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Applied Transportation Analysis
Introduction to Intelligent TransportationSystems
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Aim of the course
Understand and design public transport
management and scheduling studies
Develop parking models
Forecast traffic demand using statistical
techniques Develop a basic understanding of the
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Implementation and development of incidentmanagement schemes for urban and freewayenvironments
Monday, 18 January 2010
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Syllabus
Dr. B. Ghosh
Introduction to Intelligent TransportationSystems
Applications of Intelligent TransportationSystems
Traffic forecasting
Incident Management
Dr. B. Caulfield
Public Transport Management
Parking studies
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Intelligent Transportation Systems
Reference : Introduction to Transportation
Systems (Artech House Its Library)
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What is ITS?
In the developed urban parts of todays world physical
expansion of the existing network can often prove difficult.Increased environmental pollution, fossil fuel (or other forms ofenergy) consumption, land take, traffic congestion andcasualties are a few of the major detrimental side-effects ofexpansion, which can harm the social and environmental well-being of the human population.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a step towardsattaining sustainability by increasing the efficiency of anexisting transport system.
ITS aims at efficient traffic management and increased capacitywithin an existing network by introducing extensive andmultipurpose use of advanced technologies andtelecommunication systems to transport infrastructure.
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ITS Goals (typical)
Some typical goals are described here. They
change according to the need of the network/state/country
Manage Congestion on arterial and freeways
Improve safetyIncreased and higher quality mobility
Reduce energy use and negative environmental impact
Increase efficiency
Increase coordination
Improved public-private partnerships
Improved Economic Productivity
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ITS Structure
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Technology:
SensingCommunicationsComputingAlgorithms
Systems:
VehicleTransport infrastructureInformationdissemination systems
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ITS Structure
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Institutions: ITS benefits public and private sectorsalike.For example, ITS makes it possible to implement a number ofgovernment regulations and processes (customs and
immigration clearance, transportation safety compliance,road/bridge toll collection) more economically, and to improvecorporate productivity through time savings, reducedoperating costs and energy consumption, and enhancedreliability and safety.
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Scale
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Change and ITS
Reinvention of logistics. New transportation players
Changes in academia.
New public sector partnerships at regional
scale New public/private partnerships
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Subsystems of ITS
It is convenient to think of ITS in terms of the six
major areas,
Advanced Traffic Management System(ATMS)
Advanced Traveller Information Systems(ATIS)
Advanced Public Transportation Systems(APTS)
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)
Advanced Rural Transportation systems(ARTS)
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Subsystems of ITS
Advanced Traffic Management SystemNetwork management, including incidentmanagement, traffic light control, electronictoll collection, congestion prediction and
congestion-ameliorating strategies.
Advanced Traveller Information Systems
Information provided to drivers pre-trip and
during the trip in the vehicle. ATMS helpsprovide real-time network information.
E.g., Variable Message Signs (VMS), dynamicrouting information etc.
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Subsystems of ITS
Advanced Vehicle Control SystemsA set of technologies designed to enhancedriver control and vehicle safety. This rangesup to Automated Highway Systems (AHS),
where the driver cedes all control to thesystem.
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Technologies to enhance commercial fleetproductivity, including weigh-in-motion (WIM),pre-clearance procedures, electronic log books,interstate coordination.
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Subsystems of ITS
Advanced Public Transportation SystemsPassenger information and technologies toenhance system operations, including farecollection, intramodal and intermodal transfers,
scheduling, headway control.
Advanced Rural Transportation Systems
Mostly safety and security technologies for
travel in rural areas. "Rural" is defined as thoseareas that do not have the same access toresources and infrastructure elements as majormetropolitan areas.
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ATMS and ATIS
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Key Underlying Technologies
Global Positioning System (GPS). Embedded
GPS receivers in vehicleson-board units receive signalsfrom several different satellites to calculate the devices(and thus the vehicles) position. This requires line ofsight to satellites, which can inhibit use of GPS indowntown settings due to urban canyon effects.Location can usually be determined to within ten meters.GPS is the core technology behind many in-vehiclenavigation and route guidance systems. Severalcountries, notably Holland and Germany, are using orwill use OBUs equipped with satellite-based GPS devicesto record miles travelled by automobiles and/or trucks in
order to implement user fees based on vehicle milestravelled to finance their transportation systems.
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Key Underlying Technologies
Dedicated-Short Range Communications (DSRC).DSRC is a short to medium-range wirelesscommunication channel, operating in the 5.8 or 5.9GHzwireless spectrum, specifically designed for automotiveuses. Critically, DSRC enables two-way wirelesscommunications between the vehicle (through embeddedtags or sensors) and roadside equipment (RSE). DSRC is
a key enabling technology for many intelligenttransportation systems, including vehicle-to-infrastructure integration, vehicle-to-vehiclecommunication, adaptive traffic signal timing, electronictoll collection, congestion charging, electronic road
pricing, information provision, etc. DSRC is a subset ofradio frequency identification (RFID) technology. Thetechnology for ITS applications works on the 5.9GHzband (United States) or the 5.8GHz band (in Japan andEurope). At present, DSRC systems in Europe, Japan,
and the United States are generally not compatible.4-Jan-09
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Key Underlying Technologies
Wireless Networks. Similar to technology commonly used forwireless Internet access, wireless networks allow rapidcommunications between vehicles and the roadside, but havea range of only a few hundred meters. However, this rangecan be extended by each successive vehicle or roadside nodepassing information onto the next vehicle or node. South Ko-rea is increasingly using WiBro, based on WiMAX technology,
as the wireless communications infrastructure to transmittraffic and public transit information throughout itstransportation network.
Mobile Telephony. ITS applications can transmit informationover standard third or fourth generation (3G or 4G) mobile
telephone networks. Advantages of mobile networks includewide availability in towns and along major roads. However,additional network capacity may be required if vehicles arefitted with this technology, and network operators might needto cover these costs. Mobile telephony may not be suitable for
some safety-critical ITS applications since it may be too slow.4-Jan-09
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Key Underlying Technologies
Radiowave or Infrared Beacons.JapansVehicle InformationCommunications System (VICS) uses radio wave beacons onexpressways and infrared beacons on trunk and arterialroadways to communicate real-time traffic information.(Arterial roadways are moderate capacity roadways justbelow highways in level of service; a key distinction is thatarterial roadways tend to use traffic signals. Arterial roadways
carry large volumes of traffic between areas in urbancentres.). VICS uses 5.8GHz DSRC wireless technology.
Roadside Camera Recognition. Camera or tag-basedschemes can be used for zone-based congestion chargingsystems (as in London), or for charging on specific roads.
Such systems use cameras placed on roadways where driversenter and exit congestion zones. The cameras use AutomaticLicense Plate Recognition (ALPR), based on Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR) technology, to identify vehicle licenseplates; this information is passed digitally to back-office
servers, which assess and post charges to drivers for theiruse of roadwa s within the con estion zone.4-Jan-09
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Key Underlying Technologies
Probe Vehicles or Devices. Several countries deploy so-calledprobevehicles(often taxis or government-owned ve-hicles equipped with DSRC or other wireless technology) thatreport their speed and location to a central traffic operationsmanagement centre, where probe data is aggregated togenerate an area-wide picture of traffic flow and to identifycongested locations. Extensive research has also been
performed into using mobile phones that drivers often carryas a mechanism to generate real-time traffic information,using the GPS-derived location of the phone as it moves alongwith the vehicle. As a related example, in Beijing, more than10,000 taxis and commercial vehicles have been outfitted
with GPS chips that send travel speed information to asatellite, which then sends the information down to theBeijing Transportation Information Center, which thentranslates the data into average travel speeds on every roadin the city.
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Sample of ITS Applications
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ITS Applications
Intelligent Infrastructure Based Applications
Arterial ManagementHighway/Freeway Management
Transit Management
Traffic Incident Management
Emergency ManagementElectronic Payment and Pricing
Traveller Information
Information Management
Crash Prevention and Safety
Roadway Operations and Maintenance
Road Weather Management
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Intermodal Freight
Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/
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ITS Applications
Intelligent Vehicle Based Applications
Collision Avoidance SystemsDriver Assistance Systems
Collision Notification Systems
Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/
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Arterial Management Systems
Manage traffic along arterial roadways, employing
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Highway/Freeway Management Systems
Highway or freeway transport system is managed
employing,
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Transit Management
Public transit surveillance and communications,
Automated vehicle location systemsComputer-aided dispatch systems
Remote vehicle and facility surveillance cameras
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Traffic Incident Management
Involves the following aspects,
Surveillance and detection Mobilization and response
Information dissemination
Clearance and recovery
The management system aims at,
Decreasing the time to detect incidents
Decreasing the time for responding vehicles to
arrive Decreasing the time for traffic to return to
normal conditions
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Electronic Payment and Pricing
Electronic payment systems employ various
communication and electronic technologies tofacilitate commerce between travellers andtransportation agencies, typically for the purposeof paying tolls and transit fares.
It involves,
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Traveller Information
Traveller information applications use a variety of
technologies, including Internet websites,telephone hotlines, as well as television and radio,to allow users to make more informed decisionsregarding trip departures, routes, and mode oftravel.
Pre-tripWeb sites
Television
Radio
SMS
En-routeSMS
Radio
In-Vehicle systems
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Information Management
Archiving and retrieval of data generated by
ITS applications Data archiving is the collection, storage and
distribution of ITS data for transportationplanning, administration, policy, operation,
safety analyses, and research. Data archivingsystems make use of a variety of software,database, and electronic data storagetechnologies.
It involves,
Decision support systems
Predictive information
Performance monitoring
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Crash Prevention and Safety
The systems detect unsafe conditions and providewarnings to travellers to take action to avoid crashes.
These systems provide alerts for traffic approachingat dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted overpasses,highway-rail crossings, high-volume intersections, andalso provide warnings of the presence of pedestrians,and bicyclists, and even animals on the roadway.
The systems typically employ sensors to monitor thespeed and characteristics of approaching vehicles andfrequently also include environmental sensors to monitorroadway conditions and visibility.
In some cases, manual systems are employed, forexample where pedestrians or bicyclists manually set thesystem to provide warnings of their presence to drivers.
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Roadway Operations and Maintenance
ITS applications focus
on integrated managementof maintenance fleets,specialized service vehicles,hazardous road conditionsremediation, and work zone
mobility and safety.These applications
monitor, analyze, anddisseminate roadway andinfrastructure data for
operational, maintenance,and managerial uses.
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Intermodal Freight
ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and
seamless movement of freight.Applications being deployed provide for
tracking of freight and carrier assets such ascontainers and chassis
improve the efficiency of freight terminal processes
drayage operations (ITS for drayage operations canpromote the efficient loading, unloading, sorting, andtransfer of cargo by implementing automated systems and
robotics to optimize limited dock and port space)
international border crossings
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Collision Avoidance System
To improve the ability of drivers to avoid
accidentsSensors to monitor vehicles surroundings
Alerts for the driver when conditions arise thatcould lead to a collision
Examples
Forward collision warning
Obstacle detection systems
Road and lane departure warning systemsLane changing assistance
Rear impact warning systems
Roll over warning systems
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Driver Assistance Systems
Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies exist to
assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely. Assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely
Aid with navigation
Drowsy driver warning systems
Object detectionDriver communication with other drivers or dispatch
Safe driving in adverse conditions
Vision enhancement
Speed control systems (ACC)
Assist with difficult driving tasks
Transit or commercial vehicle docking
coupling, decoupling
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Collision Notification Systems
In an effort to improve response times and save
lives, collision notification systems have beendesigned to detect and report the location andseverity of incidents to agencies and servicesresponsible for coordinating appropriateemergency response actions.
These systems can be activated manually, orautomatically with automatic collision notification,and advanced systems may transmit informationon the type of crash, number of passengers, andthe likelihood of injuries.