continues
Bandages – Important Points
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Questions & Break
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Burns • Superficial
first degree
• Partial thickness second degree
• Full thickness third degree
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Burns
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Cool burn with cool running water for at least 20min Where possible remove clothing and jewellery close to the burn site (as
long as they are not stuck to the skin) Cover the burn with a non stick dressing (cling wrap) Where possible elevate burns to help reduce swelling Treat for shock
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Do Not! Remove clothing or jewellery that sticks to the skin
Use lotions, ointments or creams other than hydrogel
Use ice or ice water
Burst blisters
Use dressings that may stick to the burn site
Burns
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Chemical Burns
DRS ABCD Call 000 Avoid contact with any chemical or contaminated material Consult Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Remove contaminated clothing Brush powdered chemicals from skin Rinse with cool running water for at least 20 min Ensure that the chemical does not spread further
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Electrical Burns
Ensure the casualty is disconnected from the electrical source Remember to look for and treat exit burns Be aware of irregular heart rhythms
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Burns – Urgent Treatment
Children, infants and the elderly highly susceptible to shock and infection Burns to special areas. Hands, face, feet, genitalia, major joints Burns that circle limbs, chest or throat Burns to the mouth with associated inhalation injuries
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Heat Exhaustion
Potential Signs & Symptoms Pale, cool, clammy skin Rapid breathing Profuse sweating Cramps Thirst Nausea/vomiting Headache Lethargy
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Heat Exhaustion
Treatment DRS ABCD Complete rest in a cool environment Lay the casualty down and elevate legs Remove excess clothing Cool by fanning Sponge with cool water Give sips of cool water
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Heat Stroke
Potential Signs & Symptoms Flushed, hot, dry skin Sweating has ceased Rapid, weak pulse Irrational, aggressive and confused Fatigue Visual disturbances Headache Nausea/vomiting Seizures Coma, cardiac arrest
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Heat Stroke
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 (heat stroke is an emergency) Complete rest in a cool environment Remove excess clothing Lay the casualty down and elevate legs Give sips of cool water Cover the casualty in a wet sheet and
fan air over them Apply ice packs to the groins, armpits
and back of the neck
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Drowning
DRS ABCD – Check airway in the recovery position Call 000 Do not attempt a rescue beyond your capabilities Treat for hypothermia Suspect and treat for spinal injuries
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Near Drowning
There must be careful observation of immersion victims because of possible deterioration after an apparently successful rescue.
Complications following immersion, even those that appear to be well following resuscitation. For this reason any immersion victim must
always be assessed in hospital.
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Eye - Minor Foreign Object
Treatment Tilt head towards injured eye Gently flush the affected eye with Sterile saline or clean water
Cover eye to restrict movement Seek medical attention
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Eye – Major Embedded Object
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Treatment Irrigate the ear using sterile saline, clean water or warm vegetable oil may free small objects
If unsuccessful, pad over injured ear and seek medical attention
Ear – Foreign Object
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Head Injuries
Potential Signs & Symptoms Loss of memory Blurred vision Slurred speech Aggressive / confused Seizures Reduced level of consciousness or drowsiness Wound to head Changes in the shape and size of pupils Headache Nausea/vomiting Blood/clear fluid escaping from ears, nose or mouth
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Head Injuries
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If unconscious place casualty in recovery position (if fluid leaking
from one ear, place casualty on the side of leakage to allow to drain)
If conscious rest in a semi reclined position Monitor airway, breathing Monitor and record conscious level Control external bleeding Suspect and treat for spinal injuries
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Spinal Injuries
First Aiders must be suspicious of spinal injuries in accidents where velocity is involved, where a severe head and/or chest injury is
present or where a casualty has multiple injuriesLook at the history of the accident!
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Spinal Injuries
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If conscious encourage the casualty not to move Pack supportive material around the casualty Hold on to casualties head to prevent movement If unconscious place casualty in recovery position using the spinal
log roll if possible
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Spinal Log Roll – Practical
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Sprains & Strains
Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain Tenderness and discomfort when weight bearing Swelling Bruising and discoloration
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Sprains & Strains
Treatment
R.I.C.E.R Rest – get the casualty to stop and rest. Reduce movement
Ice – Apply an ice pack for the pain and swelling
Compression – Apply a compression bandage
Elevation – Elevate the area to restrict blood flow and reduce swelling and pain
Refer – Refer the casualty to appropriate medical professional
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Potential Signs & SymptomsPain, deformity, reduced mobility, bruising, swelling
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Immobilise & support in the most comfortable position Treat for shock
DO NOT REPLACE A DISLOCATION
Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Fractures
Potential Signs & Symptoms
Pain, deformity, bruising, swelling, reduced mobility, crepitus, tenderness, bleeding (if open fracture)
Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Control bleeding Support & Immobilise in the most comfortable position Treat for shock
If you have any doubt as to whether an injury is a fracture, always treat as a fracture and seek medical attention.
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Closed Fracture – Arm
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Closed Fracture – Collar Bone
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Complicated Fracture – Femur
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Open Fracture – Leg
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Jaw Collar bone Upper arm Lower arm Wrist Fingers Ribs Pelvis Legs Ankle Toes
Fractures
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First Aid Kits
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Thank You!
Any Questions?