applied parasitology
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Applied Protozoology
and Parasitologyselected pages
Pisa 2014
overview
“The study of parasitic phenomena have not only
of practical, but of the greatest theoretical interest” W.M. Schimkevich 1!"!
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(Leishmania tropica)
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#he vectors are Glossina spp. $lies
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%idden parasitological world
Fasciola hepatica
Leishmania sp.
Trypanosoma sp.
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas sp.
Plasmodium sp.
Ascaris lumbricoides
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A &eneral m'ltit'de o$ parasite systems
ectoparasits
hyperparasites
Endoparasites
External environment A
B
Host organism B
B
C
Localization inside of the host C
Free living stages of parasites D
D
D
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(. )e'ckart *1!+", made the $irst attempt to de$ine animal parasites
and to en'merate the properties which disting'ish them $rom $ree-
living organisms. Parasite / he stated / n the wide and tr'e senseo$ this term are all those creat'res which $ind their no'rishment and
haitat on other living organismsto the parasites elong not only
intestinal worms and $orms related to them 't also creat'res related
to some $ree-living animals $rom which they di$$er only in their mode
o$ $eedingany organism $eeding at the e3pense o$ another living
organism witho't killing it as a predator wo'ld is a parasite.
)e'ckart5s words s'ggest that parasitism is as it were a type o$
predation determinated mainly y the comparative sizes o$ the
predator and its prey. #he li$e on or within the ody o$ another
animal is $or )e'ckart a secondary $eat're y no means oligatory
on all parasites. )ater on M. 6a'llery *1"22, de$ines parasitism asthe normal and oligatory condition o$ li$e $or an organism which
$eeds on another organism the host witho't destroying it as
predators do their prey
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A.
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Since the mode o$ $eeding did not s'$$ice to de$ine the parasite
some a'thors attempted to clari$y the concept y adding another
disting'ishing $eat're / the harm$'l e$$ect o$ the parasite on the host*Minchin 1"127 8oell 1"1"7 9holodkovsky 1"217 Skryain 1"2:,.
#hey considered parasitims to e a type o$ iological relationship
etween two organism in which one o$ them *the parasite, lives
temporarily or permanently on the ody or within the organs and
tiss'es o$ the other *the host, $eeding at its e3pense and o$$eringno ene$it in ret'rn. #his de$inition takes into acco'nt the spatial
*'t not ecological, relationship the mode o$ $eeding and the
'nilateral character o$ the gain which is otained y one memer
o$ the association at the e3pense o$ the other. ;arying physiological
conditions mean that a parasite can have considerale pathogenic
e$$ects in some circ'mstances while appearing completely harmless
in other. #he pathogenicity o$ the parasite there$ore is not
determinate y its own properties alone 't y their relationship
with those o$ ody o$ the host.
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Parasites are those animals which 'se other living animalsas their environment and so'rce o$ $ood at the same time
shi$ted to their hosts partly or completely the task
o$ reg'lation their relationships with the e3ternal
environment. n the main there$ore parasitism is anecological concept. 6onse
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he three ma!or gro"ps of organisms no# recognized as falling #ithin
the scope of parasitology are protozoa$ helminths$ and arthropods%
hey vary greatly in many &iological characteristics% 'rotozoa are
"nicell"lar organisms that are microscopic in size and that share #ith
other micro(organisms s"ch as &acteria and vir"ses the capa&ility ofdividing and m"ltiplying #ithin their mammalian or other) host% *n
contrast$ #orms are multicellular + all ad"lts can &e seen &y the na,ed
eye and may reach h"ge dimensions - for example$ some
tape#orms may reach ./m in length% F"rthermore$ #orms generally
cannot m"ltiply #ithin the mammalian host$ re(expos"re m"st occ"r%he third gro"p of zooparasites$ the arthropods$ represent a
heterogeneo"s collection of vectors of disease or they themselves
may parasitize mammalian hosts ca"sing varying degrees of
discomfort or disease% 0ecently the term microparasites has &een
introd"ced to incl"de vir"ses$ &acteria$ and protozoa% hey are smallin size$ have high rates of direct reprod"ction #ithin the host$ and
res"lt typically in a short d"ration of infection% 1acroparasites$ on the
other hand$ incl"de #orms and arthropods$ are larger$ have m"ch
longer generation time as m"ltiplication in the host "s"ally does not
occ"r$ and prod"ce infections that tend to &e prolonged%
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&ro'p o$ organisms ?'mer o$
species
Presence o$
parasites
@@
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@
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B / mat're trophozoites
$orm which enter
the intestinal wall andthen to organs *liver,
precyst
in'clear cyst
metacyst
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)i$e cycles o$ Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense
ca'ses o$ sleeping sickness
8isease in West and =ast A$rica
ransformation into
epimastigote forms have
active mitochondrion 2(3)
1etacyclic trypo(
masigote stage forms
in the salivary glands$
*nfectio"s for man 4)
rypomastigote
diploid form
5) has no
cytochromes
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.%.) amastigotes
after 56h and
transformation into
slender &lood forms#ith s"rface coat .(7)
8t"mpy stages
#hich can
develop in tsetse fly
9)
8tages .%.(7 have no
:re&s cycle and
cytochromes
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Chelicerata 1andi&"lata
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Triatoma sordida
Rhodnius prolius
Panstrongylus megistus
!tomoys sp.
8i$$erent vectors $rom 8ipthera and %emipthera
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;ampire at> "esmodus rotundus
%orse$ly; Tabanus sp%
%orse$ly> Tabanus magnum
(at $lea#rypanosoma5s vectors
8i$$erent ;ectors
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#rigin of parasites'arasites originated from their free(living ancestors+ they evolved along
#ith their hosts% Conse
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se3'al part
ase3'al part
in$ectio's stage
in$ectio's stage
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Parasitology is the st'dy o$ parasites their hosts and the
relationships etween them. As a iological discipline the
scope o$ P. is not determined y organism orenvironment 't y their way o$ li$e. t means it $orms a
synthesis o$ other disciplines and draws on techni
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$ost%parasite relationship=ntry o$ a speci$ic parasite into a speci$ic host is called
in$ection. he o"tcome of s"ch a process determines the s"rvival
of the parasite and occ"rrence of "nto#ard effects$ s"ch as
disease% Parasites invade their hosts thro'gh skin or m'co'smemranes or y ingestion or they may e transmitted
thro'gh the placenta $rom the mother d'ring irth or y lood
trans$'sion *also via vectors,. =n entry into the host$ parasites
may die or &e ,illed$ or may go thro"gh the host "nchanged+ in &oth
cases no ma!or pathological conse
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#he host in t'rn attempts to reCect the $oreign invader 'sing
a m'ltiplicity o$ imm'nological and non-imm'nological
mechanism. A &y(prod"ct of some of these host responses is a
chain of imm"nopathological reactions that "ltimately res"lts inillness%
he host>parasite relationship is a dynamic process+ the host
"ses several nat"ral innate) and ac
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Medical parasitologyDne o$ the largest $ields in parasitology medical
parasitology is the s'Cect which deals with the parasitesthat in$ect man the diseases ca'sed y them clinical
pict're and the response generated y man against them.
t5s also concerned with the vario's methods o$ their
diagnosis treatment and $inally their prevention and
control. A parasite is an organism that live on or withinanother organism called the host. #here incl'de organisms
s'ch as>
Plasmodium spp. the protozoan parasite which ca'ses
malaria. #he $o'r species o$ malarias parasites in$ective toh'mans. Leishmania donovani the kinetoplastid protozoan
which ca'ses leishmaniasis. M'lticell'lar organismss'ch as !chistosoma spp. Fasciolla spp. Taenia spp. which
ca'ses helminthosis or ?ematoda - $illariosis.
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(ing $orms o$ P& malaria and P& falciparum
sporozoit o$ P&falciparum
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)i$e cycle o$ 'chinococcus granulosis
and '& multilocularis
Ad'lt worms lives in the small intestine
=ggs containing in$ectio's oncosphaera released in the $eces o$ the host7
eggs ingested y intermediate host
or man where oncosph. migrate via
lood to many organs. 6ysts $ormed
mostly in the liver and l'ngE n cyst5s
caps'les protoscolices are $ormed. #he last one can in$ect the $inal host.
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%'man $ilarial worm uchereria bancrofti *4-10 cm,
and sickness prod'ced y it / $ilariasis *elephant disease,.
Flockade o$ lymph stream.
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;eterinary and ichthyo- parasitology#he st'dy o$ parasites that ca'se economical losses in
agric'lt're or a
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Directions of studies: Protozoology Parasitology Cytology
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Directions of studies: Protozoology, Parasitology, Cytology,
Embryology
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Microscopes made in taly at the end o$ HH-eginning o$ HH cent'ries
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@"m&er of
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Phylogeny
o$ ='karyota
species
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*S'perclass,
*class,
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